Early-Pregnancy Resilience Characteristics Before Versus During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

OBJECTIVE: Resilience is associated with mental and somatic health benefits. Given the social, physical, and mental health toll of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, we examined whether the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with population-level changes in resilience among pregnant people. STUDY DESIGN: Secondary analysis of a prospective cohort of nulliparous pregnant people <20 weeks' gestation from a single hospital. Participants completed baseline assessments of resilience characteristics, including dispositional optimism (DO), mindfulness, and proactive coping. For this analysis, participants recruited before the COVID-19 pandemic were compared with those recruited during the pandemic. The primary outcome was DO, assessed as a continuous score on the validated Revised Life Orientation Test. Secondary outcomes included continuous scores on mindfulness and proactive coping assessments. Bivariable analyses were completed using chi-squared and Mann-Whitney U tests. Multivariable linear regression compared resilience scores by recruitment time frame, controlling for confounders selected a priori: maternal age, education, and marital status. RESULTS: Of the 300 participants, 152 (50.7%) were recruited prior to the pandemic. Demographic and pregnancy characteristics differed between groups: the during-pandemic group was older, had higher levels of education, and were more likely to be married/partnered. There were no significant differences in any of the resilience characteristics before versus during the pandemic in bivariable or multivariable analyses. CONCLUSION: In this cohort, there were no differences in early pregnancy resilience characteristics before versus during the COVID-19 pandemic. This affirms that on a population level, resilience is a stable metric, even in the setting of a global pandemic. KEY POINTS: · Resilience is associated with mental and somatic health benefits.. · No difference in early-pregnancy resilience in those recruited before versus during the pandemic.. · Consistent with conceptualization of resilience as an innate characteristic..

A randomized trial comparing the 52-mg levonorgestrel system with combination oral contraceptives for treatment of heavy menstrual bleeding.

BACKGROUND: The levonorgestrel intrauterine system and combined oral contraceptives are the 2 most commonly used nonsurgical treatments for heavy menstrual bleeding in the United States. However, there are limited data on their relative effectiveness and on their impact on bleeding-specific quality of life. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of the 52-mg levonorgestrel intrauterine system with that of combined oral contraceptives for improving quality of life among individuals who self-report heavy menstrual bleeding. We hypothesized that the levonorgestrel intrauterine system would be more effective than combined oral contraceptives at 6 and 12 months after treatment. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a pragmatic randomized trial of individuals who self-reported heavy menstrual bleeding. Individuals were eligible if they did not have contraindications to either the levonorgestrel intrauterine system or combined oral contraceptives and were determined to have a nonstructural cause of heavy menstrual bleeding. Eligible and consenting participants were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive a 52-mg levonorgestrel intrauterine system or a monophasic 30- or 35-µg ethinyl estradiol-containing combined oral contraceptive. The main outcome was mean change in bleeding-related quality of life, measured by the 20-question Menstrual Bleeding Questionnaire (score range, 0-75) at 6 and 12 months. Differences in group means and confidence intervals for the Menstrual Bleeding Questionnaire score were computed by multivariable linear mixed-effects regression; 24 participants per group were needed to detect a 10-point difference in change in mean Menstrual Bleeding Questionnaire score between individuals treated with the levonorgestrel intrauterine system and those treated with combined oral contraceptives at each follow-up time point. RESULTS: A total of 62 individuals were randomly assigned to treatment (n=29 allocated to levonorgestrel intrauterine system and n=33 allocated to combined oral contraceptives) and included in the intention-to-treat analyses; 19 of 29 received the levonorgestrel intrauterine system and 31 of 33 received combined oral contraceptives. Eleven percent identified as Black or African American and 44% identified as Hispanic or Latina. Participant characteristics were similar among study groups. Bleeding-related quality of life increased in both study arms, as reflected by a significant decrease in Menstrual Bleeding Questionnaire scores beginning at 6-week follow-up. In the main intention-to-treat analyses (n=62), there were no differences in mean change in Menstrual Bleeding Questionnaire scores at 6 months (difference=-2.5; 95% confidence interval, -10.0 to +5.0) or 12 months (difference=-1.1; 95% confidence interval, -8.7 to +6.5). Findings were similar in the subsets of participants with any follow-up visits (n=52) and who completed all follow-up visits (n=42). In the per-protocol analyses (n=47), a significantly greater decrease in Menstrual Bleeding Questionnaire score was observed in the levonorgestrel intrauterine system arm at 6 months after treatment (difference=-7.0; 95% confidence interval, -13.8 to -0.2) but not at 12 months (difference=-4.8; 95% confidence interval, -11.8 to 2.3) compared with the combined oral contraceptive arm. CONCLUSION: No differences in change of bleeding-related quality of life were observed between the levonorgestrel intrauterine system and combined oral contraceptives at 6 or 12 months. Patients should be counseled that the levonorgestrel intrauterine system and combined oral contraceptives are both effective options for improving bleeding-related quality of life.

