A prospective, randomized, open-label, parallel trial comparing the efficacy of α-blocker or 5α-reductase inhibitor withdrawal to continued combination therapy on the maintenance of lower urinary tract symptoms in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia.

BACKGROUND: It is uncertain how long combination therapy should be continued in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). We investigated the withdrawal effects of α1-adrenergic receptor blocker (AB) or 5α-reductase inhibitor (5ARI) following successful combination therapy. METHODS: This prospective, randomized, open-label, parallel trial enrolled 222 patients with BPH/LUTS who showed at least a seven-point improvement in International Prostate Symptom Score-total (IPSS-T) and a ≥ 20% reduction in prostate volume (PV) following the initiation of combination therapy. Patients were randomized in a 1:1:1 ratio into continued-combination, AB-withdrawal, and 5ARI-withdrawal groups. IPSS, overactive bladder symptom score, EuroQol-five-dimensional questionnaire (EQ-5D-5L), EuroQol-visual analog scale (EQ-VAS), prostate volume (PV), maximal flow rate, postvoid residual urine (PVR), and prostate-specific antigen level were assessed every 6 months for 24 months. The predictors of IPSS-T deterioration were evaluated. RESULTS: At Month 24, IPSS-T deterioration (≥2 point) was observed in 20/72 (27.8%) and 19/72 (26.4%) patients in the AB- and 5ARI-withdrawal groups, respectively. Among them, 4/72 (5.6%) and 4/70 (5.7%) patients required readdition of the withdrawn drug (p = 0.868). In the continued combination group, EQ-VAS improved at Month 24 compared to baseline (p = 0.028). At Month 24, the AB-withdrawal group showed improvements in EQ-5D-5L, EQ-VAS, and PVR (all p < 0.005), while the 5ARI-withdrawal group showed improvement in IPSS-S (p = 0.011). Diabetes mellitus was associated with IPSS-T deterioration at Month 24 (p = 0.020). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with BPH/LUTS who are reluctant to continue combination therapy, AB or 5ARI withdrawal may be offered in men with improvement in IPSS-T by at least seven points and reduction in PV by at least 20%.

Prostate-specific antigen and health-related quality of life in individuals with advanced prostate cancer treated with apalutamide: a plain language summary of the SPARTAN and TITAN studies.

WHAT IS THIS SUMMARY ABOUT?: This is a summary of a paper that describes the results of the SPARTAN and TITAN studies, which looked at whether a treatment called apalutamide can help treat individuals with advanced prostate cancer.The SPARTAN study included 1207 participants with nonmetastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (or nmCRPC). The TITAN study included 1052 participants with metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer (or mCSPC). Treatment with apalutamide was compared with treatment with placebo. In both studies, all participants were also given androgen deprivation therapy (or ADT), which has been used for many years for the treatment of prostate cancer.The results showed that treatment with apalutamide plus ADT increased participants' survival time while their health-related quality of life stayed the same, compared with placebo plus ADT. Also, apalutamide plus ADT increased the length of time that the cancer did not spread to other parts of the body (metastasize) or did not continue to grow. In both studies, treatment with apalutamide plus ADT was associated with a deep decline in blood prostate-specific antigen (or PSA) levels (called a deep PSA decline). This additional analysis of the SPARTAN and TITAN studies was performed to understand whether the deep PSA decline in participants who received apalutamide plus ADT was linked to their overall health-related quality of life. WHAT WERE THE RESULTS OF THE ADDITIONAL ANALYSIS?: In participants who received apalutamide plus ADT, those who achieved a deep PSA decline after the start of treatment had a greater chance that their health-related quality of life would remain stable. When participants achieved a deep PSA decline at 3 months after the start of treatment, the benefit to their health-related quality of life, including physical wellbeing, was even greater. WHAT DO THESE RESULTS MEAN FOR INDIVIDUALS WITH ADVANCED PROSTATE CANCER?: For individuals with advanced prostate cancer, it is important to monitor both PSA decline and any impacts on health-related quality of life. These results will help doctors and other healthcare professionals have a better understanding of patients' cancer experience and the impact of their treatment.Clinical Trial Registration: NCT01946204 (SPARTAN) and, NCT02489318 (TITAN) (ClinicalTrials.gov).

