Progress Toward Achieving National HIV/AIDS Strategy Goals for Quality of Life Among Persons Aged ≥50 Years with Diagnosed HIV - Medical Monitoring Project, United States, 2017-2023.

Ensuring good quality of life (QoL) among persons with diagnosed HIV (PWH) is a priority of the National HIV/AIDS Strategy (NHAS), which established 2025 goals for improving QoL. Goals are monitored through five indicators: self-rated health, unmet needs for mental health services, unemployment, hunger or food insecurity, and unstable housing or homelessness. Among the growing population of PWH aged ≥50 years, progress toward these goals has not been assessed. Data collected during the 2017-2022 cycles of the Medical Monitoring Project, an annual complex sample survey of U.S. adults with diagnosed HIV, assessed progress toward NHAS 2025 QoL goals among PWH aged ≥50 years, overall and by age group. The recent estimated annual percentage change from baseline (2017 or 2018) to 2022 was calculated for each indicator. Among PWH aged ≥50 years, the 2025 goal of 95% PWH with good or better self-rated health is 46.2% higher than the 2022 estimate. The 2025 goals of a 50% reduction in the other indicators range from 26.3% to 56.3% lower than the 2022 estimates. Decreasing hunger or food insecurity by 50% among PWH aged ≥65 was the only goal met by 2022. If recent trends continue, other NHAS QoL 2025 goals are unlikely to be met. Multisectoral strategies to improve access to housing, employment, food, and mental health will be needed to meet NHAS 2025 goals for QoL among older PWH.

Identifying Effective Strategies for Improving Engagement in HIV Prevention and Care Among Transgender Persons in the United States: A Systematic Review.

This systematic review synthesized published literature (2000 - 2023) to identify HIV interventions specifically designed for transgender persons in the United States (PROSPERO registration number: CRD42021256460). The review also summarized strategies for improving outcomes related to the four pillars of the Ending the HIV Epidemic (EHE) initiative in the United States: Diagnose, Treat, Prevent, and Respond. A comprehensive search was conducted using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's HIV Prevention Research Synthesis Project database, which included over 120,000 citations from routine systematic searches in CINAHL, EMBASE, Global Health, MEDLINE, PsycInfo, and Sociological Abstracts. Of 23 interventions that met inclusion criteria, 94% focused on transgender women of color and 22% focused on young transgender persons aged 15-29 years old. Most interventions focused on Treat or Prevent, few focused on Diagnosis, and none focused on Respond. Twenty interventions (87%) showed improvement in at least one EHE related outcome and a quarter of these effective interventions were tested with randomized controlled trials. Common strategies observed in effective interventions include the following: engaging the community in intervention development; pilot-testing with the focus population to ensure appropriateness and acceptability; addressing social determinants of health (e.g. stigma, discrimination, violence) through empowerment and gender-affirming approaches; increasing access to care, prevention, and services through co-location and one-stop shop models; and utilizing peer-led counseling, education, support, and navigation. Continuous effort is needed in addressing gaps, including more research for transgender men and rural settings and for how best to adopt and adapt best practices for subgroups of transgender population.

RESUMEN: Esta revisión sistemática sintetizó la literatura publicada (2000 ­ 2023) para identificar intervenciones relacionadas con el VIH diseñadas específicamente para personas transgénero en los Estados Unidos y resumió las estrategias para mejorar los resultados relacionados con los cuatro pilares de la iniciativa Poner fin a la Epidemia del VIH (EHE por sus siglas en inglés). Diagnosticar, Tratar, Prevenir y Responder. Este protocolo de estudio se registró en PROSPERO (CRD42022364101). Se realizó una búsqueda exhaustiva utilizando la base de datos del Proyecto de Síntesis de Investigación sobre Prevención del VIH de los Centros para el Control y la Prevención de Enfermedades, que incluyó más de 120.000 citas de búsquedas sistemáticas de rutina en CINAHL, EMBASE, Global Health, MEDLINE, PsycInfo y Sociological Abstracts. De las 23 intervenciones que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión, el 94% se centró en mujeres transgénero de color y el 22% se centró en personas transgénero jóvenes de entre 15 y 29 años. La mayoría de las intervenciones se centraron en los pilares Tratar o Prevenir, pocas se centraron en el pilar de Diagnóstico y ninguna se centró en el pilar de Responder. Veinte intervenciones (87%) mostraron una mejora en al menos un resultado relacionado con la EHE; una cuarta parte de estas intervenciones efectivas se probaron con ensayos controlados aleatorios. Las intervenciones efectivas en todos los pilares compartían características comunes, como la participación de la comunidad en el desarrollo de la intervención; la realización de pruebas piloto con la población objetivo para garantizar la idoneidad y la aceptabilidad; el abordaje de los determinantes sociales de la salud (p.e., el estigma, la discriminación, la violencia, los problemas legales, la vulnerabilidad económica, la vivienda, el transporte, la alimentación) mediante enfoques de empoderamiento y afirmación de género; el aumento del acceso a la atención, la prevención y el servicio (p.e., Mediante la co-ubicación, y el sistema de ventanilla única); y el uso de asesoramiento, educación, apoyo y orientación dirigidos por pares. Se necesita un esfuerzo continuo para abordar las brechas, incluida una mayor investigación para los hombres transgénero y los entornos rurales y para determinar cuál es la mejor manera de adoptar y adaptar las mejores prácticas para los subgrupos de la población transgénero.