The relationship between body mass index and perceived control over labor.

BACKGROUND: Individuals with an increased body mass index (BMI) (≥ 30 kg/m2) experience higher rates of perinatal mental health disorders than individuals with BMI < 30. Personal experience of decreased control over labor has been associated with the development postpartum mood and anxiety disorders. However, no studies have investigated the association between BMI and experience of control over labor. This study aimed to assess perceived control over labor and compare patients with BMI ≥ 30 to those with BMI < 30. METHODS: We performed a secondary analysis of a cross-sectional study of postpartum patients who delivered at term (37-41 weeks gestation). Postpartum, participants completed the Labour Agentry Scale (LAS), a validated tool to assess perceived control over labor/birth. Demographic, maternal health history and obstetric/neonatal outcomes were abstracted from the patient chart. Bivariate analyses were performed between those with BMI < 30 and those with BMI ≥ 30 using Fisher's exact test. Continuous LAS scores were compared between patients with BMI < 30 and BMI ≥ 30 using Wilcoxon rank-sum tests. Higher LAS scores indicate higher perceived control over labor. Multivariable linear regression was then performed to account for confounding factors identified a priori. RESULTS: There was no difference in LAS between those with BMI ≥ 30 and BMI < 30. When stratified by World Health Organization (WHO) class of BMI, those with BMI ≥ 40 had a significantly lower LAS scores than those with BMI < 30 (147 vs. 163, p = 0.02), however, this finding was no longer significant after controlling for length of labor and cesarean birth. CONCLUSION: Only participants with the highest BMI experienced decreased control over labor, and this finding was no longer significant after controlling for mode of delivery and length of labor. Further research into the experience of birthing people with BMI ≥ 30 is critical to understand the increased risk of perinatal mood disorders among this population.

Prolonged facemask wearing among hospital workers and dry eye - a mixed-methods study.

BACKGROUND: Prolonged facemask wearing may have negatively affected essential workers with dry eye. We conducted a mixed-methods study to examine and understand the associations of the ocular surface, periocular environment, and dry eye-related symptoms among hospital workers across the job spectrum with prolonged facemask use. METHODS: We recruited clinical and non-clinical hospital workers with self-reported symptoms of dry eye and prolonged facemask use. We measured symptoms using the 5-item Dry Eye Questionnaire and the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI). Objective ocular signs included corneal and conjunctival staining, fluorescein tear break up time (TBUT), meibography, tear film interferometry, and periocular humidity. We compared symptoms and signs across levels of periocular humidity, dry eye severity, facemask type, and job type. Participants with moderate or severe dry eye symptoms (OSDI > = 23) were invited for a semi-structured, one-on-one interview. RESULTS: We enrolled 20 clinical and 21 non-clinical hospital workers: 27% were 40 years or older, 76% were female, 29% reported a race other than White, and 20% were Hispanic. Seventeen individuals participated in the semi-structured interviews. From the quantitative analyses, we found that 90% of participants reported worsened severity of dry eye at work due to facemasks. Although wearing facemasks resulted in higher periocular humidity levels compared with not wearing facemasks, 66% participants reported increased airflow over their eyes. Findings from the qualitative interviews supported the finding that use of facemasks worsened dry eye symptoms, especially when facemasks were not fitted around the nose. The data did not suggest that non-clinical hospital workers experienced a greater impact of dry eye than clinical workers. CONCLUSIONS: Healthcare providers and patients with dry eye should be educated about the discomfort and the ocular surface health risks associated with inadequately fitted facemasks. Wearing a fitted facemask with a pliable nose wire appears to mitigate the upward airflow.

Experiences of patients at high risk of opioid overdose accessing emergency department and behavioral health interventions: a qualitative analysis in an urban emergency department.