Management of Immunosuppressive Therapy in Kidney Transplant Recipients with Sepsis: A Multicenter Retrospective Study.

BACKGROUND: Up to 6% of kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) experience life-threatening complications requiring intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and one of the most common medical complications requiring ICU admission is infection. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of immunosuppressive therapy (IST) modification on prognosis of KTRs with sepsis. METHODS: We conducted a multicenter retrospective study in 4 university-affiliated hospitals to evaluate the effect of adjusting the IST in KTRs with sepsis. Only patients who either maintained IST after ICU admission or those who underwent immediate (within 24 h of ICU admission) reduction or withdrawal of IST following ICU admission were included in this study. "Any reduction" was defined as a dosage reduction of any IST or discontinuation of at least 1 IST. "Complete withdrawal of IST" was defined as concomitant discontinuation of all ISTs, except steroids. RESULTS: During the study period, 1596 of the KTRs were admitted to the ICU, and 112 episodes of sepsis or septic shock were identified. The overall in-hospital mortality rate was 35.7%. In-hospital mortality was associated with higher sequential organ failure assessment score, simplified acute physiology score 3, non-identical human leukocyte antigen relation, presence of septic shock, and complete withdrawal of IST. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, complete withdrawal of IST remained significantly associated with in-hospital mortality (adjusted coefficient, 1.029; 95% confidence interval, 0.024-2.035) and graft failure (adjusted coefficient, 2.001; 95% confidence interval, 0.961-3.058). CONCLUSIONS: Complete IST withdrawal was common and associated with worse outcomes in critically ill KTRs with sepsis.

Combined Use of Tocilizumab and Mesenchymal Stem Cells Attenuate the Development of an Anti-HLA-A2.1 Antibody in a Highly Sensitized Mouse Model.

Sensitization to HLA can result in allograft loss for kidney transplantation (KT) patients. Therefore, it is required to develop an appropriate desensitization (DSZ) technique to remove HLA-donor-specific anti-HLA antibody (DSA) before KT. The aim of this research was to investigate whether combined use of the IL-6 receptor-blocking antibody, tocilizumab (TCZ), and bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) could attenuate humoral immune responses in an allo-sensitized mouse model developed using HLA.A2 transgenic mice. Wild-type C57BL/6 mice were sensitized with skin allografts from C57BL/6-Tg (HLA-A2.1)1Enge/J mice and treated with TCZ, BM-MSC, or both TCZ and BM-MSC. We compared HLA.A2-specific IgG levels and subsets of T cells and B cells using flow cytometry among groups. HLA.A2-specific IgG level was decreased in all treated groups in comparison with that in the allo-sensitized control (Allo-CONT) group. Its decrease was the most significant in the TCZ + BM-MSC group. Regarding the B cell subset, combined use of TCZ and BM-MSC increased proportions of pre-pro B cells but decreased proportions of mature B cells in BM (p < 0.05 vs. control). In the spleen, an increase in transitional memory was observed with a significant decrease in marginal, follicular, and long-lived plasma B cells (p < 0.05 vs. control) in the TCZ + BM-MSC group. In T cell subsets, Th2 and Th17 cells were significantly decreased, but Treg cells were significantly increased in the TCZ+BM-MSC group compared to those in the Allo-CONT group in the spleen. Regarding RNA levels, IL-10 and Foxp3 showed increased expression, whereas IL-23 and IFN-γ showed decreased expression in the TCZ + BM-MSC group. In conclusion, combined use of TCZ and BM-MSC can inhibit B cell maturation and up-regulate Treg cells, finally resulting in the reduction of HLA.A2-specific IgG in a highly sensitized mouse model. This study suggests that the combined use of TCZ and BM-MSC can be proposed as a novel strategy in a desensitization protocol for highly sensitized patients.

Efficacy of Integrated Risk Score Using Omics-Based Biomarkers for the Prediction of Acute Rejection in Kidney Transplantation: A Randomized Prospective Pilot Study.

