Factors influencing herpes zoster vaccination among older people in China: results from a discrete choice experiment.

OBJECTIVES: Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent herpes zoster (HZ) and related complications. This study aimed to investigate the preference of HZ vaccine among older people. STUDY DESIGN: A discrete choice experiment was performed. METHODS: In total, 178 adults aged ≥50 years were invited to choose between HZ vaccination scenarios using six vaccine attributes. Two equations were used to calculate participants' willingness to pay for the vaccine and their predicted choice probability. RESULTS: The attributes that significantly influenced participants' vaccine choices were lower cost, higher effectiveness, reduced side-effects and vaccination of others in their surroundings. CONCLUSIONS: Improving medical insurance coverage or reducing the cost of the HZ vaccine will encourage more people to be vaccinated, resulting in reduced burden of disease among older people.

Implication of Major Adverse Postoperative Events and Myocardial Injury on Disability and Survival: A Planned Subanalysis of the ENIGMA-II Trial.

BACKGROUND: Globally, >300 million patients have surgery annually, and ≤20% experience adverse postoperative events. We studied the impact of both cardiac and noncardiac adverse events on 1-year disability-free survival after noncardiac surgery. METHODS: We used the study cohort from the Evaluation of Nitrous oxide in Gas Mixture of Anesthesia (ENIGMA-II) trial, an international randomized trial of 6992 noncardiac surgical patients. All were ≥45 years of age and had moderate to high cardiac risk. The primary outcome was mortality within 1 postoperative year. We defined 4 separate types of postoperative adverse events. Major adverse cardiac events (MACEs) included myocardial infarction (MI), cardiac arrest, and myocardial revascularization with or without troponin elevation. MI was defined using the third Universal Definition and was blindly adjudicated. A second cohort consisted of patients with isolated troponin increases who did not meet the definition for MI. We also considered a cohort of patients who experienced major adverse postoperative events (MAPEs), including unplanned admission to intensive care, prolonged mechanical ventilation, wound infection, pulmonary embolism, and stroke. From this cohort, we identified a group without troponin elevation and another with troponin elevation that was not judged to be an MI. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard models for death at 1 year and assessments of proportionality of hazard functions were performed and expressed as an adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: MACEs were observed in 469 patients, and another 754 patients had isolated troponin increases. MAPEs were observed in 631 patients. Compared with control patients, patients with a MACE were at increased risk of mortality (aHR, 3.36 [95% CI, 2.55-4.46]), similar to patients who suffered a MAPE without troponin elevation (n = 501) (aHR, 2.98 [95% CI, 2.26-3.92]). Patients who suffered a MAPE with troponin elevation but without MI had the highest risk of death (n = 116) (aHR, 4.29 [95% CI, 2.89-6.36]). These 4 types of adverse events similarly affected 1-year disability-free survival. CONCLUSIONS: MACEs and MAPEs occur at similar frequencies and affect survival to a similar degree. All 3 types of postoperative troponin elevation in this analysis were associated, to varying degrees, with increased risk of death and disability.

Automated preoperative assessment of endothelial dysfunction and risk stratification for perioperative myocardial injury in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery.

BACKGROUND: Myocardial injury after non-cardiac surgery (MINS) is a common complication with associated serious morbidity and mortality. Endothelial dysfunction might play an important role in MINS, and its rapid assessment could provide a novel method of risk stratification before surgery. METHODS: We studied 238 subjects scheduled to undergo intermediate or high-risk surgery in a two-centre prospective study to determine whether preoperative endothelial dysfunction identified by a reactive hyperaemia-peripheral arterial tonometry (RH-PAT) index could provide effective risk stratification for MINS, defined as serum troponin ≥0.04 µg litre(-1), within 3 postoperative days. RESULTS: The primary outcome occurred in 35 subjects (14.7%). Endothelial dysfunction was defined as an RH-PAT index of ≤1.22. Adjusted for age, Lee index and a composite measure of the extent of surgery, endothelial dysfunction was associated with MINS [odds ratio 10.1, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.3-30.9, P=0.001] and increased time to discharge from hospital after surgery (hazard ratio 0.39, 95% CI 0.23-0.65, P=0.001). Endothelial dysfunction identified MINS with a sensitivity of 31%, a specificity of 96%, and a positive diagnostic likelihood ratio of 8.0. Risk classification for MINS was improved by the addition of RH-PAT-defined endothelial dysfunction to the Lee index (c-statistic increased from 0.69 to 0.77; integrated discrimination improvement 0.11, P=0.003). However, prognostic utility varied widely between sites. CONCLUSIONS: For patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery, non-invasive assessment of endothelial function might enhance preoperative risk stratification for perioperative myocardial injury. However, unexplained large inter-site variation in prognostic utility could limit widespread application and needs to be further understood.