BACKGROUND: Emergency Departments (EDs) have become critical 'touchpoints' for the identification and early engagement of patients at risk of overdose or who have an opioid use disorder (OUD). Our objectives were to examine patients' ED experiences, identify barriers and facilitators of service uptake in ED settings, and explore patients' experiences with ED staff. METHODS: This qualitative study was part of a randomized controlled trial that evaluated the effectiveness of clinical social workers and certified peer recovery specialists in increasing treatment uptake and reducing opioid overdose rates for people with OUD. Between September 2019 and March 2020, semi-structured interviews were conducted 19 participants from the trial. Interviews sought to assess participants' ED care experiences across intervention type (i.e., clinical social worker or peer recovery specialist). Participants were purposively sampled across intervention arm (social work, n = 11; peer recovery specialist, n = 7; control, n = 1). Data were analyzed thematically with a focus on participant experiences in the ED and social and structural factors shaping care experiences and service utilization. RESULTS: Participants reported varied ED experiences, including instances of discrimination and stigma due to their substance use. However, participants underscored the need for increased engagement of people with lived experience in ED settings, including the use of peer recovery specialists. Participants highlighted that ED provider interactions were critical drivers of shaping care and service utilization and needed to be improved across EDs to improve post-overdose care. CONCLUSIONS: While the ED provides an opportunity to reach patients at risk of overdose, our results demonstrate how ED-based interactions and service provision can impact ED care engagement and service utilization. Modifications to care delivery may improve experiences for patients with OUD or at high risk for overdose. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical trial registration: NCT03684681.

The AccuFlow sensor: a novel digital health tool to assess intrapartum blood loss at cesarean delivery.

OBJECTIVES: During obstetric hemorrhage, peripheral vasoconstriction maintains heart rate and blood pressure until compensatory mechanisms are overwhelmed and patients deteriorate rapidly. Real-time perfusion measurements could quantify vasoconstriction, improving early recognition of hemorrhage and facilitating early intervention to reduce morbidity and mortality. The AccuFlow device makes rapid, non-invasive, quantitative measurements of perfusion, but has not been studied for hemorrhage detection or used in surgical settings. This study evaluated feasibility, tolerability, and preliminary efficacy of the AccuFlow for assessment of blood loss at cesarean delivery (CD). METHODS: In this pilot study, sensors were applied to the wrist, forearm, bicep, and chest wall of 25 patients undergoing scheduled CD. Postoperatively, sensors were removed and patients rated the AccuFlow and the standard anesthesia monitoring equipment on a validated comfort rating scale for wearable computers (CRS). Blood loss was estimated by the surgical team (EBL) and calculated from change in hematocrit, weight, and height (CBL). CRS scores were compared via Wilcoxon signed ranks tests. Coefficients of correlation between sensor readings and CBL, and between EBL and CBL, were compared using Fisher's R-to-z transformation. RESULTS: There were no safety events; no participants requested device removal. CRS ratings of the AccuFlow and the standard monitoring equipment were similar (7.2 vs. 8.8, p=0.25). Change in wrist perfusion from delivery to dressing placement was more strongly correlated with CBL than was EBL (R=-0.48 vs. R=0.087, p=0.03). CONCLUSIONS: The AccuFlow sensor is well-tolerated and shows promise in detecting intrapartum hemorrhage, though larger studies are needed.

The Association of Perceived Labor Agentry and Depression and/or Anxiety.

OBJECTIVE: Pregnancies complicated by perinatal mood disorders or a history of mental health disorder are at increased risk for complications including postpartum depression/anxiety. Patients' perceived control over childbirth is known to be an important factor for development of postpartum depression/anxiety. It is unclear whether women with preexisting and/or current depression and/or anxiety have different perceptions of control during childbirth compared with those without these comorbidities. This study aimed to evaluate the association between a current and/or prior diagnosis of depression and/or anxiety and scores on the Labour Agentry Scale (LAS), a validated tool evaluating patient's experience of control over their labor and delivery. STUDY DESIGN: This is a cross-sectional study of nulliparous patients admitted at term to a single center. Participants completed the LAS after delivery. A trained researcher performed detailed chart reviews for all participants. Participants were identified as having a current or historical diagnosis of depression/anxiety by self-report confirmed by chart review. Scores on the LAS were compared between those with versus without a diagnosis of depression/anxiety prior to admission for delivery. RESULTS: A total of 73 (44.8%) of the 149 participants held a current and/or prior diagnosis of depression and/or anxiety. Baseline demographics were similar between those with and without depression/anxiety. Mean scores on the LAS (range: 91-201) were significantly lower for those with depression/anxiety than those without a prior diagnosis (150.0 vs. 160.5, p < 0.01). Even after controlling for mode of delivery, admission indication, anesthesia, and Foley balloon usage, participants with anxiety and depression had scores that were on average 10.4 points lower on the LAS (95% confidence interval: -19.25, -1.62). CONCLUSION: Participants with a current and/or prior diagnosis of depression and/or anxiety scored lower on the LAS as compared with those without psychiatric diagnoses. Patients with psychiatric diagnoses may benefit from increased education and support during childbirth. KEY POINTS: · Control over childbirth is an important factor in the development of postpartum depression/anxiety.. · Patients with a prior or current diagnosis of anxiety and depression have lower labor agentry scores.. · These differences remained significant even when controlling for confounders such as delivery mode..