Prioritization of Evidence-Based and Evidence-Informed Interventions for Retention in Medical Care for Persons with HIV.

Up to 50% of those diagnosed with HIV in the U.S. are not retained in medical care. Care retention provides opportunity to monitor benefits of HIV therapy and enable viral suppression. To increase retention, there is a need to prioritize best practices appropriate for translation and dissemination for real-world implementation. Eighteen interventions from CDC's Compendium of Evidence-Based Interventions were scored using the RE-AIM framework to determine those most suitable for dissemination. A CDC Division of HIV Prevention workgroup developed a RE-AIM scale with emphasis on the Implementation and Maintenance dimensions and less emphasis on the Efficacy dimension since all 18 interventions were already identified as evidence-based or evidence-informed. Raters referenced primary efficacy publications and scores were averaged for a ranked RE-AIM score for interventions. Of 18 interventions, four included care linkage and 7 included viral suppression outcomes. Interventions received between 20.6 and 35.3 points (45 maximum). Scores were converted into a percentage of the total possible with ranges between 45.8 and 78.4%. Top four interventions were ARTAS (78.4%); Routine Screening for HIV (RUSH) (73.2%); Optn4Life (67.4%) and Virology Fast Track (65.9%). All four scored high on Implementation and Maintenance dimensions. Select items within the scale were applicable to health equity, covering topics such as reaching under-served focus populations and acceptability to that population. Navigation-enhanced Case Management (NAV) scored highest on the health equity subscale. RE-AIM prioritization scores will inform dissemination and translation efforts, help clinical staff select feasible interventions for implementation, and support sustainability for those interventions.

RESUMEN: Hasta el 50% de las personas diagnosticadas con VIH en USA no son retenidos en cuidados médicos impactando su monitoreo y supresión viral. Dieciocho intervenciones de retención fueron evaluadas utilizando el marco RE-AIM para determinar su adecuación para la difusión. Evaluadores promediaron las intervenciones. Cuatro intervenciones incluyeron enlace de atención y 7 supresión viral. Las cuatro intervenciones principales fueron ARTAS, detección de rutina para el VIH, Optn4Life y Vía rápida de virología. Elementos del marco fueron usados para evaluar equidad en salud y cubrieron temas de cómo llegar a las poblaciones desatendidas y la aceptabilidad de esa población. La intervención gestión de casos para mejorar con navegación (NAV) obtuvo la puntuación más alta en la subescala de equidad. RE-AIM y los puntajes de priorización de equidad informarán los esfuerzos de difusión y traducción, ayudarán al personal clínico a seleccionar las intervenciones para la implementación y apoyarán la sostenibilidad.

Putting the system in systemic racism: A systems thinking approach to advancing equity.