Acute rejection (AR) is critical for long-term graft survival in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs). This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the integrated risk score of omics-based biomarkers in predicting AR in KTRs. This prospective, randomized, controlled, multicenter, pilot study enrolled 40 patients who recently underwent high-immunologic-risk kidney transplantation (KT). Five omics biomarkers were measured, namely, blood mRNA (three-gene signature), urinary exosomal miRNA (three-gene signature), urinary mRNA (six-gene signature), and two urinary exosomal proteins (hemopexin and tetraspanin-1) at 2 weeks and every 4 weeks after KT for 1 year. An integrated risk score was generated by summing each biomarker up. The biomarker group was informed about the integrated risk scores and used to adjust immunosuppression, but not the control group. The outcomes were graft function and frequency of graft biopsy. Sixteen patients in the biomarker group and nineteen in the control group completed the study. The mean estimated glomerular filtration rate after KT did not differ between the groups. Graft biopsy was performed in two patients (12.5%) and nine (47.4%) in the biomarker and control groups, respectively, with the proportion being significantly lower in the biomarker group (p = 0.027). One patient (6.3%) in the biomarker group and two (10.5%) in the control group were diagnosed with AR, and the AR incidence did not differ between the groups. The tacrolimus trough level was significantly lower in the biomarker group than in the control group at 1 year after KT (p = 0.006). Integrated omics biomarker monitoring may help prevent unnecessary or high-complication-risk biopsy and enables tailored immunosuppression by predicting the risk of AR in KTRs.

Urine Exosomal bkv-miR-B1-5p and BK Virus Nephropathy in Kidney Transplant Recipients.

BACKGROUND: Urine exosomal bkv-miR-B1-5p is associated with BK virus (BKV) nephropathy (BKVN); however, its posttransplantation changes and predictability for BKVN have not been determined in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs). METHODS: Urine exosomal bkv-miR-B1-5p and urine and plasma BKV DNA were measured at 2 weeks and 3, 6, and 12 months posttransplant in 83 KTRs stratified into biopsy-proven or presumptive BKVN, BKV viruria, and no evidence of BKV reactivation. Joint model, multivariable Cox model and receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) were used to investigate the association of each assay with the following events: a composite of biopsy-proven or presumptive BKVN, and biopsy-proven BKVN. RESULTS: Urine exosomal bkv-miR-B1-5p and urine and plasma BKV DNA showed similar posttransplant time-course changes. Joint models incorporating serial values demonstrated significant associations of all assays with the events, and Cox analyses using single time point values at 2 weeks posttransplant showed that only urine exosomal bkv-miR-B1-5p was significantly associated with the events, although it did not outperform urine BKV DNA in ROC analyses. CONCLUSIONS: Urine exosomal bkv-miR-B1-5p was associated with BKVN as were urine and plasma BKV DNA loads on serial follow-up, and might have potential as a predictive marker for BKVN during the early posttransplant period. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: Clinical Research Information Service (https://cris.nih.go.kr/cris/), KCT0001010.

Modeling of Fabry disease nephropathy using patient derived human induced pluripotent stem cells and kidney organoid system.

OBJECTIVES: To explore the possibility of kidney organoids generated using patient derived human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) for modeling of Fabry disease nephropathy (FDN). METHODS: First, we generated hiPSC line using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from two male FD-patients with different types of GLA mutation: a classic type mutation (CMC-Fb-001) and a non-classic type (CMC-Fb-003) mutation. Second, we generated kidney organoids using wild-type (WT) hiPSC (WTC-11) and mutant hiPSCs (CMC-Fb-001 and CMC-Fb-003). We then compared alpha-galactosidase A (α-GalA) activity, deposition of globotriaosylceremide (Gb-3), and zebra body formation under electromicroscopy (EM). RESULTS: Both FD patients derived hiPSCs had the same mutations as those detected in PBMCs of patients, showing typical pluripotency markers, normal karyotyping, and successful tri-lineage differentiation. Kidney organoids generated using WT-hiPSC and both FD patients derived hiPSCs expressed typical nephron markers without structural deformity. Activity of α-GalA was decreased and deposition of Gb-3 was increased in FD patients derived hiPSCs and kidney organoids in comparison with WT, with such changes being far more significant in CMC-Fb-001 than in CMC-Fb-003. In EM finding, multi-lammelated inclusion body was detected in both CMC-Fb-001 and CMC-Fb-003 kidney organoids, but not in WT. CONCLUSIONS: Kidney organoids generated using hiPSCs from male FD patients might recapitulate the disease phenotype and represent the severity of FD according to the GLA mutation type.