Survey of young women with breast cancer to identify rates of fertility preservation (FP) discussion and barriers to FP care.

PURPOSE: To identify the proportion of reproductive age women with breast cancer that engaged in a fertility preservation discussion and reproductive endocrinology and infertility (REI) consultation. METHODS: This cross-sectional survey recruited women 18-42 years who were diagnosed with breast cancer from 2006 to 2016 by phone or email and asked them to complete an online survey. Demographic characteristics, barriers to FP, utilization of FP consultation, and FP procedures (oocyte and embryo cryopreservation) were analyzed. RESULTS: A majority of women (64%) did not have FP discussed by any provider. Older women and those who were parents at the time of diagnosis were less likely to engage in a FP discussion. However, there were no significant differences in partner status or cancer stage between women with or without FP discussions. Of the women who desired future children prior to the cancer diagnosis, 93% received chemotherapy; however, only 34% of these women had a consultation with an REI. The most common reasons for declining FP consultation were already having their desired number of children (41%), financial barriers (14%), and concern about delaying cancer treatment and cancer recurrence (12%). Forty percent of women who desired future children and met with an REI pursued FP procedures. CONCLUSION: Younger women were more likely to receive FP counseling. FP consultations and procedures were low even in women who desired future fertility, with the predominant barriers being cost, fears concerning a delay in cancer treatment, and future cancer recurrence.

Multi-level influences on increased overdose risk behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic among people who use drugs in Rhode Island: a qualitative investigation.

BACKGROUND: The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately affected structurally vulnerable populations including people who use drugs (PWUD). Increased overdose risk behaviors among PWUD during the pandemic have been documented, with research underscoring the role of influencing factors such as isolation and job loss in these behaviors. Here, we use qualitative methods to examine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and pandemic-related response measures on drug use behaviors in a sample of PWUD in Rhode Island. Using a social-ecological framework, we highlight the nested, interactive levels of the pandemic's influence on increased overdose risk behaviors. METHODS: From July to October 2021, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 18 PWUD who self-reported any increase in behaviors associated with overdose risk (e.g., increased use, change in drug type and/or more solitary drug use) relative to before the pandemic. Thematic analysis was conducted using a codebook with salient themes identified from interview guides and those that emerged through close reading of transcribed interviews. Guided by a social-ecological framework, themes were grouped into individual, network, institutional, and policy-level influences of the pandemic on drug use behaviors. RESULTS: Individual-level influences on increased overdose risk behaviors included self-reported anxiety and depression, isolation and loneliness, and boredom. Network-level influences included changes in local drug supply and changes in social network composition specific to housing. At the institutional level, drug use patterns were influenced by reduced access to harm reduction or treatment services. At the policy level, increased overdose risk behaviors were related to financial changes, job loss, and business closures. All participants identified factors influencing overdose risk behaviors that corresponded to several nested social-ecological levels. CONCLUSIONS: Participants identified multi-level influences of the COVID-19 pandemic and pandemic-related response measures on their drug use behavior patterns and overdose risk. These findings suggest that effective harm reduction during large-scale crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, must address several levels of influence concurrently.

Video education about genetic privacy and patient perspectives about sharing prenatal genetic data: a randomized trial.