Generations of scholars and activists have argued that racial inequities emerge not only because of racist ideologies but also from a hierarchical system of racial oppression. This theoretical tradition has highlighted numerous ways in which systemic racism manifests itself, from racist policies to differential access to material conditions and power. However, given that by definition systemic racism is focused on systems, theories of systemic racism would be more comprehensive and actionable by drawing on scholarship related to systems thinking. Systems thinking is a conceptual orientation that aims to understand how different types of systems function over time. This paper builds on the work of previous scholars to propose a systems thinking approach to understand and strategically disrupt racist systems. We provide a typology of system characteristics (organized into the categories of paradigms, structures, elements, and feedback loops) that together can be used to help understand the operation of systemic racism in different system contexts. The paper also provides an approach to identify and strategically target multiple system leverage points to simultaneously disrupt the status quo of racial inequity and promote the emergence of conditions enabling racial equity. This systems thinking approach can be used to guide learning and action within an ongoing process of antiracist praxis.

Disrupting White racial dominance: How White antiracists challenge the racial status quo in interpersonal relationships.

As White activists are growing the racial justice movement, their antiracism frequently disrupts the racial hierarchy, which features whiteness in a dominant role, especially in interpersonal relationships. We investigate how White antiracists disrupt whiteness in interpersonal relationships. We interviewed 16 White antiracists who had experienced significant relationship distance due to their antiracism. We conducted thematic analyses to understand the conflicts that emerged between antiracists and their White counterparts as activists challenged White racial dominance. Antiracists disrupted whiteness by exercising social power to punish racist offenders. In response, their White counterparts resisted these challenges by exerting their instruments of power to sanction antiracists. The conflict with White people led antiracists to build greater personal and social capacity for antiracist activism. This study illustrates how conflicts can emerge during social change efforts even at the microlevel as parties exercise power to contest or support the status quo.

Interrogating Whiteness in Community Research and Action.

Community psychology is expressly concerned with social justice. Such concern necessitates attention to race. Yet, nearly absent from the field's literature is explicit and critical attention to whiteness. Thus, community psychology's contribution to promoting social justice remains incomplete. In this article, we examine how a critical construction of whiteness can be useful for community research and action. After a brief history of the construction of whiteness in the United States, and a summary of key insights from critical whiteness studies, we present a scoping review of the nascent body of community psychology literature that addresses whiteness. That work implicates whiteness in the emergence of the field itself, frames whiteness as social location, problematizes whiteness, addresses White supremacy and institutional racism, interrogates White privilege, and employs whiteness as a theoretical standpoint. We conclude with three propositions for scholars to broker the relationship between community psychology and critical whiteness studies: (a) community psychology should become more critically conscious of whiteness, (b) community psychologists should promote critical awareness of the ways that whiteness operates as a complex system, and (c) greater critical awareness of whiteness should be applied to the development of multilevel interventions aimed at dismantling whiteness as a system of domination.

Psychological and political liberation: Strategies to promote power, wellness, and liberation among anti-racist activists.

In recent years, there has been a robust racial justice movement in the United States, which has pursued power with the goal of promoting wellness and liberating people from racially and historically oppressed communities. Organizations such as Black Lives Matter and Showing Up for Racial Justice continue building power and promoting psychological and political liberation. The purpose of our study is to investigate the developmental processes by which anti-racist activists resist psychological and political oppression to approach wellness and liberation. We conducted 24 interviews from self-identified anti-racist activists in the United States and utilized thematic analysis to construct qualitative codes to identify the psychological and political strategies activists implemented in their racial justice work. We found that activists adopted four psychological strategies, two political strategies, and two bridging strategies to resist oppression. Psychologically, activists tended to examine political and historical contexts to understand the root causes of oppression and how their own oppressed and privileged identities fit within those larger systems. Politically, activists sought opportunities to enhance their capacity as activists and engage in critical actions to build power and seek liberation. Bridging these psychological and political domains, activists also formulated a theory of liberation and engaged in critical self-reflection, which guided their political actions.

Selecting Evidence-Based HIV Prevention Behavioral Interventions for HIV-Negative Persons for National Dissemination.

This paper describes the development of a formula to determine which evidence-based behavioral interventions (EBIs) targeting HIV-negative persons would be cost-saving in comparison to the lifetime cost of HIV treatment and the process by which this formula was used to prioritize those with greatest potential impact for continued dissemination. We developed a prevention benefit index (PBI) to rank risk-reduction EBIs for HIV-negative persons based on their estimated cost for achieving the behavior change per one would-be incident infection of HIV. Inputs for calculating the PBI included the mean estimated cost-per-client served, EBI effect size for the behavior change, and the HIV incidence per 100,000 persons in the target population. EBIs for which the PBI was ≤ $402,000, the estimated lifetime cost of HIV care, were considered cost-saving. We were able to calculate a PBI for 35 EBI and target population combinations. Ten EBIs were cost-saving having a PBI below $402,000. One EBI did not move forward for dissemination due to high start-up dissemination costs. DHAP now supports the dissemination of 9 unique EBIs targeting 13 populations of HIV-negative persons. The application of a process, such as the PBI, may assist other health-field policymakers when making decisions about how to select and fund implementation of EBIs.