Prediction of intradialytic hypotension using pre-dialysis features-a deep learning-based artificial intelligence model.

BACKGROUND: Intradialytic hypotension (IDH) is a serious complication of hemodialysis (HD) that is associated with increased risks of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. However, its accurate prediction remains a clinical challenge. The aim of this study was to develop a deep learning-based artificial intelligence (AI) model to predict IDH using pre-dialysis features. METHODS: Data from 2007 patients with 943 220 HD sessions at seven university hospitals were used. The performance of the deep learning model was compared with three machine learning models (logistic regression, random forest and XGBoost). RESULTS: IDH occurred in 5.39% of all studied HD sessions. A lower pre-dialysis blood pressure (BP), and a higher ultrafiltration (UF) target rate and interdialytic weight gain in IDH sessions compared with non-IDH sessions, and the occurrence of IDH in previous sessions was more frequent among IDH sessions compared with non-IDH sessions. Matthews correlation coefficient and macro-averaged F1 score were used to evaluate both positive and negative prediction performances. Both values were similar in logistic regression, random forest, XGBoost and deep learning models, developed with data from a single session. When combining data from the previous three sessions, the prediction performance of the deep learning model improved and became superior to that of other models. The common top-ranked features for IDH prediction were mean systolic BP (SBP) during the previous session, UF target rate, pre-dialysis SBP, and IDH experience during the previous session. CONCLUSIONS: Our AI model predicts IDH accurately, suggesting it as a reliable tool for HD treatment.

Effects of resection volume on postoperative micturition symptoms and retreatment after transurethral resection of the prostate.

PURPOSE: Despite advances in technology, such as advent of laser enucleation and minimally invasive surgical therapies, transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) remains the most widely performed surgical technique for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). We evaluated resection volume (RV)-derived parameters and analyzed the effect of RV on post-TURP outcomes. METHODS: This observational study used data from patients who underwent TURP at two institutions between January 2011 and December 2021 Data from patients with previous BPH surgical treatment, incomplete data, and underlying disease affecting voiding function were excluded. The collected data included age, prostate-specific antigen, transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)- and uroflowmetry-derived parameters, RV, perioperative laboratory values, perioperative International Prostatic Symptom Score (IPSS), follow-up period, retreatment requirements and interval between the first TURP and retreatment. RESULTS: In 268 patients without prior BPH medication, there were no differences in prostate volume (PV), transitional zone volume (TZV), or RV according to IPSS. A total of 60 patients started retreatment, including medical or surgical treatment, within the follow-up period. There was a significant difference in RV/PV between the groups without and with retreatment respectively (0.56 and 0.37; p = 0.008). However, preoperative TRUS- and uroflowmetry-derived parameters did not differ between the two groups. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that RV (p = 0.003) and RV/TZV (p = 0.006) were significantly associated with differences in perioperative IPSS. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, only RV/PV was correlated with retreatment (p = 0.010). CONCLUSION: Maximal TURP leads to improved postoperative outcomes and reduced retreatment rate, it may gradually become a requirement rather than an option.

Impact of Induction Immunosuppressants on T Lymphocyte Subsets after Kidney Transplantation: A Prospective Observational Study with Focus on Anti-Thymocyte Globulin and Basiliximab Induction Therapies.

Induction immunosuppressive therapy for kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) primarily includes interleukin-2 receptor antagonists, such as basiliximab (BXM) or lymphocyte-depleting agents, and anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG). This study aimed to investigate their effects on T cell dynamics during the early post-transplantation period. This prospective observational study included 157 KTRs. Peripheral blood samples were collected from each patient within 5 days before and 4 and 12 weeks after transplantation. Flow cytometric analysis was performed to assess various T cell subsets whose changes were then analyzed. In the ATG group, CD4+ T cell expression decreased significantly compared with that in the BXM group. However, CD4+CD161+ and CD4+CD25+CD127low T cell expression levels increased significantly. In the CD8+ T cell subset, a decrease in CD8+CD28nullCD57+ and CD8+CCR7+ T cell expression was observed in the ATG group. However, among patients diagnosed with biopsy-proven acute rejection, T cell subset expression did not significantly differ relative to non-rejection cases. In conclusion, ATG induction therapy resulted in more pronounced changes in T lymphocyte subsets than BXM induction, with increased CD4+CD161+ and CD4+CD25+CD127low T cells and an early decrease in CD8+CD28nullCD57+ and CD8+CCR7+ T cells, some of which are associated with acute rejection.