BACKGROUND: Laboratories offering cell-free DNA often reserve the right to share prenatal genetic data for research or even commercial purposes, and obtain this permission on the patient consent form. Although it is known that nonpregnant patients are often reluctant to share their genetic data for research, pregnant patients' knowledge of, and opinions about, genetic data privacy are unknown. OBJECTIVE: We investigated whether pregnant patients who had already undergone cell-free DNA screening were aware that genetic data derived from cell-free DNA may be shared for research. Furthermore, we examined whether pregnant patients exposed to video education about the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act-a federal law that mandates workplace and health insurance protections against genetic discrimination-were more willing to share cell-free DNA-related genetic data for research than pregnant patients who were unexposed. STUDY DESIGN: In this randomized controlled trial (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04420858), English-speaking patients with singleton pregnancies who underwent cell-free DNA and subsequently presented at 17 0/7 to 23 6/7 weeks of gestation for a detailed anatomy scan were randomized 1:1 to a control or intervention group. Both groups viewed an infographic about cell-free DNA. In addition, the intervention group viewed an educational video about the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act. The primary outcomes were knowledge about, and willingness to share, prenatal genetic data from cell-free DNA by commercial laboratories for nonclinical purposes, such as research. The secondary outcomes included knowledge about existing genetic privacy laws, knowledge about the potential for reidentification of anonymized genetic data, and acceptability of various use and sharing scenarios for prenatal genetic data. Eighty-one participants per group were required for 80% power to detect an increase in willingness to share data from 60% to 80% (α=0.05). RESULTS: A total of 747 pregnant patients were screened, and 213 patients were deemed eligible and approached for potential study participation. Of these patients, 163 (76.5%) consented and were randomized; one participant discontinued the intervention, and two participants were excluded from analysis after the intervention when it was discovered that they did not fulfill all eligibility criteria. Overall, 160 (75.1%) of those approached were included in the final analysis. Most patients in the control group (72 [90.0%]) and intervention (76 [97.4%]) group were either unsure about or incorrectly thought that cell-free DNA companies could not share prenatal genetic data for research. Participants in the intervention group were more likely to incorrectly believe that their prenatal genetic data would not be shared for nonclinical purposes than participants in the control group (28.8% in the control group vs 46.2% in the intervention; P=.03). However, video education did not increase participant willingness to share genetic data in multiple scenarios. Non-White participants were less willing than White participants to allow sharing of genetic data specifically for academic research (P<.001). CONCLUSION: Most participants were unaware that their prenatal genetic data may be used for nonclinical purposes. Pregnant patients who were educated about the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act were not more willing to share genetic data than those who did not receive this education. Surprisingly, video education about the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act led patients to falsely believe that their data would not be shared for research, and participants who identified as racial minorities were less willing to share genetic data. New strategies are needed to improve pregnant patients' understanding of genetic privacy.

Anxiety and depression in colorectal cancer survivors: Are there differences by sexual orientation?

OBJECTIVE: To examine sexual minority compared to heterosexual survivors' health-related anxiety, anxiety, and depression. METHODS: Four hundred and eighty eligible survivors participated in a telephone survey, which measured their anxiety and depression. These survivors were diagnosed with stage I, II, or III colorectal cancer an average of three years prior to the survey and were recruited from four cancer registries. As explanatory factors, we considered individual, social and contextual characteristics, prior psychological factors, psychological responses to cancer, and characteristics of cancer and its treatments. Using forward selection with generalized linear models or logistic regression models, we identified significant correlates for each outcome. RESULTS: Prior to adjusting for covariates, depression was similar for all survivors, while sexual minority survivors had worse health-related anxiety and anxiety compared to heterosexual survivors. After adjustment, these differences were no longer statistically significant. Individual, social and contextual characteristics, characteristics of cancer, and psychological responses to cancer explained 44% of the variance in anxiety and 60% of the variance in depression. CONCLUSION: There are modifiable factors associated with health-related and generalized anxiety as well as depression that can be changed to improve cancer survivorship among diverse survivors.

Measuring Satisfaction With Upper Limb Prostheses: Orthotics and Prosthetics User Survey Revision That Includes Issues of Concern to Women.

OBJECTIVE: To (1) modify the Orthotics and Prosthetics User Survey (OPUS) Client Satisfaction with Device (CSD) instrument to incorporate issues of concern to women and (2) evaluate measure's structural and concurrent validity and reliability in persons with upper limb amputation (ULA). DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey study with retest after 2 weeks. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and Rasch analyses were used to select items and examine differential item functioning, range of coverage, and person and item reliability. Test-retest reliability was evaluated with intraclass correlation coefficients. Pearson correlations were used to estimate associations with other prosthesis satisfaction measures. SETTING: Telephone administered survey. PARTICIPANTS: Convenience sample of 468 participants in the US (N=468; 19.9% women) with ULA, including a 50-person retest subsample (4% female). INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Modified OPUS CSD. RESULTS: EFA suggested 3 subscales: Comfort, Appearance, and Utility. CFA found acceptable model fit. After dropping items with poor fit and high pairwise correlations in Rasch partial credit models, CFA model fit indices were acceptable (comparative fit index=0.959, Tucker-Lewis Index=0.954, root mean square error of approximation=0.082). Rasch person reliability was 0.62 (Utility), 0.77 (Appearance), and 0.82 (Comfort). Cronbach α was 0.81, 87, and 0.71 for Comfort and Appearance, and Utility subscales, respectively. Correlations between the modified CSD, the original CSD, and the Trinity Amputation and Prosthesis Experience Satisfaction Scale were 0.54-0.94. CONCLUSIONS: We identified 3 subscales: Comfort (6 items), Appearance (8 items), and Utility (4 items) with 7 new items identified as important to women. The subscales demonstrate evidence of sound concurrent structural and test-retest reliability and concurrent validity. The Appearance and Comfort subscales have good reliability for group-level use in clinical and research applications, whereas the Utility subscale had poor to fair person reliability but excellent item reliability.