Molecular systematics of swifts of the genus Chaetura (Aves: Apodiformes: Apodidae).

Phylogenetic relationships among swifts of the morphologically conservative genus Chaetura were studied using mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences. Taxon sampling included all species and 21 of 30 taxa (species and subspecies) within Chaetura. Our results indicate that Chaetura is monophyletic and support the division of the genus into the two subgenera previously identified using plumage characters. However, our genetic data, when considered in combination with phenotypic data, appear to be at odds with the current classification of some species of Chaetura. We recommend that C. viridipennis, currently generally treated as specifically distinct from C. chapmani, be returned to its former status as C. chapmani viridipennis, and that C. andrei, now generally regarded as synonymous with C. vauxi aphanes, again be recognized as a valid species. Widespread Neotropical species C. spinicaudus is paraphyletic with respect to more range-restricted species C. fumosa, C. egregia, and C. martinica. Geographically structured genetic variation within some other species of Chaetura, especially notable in C. cinereiventris, suggests that future study may lead to recognition of additional species in this genus. Biogeographic analysis indicated that Chaetura originated in South America and identified several dispersal events to Middle and North America following the formation of the Isthmus of Panama.

Ag-Sn Bimetallic Catalyst with a Core-Shell Structure for CO2 Reduction.

Converting greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO2) to value-added chemicals is an appealing approach to tackle CO2 emission challenges. The chemical transformation of CO2 requires suitable catalysts that can lower the activation energy barrier, thus minimizing the energy penalty associated with the CO2 reduction reaction. First-row transition metals are potential candidates as catalysts for electrochemical CO2 reduction; however, their high oxygen affinity makes them easy to be oxidized, which could, in turn, strongly affect the catalytic properties of metal-based catalysts. In this work, we propose a strategy to synthesize Ag-Sn electrocatalysts with a core-shell nanostructure that contains a bimetallic core responsible for high electronic conductivity and an ultrathin partially oxidized shell for catalytic CO2 conversion. This concept was demonstrated by a series of Ag-Sn bimetallic electrocatalysts. At an optimal SnOx shell thickness of ∼1.7 nm, the catalyst exhibited a high formate Faradaic efficiency of ∼80% and a formate partial current density of ∼16 mA cm-2 at -0.8 V vs RHE, a remarkable performance in comparison to state-of-the-art formate-selective CO2 reduction catalysts. Density-functional theory calculations showed that oxygen vacancies on the SnO (101) surface are stable at highly negative potentials and crucial for CO2 activation. In addition, the adsorption energy of CO2- at these oxygen-vacant sites can be used as the descriptor for catalytic performance because of its linear correlation to OCHO* and COOH*, two critical intermediates for the HCOOH and CO formation pathways, respectively. The volcano-like relationship between catalytic activity toward formate as a function of the bulk Sn concentration arises from the competing effects of favorable stabilization of OCHO* by lattice expansion and the electron conductivity loss due to the increased thickness of the SnOx layer.

Implementation of Evidence-Based HIV Interventions for Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention provides trainings to support implementation of five evidence-based HIV prevention interventions (EBIs) for men who have sex with men (MSM): d-up: Defend Yourself!; Many Men, Many Voices; Mpowerment; Personalized Cognitive Counseling; and Popular Opinion Leader. We evaluated trainees' implementation of these EBIs and, using multivariable logistic regression, examined factors associated with implementation. Approximately 43% of trainees had implemented the EBIs for which they received training. Implementation was associated with working in community-based organizations (vs. health departments or other settings); acquiring training for Mpowerment or Popular Opinion Leader (vs. Personalized Cognitive Counseling); having ≥3 funding sources (vs. one); and having (vs. not having) sufficient time and necessary EBI resources. Findings suggest that implementation may vary by trainee characteristics, especially those related to employment setting, EBI training, funding, and perceived implementation barriers. Efforts that address these factors may help to improve EBI implementation among trainees.