Chronic intrathecal infusion of gabapentin prevents nerve ligation-induced pain in rats.

BACKGROUND: Gabapentin is an anticonvulsant and adjuvant analgesic. It is effective in several pain studies. Neuropathic pain is the most difficult type of pain to treat. In this study, we examined if intrathecal gabapentin could prevent nerve injury-induced pain. METHODS: Under isoflurane anaesthesia, male Sprague-Dawley rats (200-250 g) underwent right L5/6 spinal nerve ligation and placement of an intrathecal catheter connected to an infusion pump. After surgery, intrathecal saline or gabapentin (20 µg h(-1)) was given for 7 days (n=8 per group). The right hind paw withdrawal threshold to von Frey filament stimuli and withdrawal latency to radiant heat were determined before (baseline) and once daily for 7 days after surgery. Haematoxylin and eosin and toluidine blue staining were used to evaluate the neurotoxicity of gabapentin (40 µg h(-1)). RESULTS: Seven days after nerve ligation, the affected paw withdrawal threshold and latency of saline-treated rats decreased from the baseline 11.7 (11.7-22.2) [median (inter-quartile range)] to 1.6 (0.9-3.2) g and 10.8 (10.5-11.2) to 4.3 (4.2-7) s, respectively. Rats receiving gabapentin (20 µg h(-1)) had higher withdrawal threshold [9.9 (9.9-19.3) g] and latency [11.5 (9.7-11.9) s] on day 7 after ligation. No obvious histopathological change or growth retardation was detected after intrathecal gabapentin (40 µg h(-1)) infusion. CONCLUSIONS: We showed a preventative effect of intrathecal gabapentin on the development of nerve injury-induced mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia. Our data suggest that continuous intrathecal gabapentin may be considered as an alternative for the prevention of nerve injury-induced pain.

Evaluation of the urinary bladder using three-dimensional CT cinematic rendering.

Three-dimensional (3D) visualizations of volumetric data from computed tomography (CT) acquisitions can be important adjuncts to interpretation of two-dimensional (2D) reconstructions. Recently, the 3D technique known as cinematic rendering (CR) was introduced, allowing photorealistic images to be created from standard CT acquisitions. CR methodology is under increasing investigation for use in the display of regions of complex anatomy and as a tool for education and preoperative planning. In this article, we will illustrate the potential utility of CR for evaluating the urinary bladder and associated pathology. The urinary bladder is susceptible to a multitude of neoplastic and inflammatory conditions and their sequelae. The intrinsic properties of CR may prove useful for the display of subtle mucosal/luminal irregularities, the simultaneous display of soft tissue detail with high-resolution maps of associated tumor neovasculature, and the improved display of spatial relationships to aid pre-procedural planning. Further refinement of presets for CR image creation and prospective evaluation of urinary bladder CR in real-world settings will be important for widespread clinical adoption.

Annotated normal CT data of the abdomen for deep learning: Challenges and strategies for implementation.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to report procedures developed to annotate abdominal computed tomography (CT) images from subjects without pancreatic disease that will be used as the input for deep convolutional neural networks (DNN) for development of deep learning algorithms for automatic recognition of a normal pancreas. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Dual-phase contrast-enhanced volumetric CT acquired from 2005 to 2009 from potential kidney donors were retrospectively assessed. Four trained human annotators manually and sequentially annotated 22 structures in each datasets, then expert radiologists confirmed the annotation. For efficient annotation and data management, a commercial software package that supports three-dimensional segmentation was used. RESULTS: A total of 1150 dual-phase CT datasets from 575 subjects were annotated. There were 229 men and 346 women (mean age: 45±12years; range: 18-79years). The mean intra-observer intra-subject dual-phase CT volume difference of all annotated structures was 4.27mL (7.65%). The deep network prediction for multi-organ segmentation showed high fidelity with 89.4% and 1.29mm in terms of mean Dice similarity coefficients and mean surface distances, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: A reliable data collection/annotation process for abdominal structures was developed. This process can be used to generate large datasets appropriate for deep learning.