Predicting Progression from Gestational Diabetes to Impaired Glucose Tolerance Using Peridelivery Data: An Observational Study.

OBJECTIVE: This article aimed to develop a predictive model to identify persons with recent gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) most likely to progress to impaired glucose tolerance postpartum. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted an observational study among persons with GDM in their most recent pregnancy, defined by Carpenter-Coustan criteria. Participants were followed up from delivery through 1-year postpartum. We used lasso regression with k-fold cross validation to develop a multivariable model to predict progression to impaired glucose tolerance, defined as HbA1c≥5.7%, at 1-year postpartum. Predictive ability was assessed by the area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV). RESULTS: Of 203 participants, 71 (35%) had impaired glucose tolerance at 1-year postpartum. The final model had an AUC of 0.79 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.72, 0.85) and included eight indicators of weight, body mass index, family history of type 2 diabetes, GDM in a prior pregnancy, GDM diagnosis<24 weeks' gestation, and fasting and 2-hour plasma glucose at 2 days postpartum. A cutoff point of ≥ 0.25 predicted probability had sensitivity of 80% (95% CI: 69, 89), specificity of 58% (95% CI: 49, 67), PPV of 51% (95% CI: 41, 61), and NPV of 85% (95% CI: 76, 91) to identify women with impaired glucose tolerance at 1-year postpartum. CONCLUSION: Our predictive model had reasonable ability to predict impaired glucose tolerance around delivery for persons with recent GDM. KEY POINTS: · We developed a predictive model to identify persons with GDM most likely to develop IGT postpartum.. · The final model had an AUC of 0.79 (95% CI: 0.72, 0.85) and included eight clinical indicators.. · If validated, our model could help prioritize diabetes prevention efforts among persons with GDM..

Paving the way for universal medical student training in serious illness communication: the Massachusetts Medical Schools' Collaborative.

BACKGROUND: Patients with serious illness look to their clinicians for discussion and guidance on high-stakes treatment decisions, which are complex, emotional and value-laden. However, required training in serious illness communication is rare in U.S. medical schools, with efforts at curricular reform stymied by competing institutional demands, lack of resources and accreditation requirements. We describe an approach to building and scaling medical student training in serious illness communication through the creation of a statewide collaborative of medical schools. METHODS: The Massachusetts Medical Schools' Collaborative is a first-of-its-kind group that promotes longitudinal, developmentally-based curricula in serious illness communication for all students. Convened externally by the Massachusetts Coalition for Serious Illness Care, the collaborative includes faculty, staff, and students from four medical schools. RESULTS: The collaborative started with listening to member's perspectives and collectively developed core competencies in serious illness communication for implementation at each school. We share early lessons on the opportunities, challenges and sustainability of our statewide collective action to influence curricular reform, which can be replicated in other topic areas. CONCLUSIONS: Our next steps include curriculum mapping, student focus groups and faculty development to guide successful and enduring implementation of the competencies to impact undergraduate medical education in Massachusetts and beyond.

Health-related quality of life among colorectal cancer survivors of diverse sexual orientations.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to examine the health-related quality of life of sexual minority survivors in comparison with heterosexual survivors. METHODS: Four hundred eighty eligible survivors participated in a telephone survey that measured survivors' outcomes, which consisted of physical and mental quality of life and self-rated fair or poor health. These survivors were diagnosed with stage I, II, or III colorectal cancer an average of 3 years before the survey and were recruited from 4 cancer registries. Using forward selection with generalized linear models or logistic regression models, the authors considered 4 domains-personal factors, environmental factors, health condition characteristics, and body function and structure-as correlates for each survivorship outcome. RESULTS: The authors found that unadjusted physical quality of life and self-rated fair/poor health were similar for all survivors. Sexual minority survivors had poorer unadjusted mental quality of life in comparison with heterosexual survivors. After adjustments for covariates, this difference was no longer statistically significant. Three domains (personal factors, health condition characteristics, and body function and structure) explained colorectal cancer survivors' fair/poor health and 46% of the variance in physical quality of life, whereas 56% of the variance in mental quality of life was explained by personal factors, body function and structure, and environmental factors. CONCLUSIONS: This study has identified modifiable factors that can be used to improve cancer survivors' quality of life and are, therefore, relevant to ongoing efforts to improve the survivorship experience.