CRISPR-Cas9-Mediated Correction of SLC12A3 Gene Mutation Rescues the Gitelman's Disease Phenotype in a Patient-Derived Kidney Organoid System.

The aim of this study is to explore the possibility of modeling Gitelman's disease (GIT) with human-induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived kidney organoids and to test whether gene correction using CRISPR/Cas9 can rescue the disease phenotype of GIT. To model GIT, we used the hiPSC line CMCi002 (CMC-GIT-001), generated using PBMCs from GIT patients with SLC12A3 gene mutation. Using the CRISPR-Cas9 system, we corrected CMC-GIT-001 mutations and hence generated CMC-GIT-001corr. Both hiPSCs were differentiated into kidney organoids, and we analyzed the GIT phenotype. The number of matured kidney organoids from the CMC-GIT-001corr group was significantly higher, 3.3-fold, than that of the CMC-GIT-001 group (12.2 ± 0.7/cm2 vs. 3.7 ± 0.2/cm2, p < 0.05). In qRT-PCR, performed using harvested kidney organoids, relative sodium chloride cotransporter (NCCT) mRNA levels (normalized to each iPSC) were increased in the CMC-GIT-001corr group compared with the CMC-GIT-001 group (4.1 ± 0.8 vs. 2.5 ± 0.2, p < 0.05). Consistently, immunoblot analysis revealed increased levels of NCCT protein, in addition to other tubular proteins markers, such as LTL and ECAD, in the CMC-GIT-001corr group compared to the CMC-GIT-001 group. Furthermore, we found that increased immunoreactivity of NCCT in the CMC-GIT-001corr group was colocalized with ECAD (a distal tubule marker) using confocal microscopy. Kidney organoids from GIT patient-derived iPSC recapitulated the Gitelman's disease phenotype, and correction of SLC12A3 mutation utilizing CRISPR-Cas9 technology provided therapeutic insight.

Effect of dual inhibition of DPP4 and SGLT2 on tacrolimus-induced diabetes mellitus and nephrotoxicity in a rat model.

Sodium/glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) or dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor (DPP4i) is a newer anti-diabetic drug in type II diabetes mellitus (DM), but their use in tacrolimus (TAC)-induced DM is still undetermined. We performed this study to evaluate the effect of these two drugs in TAC-induced DM and nephrotoxicity in ex vivo and in vivo. In the experimental Sprague Dawley rat model of TAC-induced DM and nephrotoxicity, dual inhibition of DPP4 and SGLT2 significantly decreased blood glucose level, HbA1C and increased plasma insulin levels and pancreatic islet size compared with each drug. In the kidney, dual inhibition improved renal function decreased interstitial fibrosis and profibrotic cytokines compared with DPP4i and SGLT2i alone. Increased oxidative stress by TAC was remarkably decreased with DPP4i or SGLT2i in serum, pancreatic and renal tissues and this decrease was much more significant in the combination group. In in vitro study, TAC decreased the cell viability of human kidney-2(HK-2) cells and insulin-secreting beta-cell-derived line(INS-1) cells. SGLT2i protected TAC-induced cell death in HK-2 cells, but not in INS-1 cells. The addition of DPP4i to SGLT2i compensated for a lack of protective effect of SGLT2i on INS-1 cells. This finding provides the rationale for the combined treatment of SGLG2i and DPP4i in TAC-induced DM and nephrotoxicity.