Evaluation of the Dissemination, Implementation, and Sustainability of the "Partnership for Health" Intervention.

Partnership for Health (PfH) is an evidence-based, clinician-delivered HIV prevention program conducted in the United States for HIV-positive patients. This intervention strives to reduce risky sexual behaviors through provider-patient discussions on safer sex and HIV status disclosure. A cross-sectional, mixed-methods design was used to evaluate the dissemination and implementation of PfH, including training evaluations, an online trainee survey, and interviews with national trainers for PfH. Descriptive statistics were calculated with the categorical data, whereas thematic analysis was completed with the qualitative data. Between 2007 and 2013, PfH was disseminated to 776 individuals from 104 different organizations in 21 states/territories. The smallest proportion of trainees was physicians (6.9%). More than three-fourths of survey respondents (78.6%) reported using PfH, but less than one-third (31.8%) used the intervention with every patient. The PfH training supports the implementation of the intervention; however, challenges were experienced in clinician engagement. Tailored strategies to recruit and train clinicians providing care to HIV-positive patients are required.

Equipping African American Clergy to Recognize Depression.

Many African Americans (AAs) use clergy as their primary source of help for depression, with few being referred to mental health providers. This study used face-to-face workshops to train AA clergy to recognize the symptoms and levels of severity of depression. A pretest/posttest format was used to test knowledge (N = 42) about depression symptoms. Results showed that the participation improved the clergy's ability to recognize depression symptoms. Faith community nurses can develop workshops for clergy to improve recognition and treatment of depression.

Examining relational empowerment for elementary school students in a yPAR program.

This paper joins relational empowerment, youth empowerment, and Bridging Multiple Worlds frameworks to examine forms of relational empowerment for children in two intermediary institutions-school and a youth participatory action research after-school program (yPAR ASP). Participants were twelve children, most of whom were Latina/o and from im/migrant families, enrolled in a yPAR ASP for 2 years. A mixed-method approach was utilized; we analyzed children's interviews, self-defined goals, and their social networks to examine their experiences of relational empowerment. We conclude that children experienced each of the five relational empowerment factors-collaborative competence, bridging social divisions, facilitating others' empowerment, mobilizing networks, and passing on a legacy-in the yPAR ASP setting, and some factors in school. These experiences, however, were more pronounced in the yPAR ASP setting. Additionally, social network analyses revealed that a small but meaningful percentage of actors bridged worlds, especially home and family, but by year 2, also school and the yPAR ASP. Finally, most helpers for school-based goals came from school, but a sizable number came from family, friends, and home worlds, and by year 2, also came from the yPAR ASP. Implications range from theoretical to methodological development, including the use of social network analysis as a tool to descriptively examine relational power in context.

Transforming individual civic engagement into community collective efficacy: the role of bonding social capital.

Collective efficacy is defined as residents' perceived collective capacity to take coordinated and interdependent action on issues that affect their lives. This study explored factors associated with neighborhood collective efficacy among residents. Utilizing a national sample of 4,120 urban households provided by Annie E. Casey Foundation's Making Connection Initiative, we investigated the mediating role of residents' perceptions of bonding social capital (i.e. reciprocity, trust, and shared norms) in the association between civic engagement and collective efficacy. Multiple regression analyses revealed that civic engagement and bonding social capital were both directly related to collective efficacy. Additionally, bonding social capital partially mediated the relationship between civic engagement and collective efficacy. Specifically, residents who reported greater levels of civic engagement also reported higher levels of bonding social capital. In turn, residents who reported higher levels of bonding social capital also reported higher levels of neighborhood collective efficacy. We discuss implications of these findings for researchers and practitioners interested in associations of neighborhood collective efficacy.

An investigation of the dynamic processes promoting citizen participation.

This study expanded the citizen participation literature by examining the dynamic nature of citizen participation and the extent to which the factors associated with citizen participation may be moderated by resident leadership status. Longitudinal survey data collected from 542 residents in one small Midwestern city implementing a community change initiative provide some insight into the challenges surrounding the promotion of an active citizenry. Within this one community, citizenship behaviors of emergent resident leaders and residents uninterested in a leadership role were influenced, to some extent, by different factors and the importance of these factors shifted in only a 2 years time span. Future research is needed to determine if the dynamics uncovered in this study were due to the initiative or to the nature of citizen participation processes.