Assessing the relationship between symptoms and health care utilization in colorectal cancer survivors of different sexual orientations.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the association of physical and psychological symptoms with health care utilization in sexual minority and heterosexual colorectal cancer survivors. METHODS: Four hundred eighteen colorectal cancer survivors who were in remission an average of 3 years after their diagnosis were surveyed about their non-emergency health care visits during the preceding 3 months. Survivors reported whether they had experienced any of 21 symptoms common among colorectal cancer survivors in the past week. The relation between having had two or more health care visits in the preceding 3 months and symptoms experienced was assessed using logistic regression, controlling for cancer registry, sexual orientation, sex, age, race/ethnicity, income, and comorbidities. RESULTS: Of the survivors, 12% reported no symptoms, while 12% reported six or more symptoms. Sexual minority survivors reported significantly more weight concerns and more health-related and general anxiety as well as worse body image than heterosexual survivors. Frequent worrying about weight and experiencing sore skin around the anal area or stoma were the two symptoms that significantly contributed towards explaining survivors' increased health care utilization. CONCLUSION: Weight concerns, which are more common among the heaviest survivors, may prompt survivors to seek help from health care providers, which may lead to more frequent visits. On the other hand, some symptoms, despite their prevalence, had no relationship with the frequency of health care visits, raising questions about whether survivors share these concerns with providers.

Family planning in carriers of BRCA1 and BRCA2 pathogenic variants.

BRCA1 and BRCA2 pathogenic variant carriers have a high lifetime risk of developing breast and ovarian malignancies. Given the risks and significant ramifications of undergoing risk-reducing surgeries, many pathogenic variant carriers unaffected by cancer (previvors) struggle with family planning and reproductive decision making. The objective of this study was to determine the attitudes and practices of BRCA1 and BRCA2 pathogenic variant carriers with respect to family planning decision making. A cross-sectional survey was conducted of BRCA1 and BRCA2 previvors at four Northeastern medical centers. The survey was administered electronically via email using REDCap. The survey included demographic information as well as questions about genetic testing, prophylactic surgeries, family planning, and partnering. Data were analyzed with Fisher's exact tests and t tests. The survey was completed by 139 of 422 BRCA1 and BRCA2 pathogenic variant carriers (response rate 33%). Thirteen were excluded from analysis due to self-reported cancer history. Of the remaining 126, 21 (16.7%) were male and 105 (83.3%) were female. Female participants <35 years old at the time of genetic testing were significantly more likely than those 35 or greater to report feeling urgency to have a family after finding out about their BRCA1 and BRCA2 pathogenic variant (p < 0.0001). Younger women also reported their genetic status had a stronger impact on their romantic relationships (p = 0.029). Men were significantly more likely to report that they felt no urgency to have a family compared to women (p < 0.0001). Our study reflects the complex decision making for previvors and the intricacies of family planning in this population. Providers can use this knowledge as a guide to counsel patients about reproductive options.

Association between Respiratory Morbidity and Labor in Pregnancies with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to the assess risk of respiratory morbidity in neonates born to women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) delivered after labor compared with those delivered without exposure to labor. STUDY DESIGN: This is a secondary analysis of a prospective single-center cohort study of singleton pregnancies complicated by GDM. Neonates who were liveborn and delivered at ≥34 weeks' gestation were included. The primary outcome was respiratory morbidity defined as respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) or transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN) resulting in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission. Neonates born after labor (either spontaneous or induced) were compared with those delivered by cesarean delivery without labor. Associations between labor and neonatal morbidities were estimated using logistic regression. Covariates were adjusted for if they differed significantly between neonates exposed to and not exposed to labor (p < 0.05) and there was biologic plausibility that they would affect neonatal respiratory morbidity. RESULTS: Of the 581 neonates meeting study inclusion criteria, 23.2% delivered without exposure to labor. Those who did and did not experience labor delivered at similar gestational ages (38.6 vs. 38.4 weeks). Thirty-six neonates (6.2%) developed RDS or TTN and were admitted to the NICU. Exposure to labor was associated with a lower frequency of respiratory morbidity requiring admission to NICU, 4.9% (22/446) versus 10.4% (14/135) (p = 0.04). After adjusting for parity, body mass index, birth weight, gestational weight gain more than Institute of Medicine guidelines, race, and exposure to labor were associated with an adjusted odds ratio of 0.41 (95% confidence interval: 0.18-0.89). CONCLUSION: Exposure to labor was associated with decreased odds of respiratory morbidity in neonates born to mothers with GDM. Limiting elective cesarean in this population can reduce health care costs and optimize neonatal health. KEY POINTS: · Labor is associated with less respiratory morbidity.. · We should limit elective cesarean delivery with GDM.. · This approach could reduce health care costs..