Apalutamide for Metastatic, Castration-Sensitive Prostate Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Apalutamide is an inhibitor of the ligand-binding domain of the androgen receptor. Whether the addition of apalutamide to androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) would prolong radiographic progression-free survival and overall survival as compared with placebo plus ADT among patients with metastatic, castration-sensitive prostate cancer has not been determined. METHODS: In this double-blind, phase 3 trial, we randomly assigned patients with metastatic, castration-sensitive prostate cancer to receive apalutamide (240 mg per day) or placebo, added to ADT. Previous treatment for localized disease and previous docetaxel therapy were allowed. The primary end points were radiographic progression-free survival and overall survival. RESULTS: A total of 525 patients were assigned to receive apalutamide plus ADT and 527 to receive placebo plus ADT. The median age was 68 years. A total of 16.4% of the patients had undergone prostatectomy or received radiotherapy for localized disease, and 10.7% had received previous docetaxel therapy; 62.7% had high-volume disease, and 37.3% had low-volume disease. At the first interim analysis, with a median of 22.7 months of follow-up, the percentage of patients with radiographic progression-free survival at 24 months was 68.2% in the apalutamide group and 47.5% in the placebo group (hazard ratio for radiographic progression or death, 0.48; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.39 to 0.60; P<0.001). Overall survival at 24 months was also greater with apalutamide than with placebo (82.4% in the apalutamide group vs. 73.5% in the placebo group; hazard ratio for death, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.51 to 0.89; P = 0.005). The frequency of grade 3 or 4 adverse events was 42.2% in the apalutamide group and 40.8% in the placebo group; rash was more common in the apalutamide group. CONCLUSIONS: In this trial involving patients with metastatic, castration-sensitive prostate cancer, overall survival and radiographic progression-free survival were significantly longer with the addition of apalutamide to ADT than with placebo plus ADT, and the side-effect profile did not differ substantially between the two groups. (Funded by Janssen Research and Development; TITAN ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02489318.).

Optical genome mapping identifies clinically relevant genomic rearrangements in prostate cancer biopsy sample.

BACKGROUND: Prostate cancer (PCa) is characterized by complex genomic rearrangements such as the ETS oncogene family fusions, yet the clinical relevance is not well established. While paneled genetic tests of DNA repair genes are recommended in advanced PCa, conventional genomic or cytogenetic tools are not ideal for genome-wide screening of structural variations (SVs) such as balanced translocation due to cost and/or resolution issues. METHODS: In this study, we tested the feasibility of whole-genome optical genomic mapping (OGM), a newly developed platform for genome-wide SV analysis to detect complex genomic rearrangements in consecutive unselected PCa samples from MRI/US-fusion targeted biopsy. RESULTS: We tested ten samples, and nine (90%) passed quality check. Average mapping rate and coverage depth were 58.1 ± 23.7% and 157.3 ± 97.7×, respectively (mean ± SD). OGM detected copy number alterations such as chr6q13 loss and chr8q12-24 gain. Two adjacent tumor samples were distinguished by inter/intra-chromosomal translocations, revealing that they're from the same ancestor. Furthermore, OGM detected large deletion of chr13q13.1 accompanied by inter-chromosomal translocation t(13;20)(q13.1;p13) occurring within BRCA2 gene, suggesting complete loss of function. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, clinically relevant genomic SVs were successfully detected in PCa samples by OGM. We suggest that OGM can complement panel sequencing of DNA repair genes BRCA1/2 or ATM in high-risk PCa.

Effects of intravenous iron therapy on mortality and hospitalization of hemodialysis patients: A prospective cohort study in Korea.

Iron replacement therapy is necessary for anemia treatment in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease. Intravenous (IV) iron therapy is an efficient method for iron replacement. However, there are concerns regarding its considerable side effects, including increased risks of infection or major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). This is a longitudinal study from a multicenter prospective cohort study conducted in the Korean end-stage renal disease population. All-cause mortality, death due to infection or MACE, hospitalization due to infection or MACE, and all adverse event of death or hospitalization due to infection or MACE were compared according to the iron replacement methods during the first 3 months of enrollment. Among 1,680 hemodialysis patients, 29.3% of patients received IV iron therapy, and 38% of patients received oral iron therapy. During the median 632 days follow-up, all-cause mortality, mortality or hospitalization due to infection or MACE, and all adverse events did not differ among iron replacement groups. There were significant differences related to the risk of all adverse events among iron replacement therapies in the log-rank test and univariate Cox regression analysis only in the prevalent dialysis patients; however, the significance was lost in multivariate Cox regression analysis. Similar results were observed in the 1-year short-term outcome analysis. High-dose IV iron did not increase adverse outcomes. All-cause mortality or all adverse events due to infection or MACE were not higher with the current clinical regimen of IV iron replacement therapy than with oral or no iron therapy in Korean hemodialysis patients.