Differentiating autoimmune pancreatitis from pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma with CT radiomics features.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether computed tomography (CT)-based machine learning of radiomics features could help distinguish autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) from pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighty-nine patients with AIP (65 men, 24 women; mean age, 59.7±13.9 [SD] years; range: 21-83 years) and 93 patients with PDAC (68 men, 25 women; mean age, 60.1±12.3 [SD] years; range: 36-86 years) were retrospectively included. All patients had dedicated dual-phase pancreatic protocol CT between 2004 and 2018. Thin-slice images (0.75/0.5mm thickness/increment) were compared with thick-slices images (3 or 5mm thickness/increment). Pancreatic regions involved by PDAC or AIP (areas of enlargement, altered enhancement, effacement of pancreatic duct) as well as uninvolved parenchyma were segmented as three-dimensional volumes. Four hundred and thirty-one radiomics features were extracted and a random forest was used to distinguish AIP from PDAC. CT data of 60 AIP and 60 PDAC patients were used for training and those of 29 AIP and 33 PDAC independent patients were used for testing. RESULTS: The pancreas was diffusely involved in 37 (37/89; 41.6%) patients with AIP and not diffusely in 52 (52/89; 58.4%) patients. Using machine learning, 95.2% (59/62; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 89.8-100%), 83.9% (52:67; 95% CI: 74.7-93.0%) and 77.4% (48/62; 95% CI: 67.0-87.8%) of the 62 test patients were correctly classified as either having PDAC or AIP with thin-slice venous phase, thin-slice arterial phase, and thick-slice venous phase CT, respectively. Three of the 29 patients with AIP (3/29; 10.3%) were incorrectly classified as having PDAC but all 33 patients with PDAC (33/33; 100%) were correctly classified with thin-slice venous phase with 89.7% sensitivity (26/29; 95% CI: 78.6-100%) and 100% specificity (33/33; 95% CI: 93-100%) for the diagnosis of AIP, 95.2% accuracy (59/62; 95% CI: 89.8-100%) and area under the curve of 0.975 (95% CI: 0.936-1.0). CONCLUSIONS: Radiomic features help differentiate AIP from PDAC with an overall accuracy of 95.2%.

Adenosine inhibition of lymphocyte-mediated cytolysis: possible role of cyclic adenosine monophosphate.

The in vitro destruction of tumor cells by specifically sensitized mouse lymphocytes was inhibited by adenosine; this inhibition was markedly potentiated by the presence of an inhibitor of adenosine deaminase. The inhibition of cytolysis by adenosine was accompanied by a rapid elevation in lymphocytic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) concentrations. Both the inhibition of cytolysis and the elevation of cyclic AMP were reversed by prolonged incubation of the lymphocytes in the presence of adenosine or, more rapidly, by removal of the adenosine. Low concentrations of adenosine also caused an elevation of cyclic AMP in human lymphocytes, and this effect of adenosine may contribute to the lack of immune response associated with adenosine deaminase deficiency.

3D CT cinematic rendering of the spleen: Potential role in problem solving.

Cinematic rendering (CR) is a new 3D visualization methodology for volumetric diagnostic imaging including computed tomography (CT) datasets composed of isotropic voxels. CR produces photorealistic images with enhanced detail relative to other 3D visualization methods and realistic shadowing. In this review, we provide a number of examples of splenic pathology visualized with CR including conditions affecting the splenic vasculature, neoplasms, and accessory spleens. These examples are compared to 2D CT and traditional 3D CT techniques and the potential advantages of CR are highlighted. CR displays textural changes in the splenic parenchyma to particular advantage, and a portion of this review will be devoted to examples of how textural features can help distinguish intrapancreatic accessory spleens from neuroendocrine tumors.

Cinematic rendering of focal liver masses.

Cinematic rendering (CR) is a recently described three-dimensional (3D) rendering technique that generates photorealistic images based on a new lighting model. This review illustrates the potential application of CR in the evaluation of focal liver masses. CR shows promise in improving the visualization of enhancement pattern and internal architecture, local tumor extension, and global disease burden, which may be helpful in focal liver mass characterization and pretreatment planning.

The many faces of pancreatic serous cystadenoma: Radiologic and pathologic correlation.

Pancreatic serous cystadenoma can be categorized into microcystic, honeycomb, oligocystic, and solid patterns based on imaging appearance. The presence of typical computed tomography (CT) features helps to differentiate serous cystadenomas from other cystic and solid pancreatic masses. Cases with atypical features present a diagnostic challenge as they can mimic malignant neoplasms. This article reviews pathophysiology, prevalence, CT features, mimickers and recommendations for management of pancreatic serous cystadenoma.