Two-day postpartum compared with 4- to 12-week postpartum glucose tolerance testing for women with gestational diabetes.

BACKGROUND: A majority of women in the United States with gestational diabetes mellitus do not undergo the recommended 4- to 12-week postpartum glucose tolerance test. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare the diagnostic value of the 2-day postpartum glucose tolerance test with the 4- to 12-week postpartum glucose tolerance test to identify impaired glucose metabolism at 1 year after delivery among women with gestational diabetes. STUDY DESIGN: Postpartum women who delivered at 1 hospital between January 2017 and July 2018 were offered enrollment in a prospective cohort if they had gestational diabetes mellitus diagnosed by Carpenter-Coustan criteria or a 1-hour glucose challenge test result of ≥200 mg/dL, spoke English or Spanish, and planned to remain in the hospital for at least 2 days after delivery. Participating women underwent a 75-gram 2-hour glucose tolerance test on postpartum day 2 and were incentivized to have a 4- to 12-week glucose tolerance test and measurement of glycosylated hemoglobin at 1 year after delivery. Participants and providers were blinded to the 2-day postpartum results. The diagnostic value of an abnormal 2-day postpartum glucose tolerance test (fasting result of ≥100 mg/dL or 2-hour glucose tolerance test result of ≥140 mg/dL) was compared with that of an abnormal 4- to 12-week glucose tolerance test to identify impaired glucose metabolism (≥5.7% glycosylated hemoglobin) and diabetes (≥6.5% glycosylated hemoglobin) at 1 year after delivery. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were also compared at 2 days and 4-12 weeks after delivery. RESULTS: Of the 300 recruited women, 296 (99%) completed the 2-day postpartum glucose tolerance test, and 202 (68%) returned for the 4- to 12-week glucose tolerance test. Approximately 1 year after delivery, 203 (68%) women had their glycosylated hemoglobin measured, of whom 35% had impaired glucose metabolism and 4% had diabetes. The study population was diverse (46% nonwhite). Furthermore, 56% were obese (mean body mass index, 32 kg/m2), and 55% had received medication to control their glucose during pregnancy. There were no significant differences between the 2-day and 4- to 12-week postpartum glucose tolerance tests in predicting impaired glucose metabolism based on ≥5.7% glycosylated hemoglobin in 1 year after delivery: sensitivity (46% vs 36%); specificity (79% vs 84%); positive predictive value (52% vs 53%); and negative predictive value (75% vs 72%). There was also no difference between the 2-day and the 4- to 12-week glucose tolerance tests in identifying diabetes at 1 year after delivery. Both the 2-day and 4- to 12-week glucose tolerance tests had similar ROC curves in identifying impaired glucose metabolism and diabetes at 1 year after delivery. CONCLUSION: Two-day postpartum glucose tolerance tests have similar diagnostic value as 4- to 12-week postpartum glucose tolerance tests in predicting impaired glucose metabolism and diabetes at 1 year after delivery and are associated with nearly 100% adherence to the test. Thus, changing the timing of the glucose tolerance test should be considered.

Biopsychosocial mechanisms associated with tobacco use in smokers with and without serious mental illness.

Smokers with serious mental illness (SMI) are less responsive to cessation treatments than those without SMI. In this study, we compared smokers with and without SMI on validated measures of biological and psychosocial factors associated with tobacco use. Smokers with (n = 58) and without SMI (n = 83) who were enrolled in parallel clinical trials were compared on measures of carbon monoxide (CO) exposure, nicotine exposure, tobacco-specific nitrosamine exposure, craving, smoking motives, affect, perceived stress, environmental exposure to smoke/smokers, respiratory symptoms, tobacco-related health risk perceptions, and whether they had received recent advice to quit smoking from a health care provider. Data were collected between 2013 and 2017 in Providence, Rhode Island, USA. Samples were compared using independent-sample t-tests and chi-squared tests. Smokers with SMI had higher CO, nicotine, and tobacco-specific nitrosamine exposure levels, greater cigarette dependence, higher craving, and higher scores on eight out of eleven smoking motives (p's < 0.05). Smokers with SMI reported more severe respiratory symptoms but lower perceived health risks of tobacco (p's < 0.05). These smokers were more likely to report having received advice to quit from a medical provider in the past 6 weeks (p < 0.05). Affect, stress, and exposure to smoke/smokers did not differ across samples. Our findings advance the understanding of the elevated smoking rates of people with SMI by comparing smokers with and without SMI on validated biopsychosocial measures. There is a need for interventions that reduce craving, reduce smoking motives, and increase risk awareness among smokers with SMI.