Usefulness of grayscale values of hypoechoic lesions matched with target lesions observed on magnetic resonance imaging for the prediction of clinically significant prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND: To analyze grayscale values for hypoechoic lesions matched with target lesions evaluated using prebiopsy magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) according to the Prostate Imaging-Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS). METHODS: We collected data on 420 target lesions in patients who underwent MRI/transrectal ultrasound fusion-targeted biopsies between January 2017 and September 2020. Images of hypoechoic lesions that matched the target lesions on MRI were stored in a picture archiving and communication system, and their grayscale values were estimated using the red/green/blue scoring method through an embedded function. We analyzed imaging data using grayscale values. RESULTS: Of the 420 lesions, 261 (62.1%) were prostate cancer lesions. There was no difference in the median grayscale values between benign and prostate cancer lesions. However, grayscale ranges (41.8-98.5 and 42.6-91.8) were significant predictors of prostate cancer and clinically significant prostate cancer (csPC) in multivariable logistic regression analyses. Area under the curve for detecting csPC using grayscale values along with conventional variables (age, prostate-specific antigen levels, prostate volume, previous prostate biopsy results, and PI-RADS scores) was 0.839, which was significantly higher than that for detecting csPC using only conventional variables (0.828; P = 0.036). Subgroup analysis revealed a significant difference for PI-RADS 3 lesions between grayscale values for benign and cancerous lesions (74.5 vs. 58.8, P = 0.008). Grayscale values were the only significant predictive factor (odds ratio = 4.46, P = 0.005) for csPC. CONCLUSIONS: Distribution of grayscale values according to PI-RAD 3 scores was potentially useful, and the grayscale range (42.6-91.8) was a potential predictor for csPC diagnosis.

Seasonality in hip fracture among haemodialysis patients and kidney transplant recipients in South Korea.

AIM: The seasonality of hip fracture in haemodialysis (HD) patients and kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) have not been reported. We assessed seasonal variations in hip fractures among patients with end-stage kidney disease who undergo maintenance HD and KTRs. METHODS: Using the Korean National Health Insurance System database from January 2012 to December 2017, monthly counts of hip fracture were calculated among HD patients (n = 77 420) and KTRs (n = 8921). The 6-year normalized monthly fraction and seasonal fractions of hip fractures were calculated. A cosinor analysis was performed to determine the seasonality of the monthly incidence of hip fractures. RESULTS: The 6-year average monthly fraction of hip fractures was lowest in June and highest in October in HD patients, and lowest in February and highest in November in KTRs. The 6-year average seasonal fraction among HD patients was lowest in summer and highest in winter, and lowest in summer and highest in autumn among KTRs, but there was no significant difference. The incidence ratio of hip fractures was lowest in June and highest in January in HD patients, and lowest in August and highest in November in KTRs. On cosinor analysis, HD patients showed significant seasonality in hip fracture incidence, with a trough in summer and a peak in winter (p = .031), whereas KTRs did not exhibit a significant trend (p = .44). CONCLUSION: Hip fractures occurred more frequently in winter and less frequently in summer in patients undergoing HD, whereas KTRs did not show a seasonal trend.

Combined Analysis of HLA Class II Eplet Mismatch and Tacrolimus Levels for the Prediction of De Novo Donor Specific Antibody Development in Kidney Transplant Recipients.

We investigated whether HLA class II eplet mismatch was related to dnDSA development and analyzed its combined impact with tacrolimus levels for kidney transplantation outcomes. A total of 347 kidney transplants were included. HLA Matchmaker was used for the single molecular eplet, total eplet, antibody (Ab)-verified eplet mismatch analyses, and Ab-verified single molecular analysis to identify HLA-DR/DQ molecular thresholds for the risk of dnDSA development. A time-weighted tacrolimus trough level (TAC-C0) of 5 ng/mL and a TAC-C0 time-weighted coefficient variability (TWCV) of 20% were applied to find the combined effects on dnDSA development. A high level of mismatch for single molecular eplet (DQ ≥ 10), total eplet (DQ ≥ 12), Ab-verified eplet (DQ ≥ 4), and Ab-verified single molecular eplet (DQ ≥ 4) significantly correlated with HLA class II dnDSA development. Class II dnDSA developed mostly in patients with low TAC-C0 and high eplet mismatch. In the multivariable analyses, low TAC-C0 and high eplet mismatch showed the highest hazard ratio for the development of dnDSA. No significant combined effect was observed in dnDSA development according to TWCV. In conclusion, the determination of HLA class II eplet mismatch may improve the risk stratification for dnDSA development, especially in conjunction with tacrolimus trough levels.