The clinical outcome of 137 rape victims in Hong Kong.

From 1 August 2001 to 31 July 2004, 137 patients were referred from the Association Concerning Sexual Violence Against Women to the Accident and Emergency Department at the Kwong Wah Hospital for alleged rape. Approximately half of the patients presented within 3 days of the alleged assault. Fifty-one patients were prescribed emergency contraception: one patient remained pregnant despite treatment and was referred with a further six patients to the Gynaecology Department for termination of pregnancy. Thirty-two patients received hepatitis B immunoglobulin injection. One patient had a positive result for rapid plasma reagin 3 months following the assault and was referred to the Social Hygiene Clinic. All tests for antibody to human immunodeficiency virus were negative. Antimicrobial therapy was prescribed for women who had an endocervical and/or high vaginal swab positive for Chlamydia trachomatis (n=9), Trichomonas vaginalis (n=1), and gonococcus (n=1).

Plasma clonidine concentration and pharmacologic effect.

Analysis of sequential plasma samples in 14 hypertensive subjects receiving their usual oral dose of clonidine (0.1 to 0.6 mg twice daily) indicated that clonidine plasma concentration increased for the first 2 hr and then decreased and stabilized over the next 12 hr. Percent fall in diastolic blood pressure, but not side effects, correlated well with plasma concentration. Our study indicates a potential role for plasma clonidine determination in the treatment of patients with hypertension. It also demonstrates that clonidine can probably be given at 12-hr intervals and be effective.

Consensus at zero acquaintance: replication, behavioral cues, and stability.

That observers tend to agree in their ratings of a target even if they have never interacted with that target has been called consensus at zero acquaintance. The basic finding that consensus is highest for judgments concerning a target's degree of extraversion (EV) and somewhat weaker for judgments of conscientiousness is replicated. Several potential observable cues that might be used by judges when rating targets are examined. The finding that ratings of physical attractiveness correlate with judgments of EV is replicated. In Study 1, rapid body movements and smiling were also found to correlate with EV judgments. The level of consensus declined when initially unacquainted Ss interacted one-on-one (Study 2), but did not decline--and even increased--when Ss interacted in a group (Study 3). Ss judged as extraverted at zero acquaintance were also seen as extraverted after interacting with others.

Acetazolamide binding to two carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes in human erythrocytes.

Acetazolamide binding to high activity and low activity carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes in red blood cells was studied. Inhibitory constants of 0.041 and 2.72 microM and maximum binding capacities of 17.2 and 155 microM, respectively, were found.

Subnanogram assay for pilocarpine in biological fluids.

A method for the determination of pilocarpine was developed in which the imidazole ring of pilocarpine was acylated with heptafluorobutyric anhydride, using triethylamine as a catalyst. After cleanup, the pilocarpine derivative was analyzed using GLC with electron-capture detection. The limit of sensitivity was 25-50 pg of pilocarpine, which had been subjected to the derivatization and cleanup procedures. The method was specific for pilocarpine, with the isopilocarpine derivative eluting prior to the pilocarpine derivative.

Determination of submicrogram quantities of clonidine in biological fluids.

A sensitive and specific GLC method using electron-capture detection was developed for clonidine in plasma and urine. Di-perfluoroacyl derivatives of both clonidine and the 4-methyl analog of clonidine (used as an internal standard) were formed, and an extraction process was developed for the removal of excess derivatization reagent and endogenous biological compounds; the assay permitted quantification of 25 pg of clonidine/ml in a 4-ml plasma sample. The assay was used to elucidate the time course of plasma concentrations in a normotensive subject following oral administration of 50, 100, and 200 microgram of clonidine hydrochloride and also to determine unchanged drug excreted in the urine.

Time course and disposition of methazolamide in human plasma and red blood cells.

Methazolamide was determined in plasma, whole blood, and urine by a GLC-mass spectrometric method. Temporal patterns of methazolamide concentrations in plasma and red blood cells were obtained following single- and multiple-dose oral administration of the drug. The nonlinearity in the binding of the drug to the red blood cell carbonic anhydrase was evident from a comparison of plasma and red blood cells concentrations. The drug was cleared slowly from the red blood cells. The binding constants to the two isoenzymes of carbonic anhydrase were determined from the plasma and red blood cell concentrations and were in agreement with those determined by previous measurements. The half-life of elimination was 7.5 hr. The urinary recovery of unchanged drug was approximately 25% of the administered dose.