Systematic review of alternative HIV preexposure prophylaxis care delivery models to improve preexposure prophylaxis services.

OBJECTIVES: To identify types, evidence, and study gaps of alternative HIV preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) care delivery models in the published literature. DESIGN: Systematic review and narrative synthesis. METHODS: We searched in the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Prevention Research Synthesis (PRS) database through December 2022 (PROSPERO CRD42022311747). We included studies published in English that reported implementation of alternative PrEP care delivery models. Two reviewers independently reviewed the full text and extracted data by using standard forms. Risk of bias was assessed using the adapted Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. Those that met our study criteria were evaluated for efficacy against CDC Evidence-Based Intervention (EBI) or Evidence-Informed Intervention (EI) criteria or Health Resources and Services Administration Emergency Strategy (ES) criteria, or for applicability by using an assessment based on the Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance framework. RESULTS: This review identified 16 studies published between 2018 and 2022 that implemented alternative prescriber ( n  = 8), alternative setting for care ( n  = 4), alternative setting for laboratory screening ( n  = 1), or a combination of the above ( n  = 3) . The majority of studies were US-based ( n  = 12) with low risk of bias ( n  = 11). None of the identified studies met EBI, EI, or ES criteria. Promising applicability was found for pharmacists prescribers, telePrEP, and mail-in testing. CONCLUSIONS: Delivery of PrEP services outside of the traditional care system by expanding providers of PrEP care (e.g. pharmacist prescribers), as well as the settings of PrEP care (i.e. telePrEP) and laboratory screening (i.e. mail-in testing) may increase PrEP access and care delivery.

Disease control and health systems in low- and middle-income countries: enhancing positive interrelation.

There is a growing interest in improving the relationship between disease control programmes and the rest of the health system in low- and middle-income countries. This short study seeks to contribute to this movement by providing a multi-dimensional approach for policy-makers and researchers. It recognizes the different and often conflicting perspectives in health systems held by stakeholders. Two such perspectives are those of disease control programmes and health systems. Both are based on perceived health needs and put forward requirements on each other through resource demands and organizational needs. Failure to reconcile these perspectives can lead to health system fragmentation. This study proposes a framework to address the importance of mutual support across stakeholder perspectives, striving to understand and analyse the consequences of their reciprocal views. In doing this, the study stresses the importance of common understanding around health system values, the political interplay between stakeholders, the contextual setting and the need to integrate research and capacity development in this area.

A comparison of the Interactive Systems Framework (ISF) for Dissemination and Implementation and the CDC Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention's Research-to-Practice model for behavioral interventions.

Translating evidence-based HIV/STD prevention interventions and research findings into applicable HIV prevention practice has become an important challenge for the fields of community psychology and public health due to evidence-based interventions and evidence-based practice being given higher priority and endorsement by federal, state, and local health department funders. The Interactive Systems Framework (ISF) for Dissemination and Implementation and the Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention (DHAP) Research-to-Practice model both address this challenge. The DHAP model and the ISF are each presented with a brief history and an introduction of their features from synthesis of research findings through translation into intervention materials to implementation by prevention providers. This paper describes why the ISF and the DHAP model were developed and the similarities and differences between them. Specific examples of the use of the models to translate research to practice and the subsequent implications for support of each model are provided. The paper concludes that the ISF and the DHAP model are truly complementary with some unique differences, while both contribute substantially to addressing the gap between identifying effective programs and ensuring their widespread adoption in the field.

Identification of structural interventions for HIV/AIDS prevention: the concept mapping exercise.

Structural interventions have been defined as those prevention interventions that include physical, social, cultural, organizational, community, economic, legal, and policy factors. In an effort to examine the feasibility, evaluability, and sustainability of structural interventions for HIV prevention, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention implemented a project that involved asking experts in HIV prevention and other areas of public health-including injury and violence prevention, tobacco control, drug abuse, and nutrition-to provide input on the identification of structural interventions based on the aforementioned definition. The process resulted in a list of 123 interventions that met the definition. The experts were asked to group these interventions into categories based on similarity of ideas. They were also asked to rate these interventions in terms of impact they would have, if implemented, on reducing HIV transmission. The findings highlight the need for conducting further research on structural interventions, including feasibility of implementation and effectiveness of reducing HIV transmission risks.