Apalutamide plus Androgen Deprivation Therapy for Metastatic Castration-Sensitive Prostate Cancer: Analysis of Pain and Fatigue in the Phase 3 TITAN Study.

PURPOSE: We performed an exploratory analysis of prostate cancer-related pain and fatigue on health-related quality of life in patients with metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer receiving apalutamide (240 mg/day) or placebo, with continuous androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), in the phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled TITAN trial (NCT02489318). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patient-reported outcomes for pain and fatigue were evaluated using the Brief Pain Inventory-Short Form and Brief Fatigue Inventory. Time to deterioration (TTD) was estimated by Kaplan-Meier method; hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated using Cox proportional hazards model. General estimating equations for logistic regression estimated treatment-related differences in the likelihood of worsening pain or fatigue. RESULTS: Compliance for completing the Brief Pain Inventory-Short Form and Brief Fatigue Inventory was high (96% to 97%) in the first year. Median followup times were similar between treatments (19 to 22 months). Median pain TTD was longer with apalutamide than placebo for "pain at its least in the last 24 hours" (28.7 vs 21.8 months, respectively; p=0.0146), "pain interfered with mood" (not estimable vs 22.4 months; p=0.0017), "pain interfered with walking ability" (28.7 vs 20.2 months; p=0.0027), "pain interfered with relations" (not estimable vs 23.0 months; p=0.0139) and "pain interfered with sleep" (28.7 vs 20.9 months; p=0.0167). Likelihood for fatigue and worsening fatigue were similar between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer receiving apalutamide plus ADT vs placebo plus ADT reported consistently favorable TTD of pain. No difference for change in fatigue was observed with apalutamide vs placebo.

L-Carnitine protects against tacrolimus-induced renal injury by attenuating programmed cell death via PI3K/AKT/PTEN signaling.

Reducing immunosuppressant-related complications using conventional drugs is an efficient therapeutic strategy. L-carnitine (LC) has been shown to protect against various types of renal injury. In this study, we investigated the renoprotective effects of LC in a rat model of chronic tacrolimus (TAC) nephropathy. SD rats were injected with TAC (1.5 mg · kg-1 · d-1, sc) for 4 weeks. Renoprotective effects of LC were assessed in terms of renal function, histopathology, oxidative stress, expression of inflammatory and fibrotic cytokines, programmed cell death (pyroptosis, apoptosis, and autophagy), mitochondrial function, and PI3K/AKT/PTEN signaling. Chronic TAC nephropathy was characterized by severe renal dysfunction and typical histological features of chronic nephropathy. At a molecular level, TAC markedly increased the expression of inflammatory and fibrotic cytokines in the kidney, induced oxidative stress, and led to mitochondrial dysfunction and programmed cell death through activation of PI3K/AKT and inhibition of PTEN. Coadministration of LC (200 mg · kg-1 · d-1, ip) caused a prominent improvement in renal function and ameliorated histological changes of kidneys in TAC-treated rats. Furthermore, LC exerted anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, prevented mitochondrial dysfunction, and modulated the expression of a series of apoptosis- and autophagy-controlling genes to promote cell survival. Human kidney proximal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2 cells) were treated with TAC (50 µg/mL) in vitro, which induced production of intracellular reactive oxygen species and expression of an array of genes controlling programmed cell death (pyroptosis, apoptosis, and autophagy) through interfering with PI3K/AKT/PTEN signaling. The harmful responses of HK-2 cells to TAC were significantly attenuated by cotreatment with LC and the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 (25 µM). In conclusion, LC treatment protects against chronic TAC nephropathy through interfering the PI3K/AKT/PTEN signaling.