Qualitative Research with Patients and Physicians to Assess Content Validity and Meaningful Change on ESSDAI and ESSPRI in Sjögren's.

INTRODUCTION: European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology (EULAR) Sjögren's Syndrome Disease Activity Index (ESSDAI) is a clinician-reported outcome (ClinRO) instrument, assessing Sjögren's disease activity from the physician perspective. EULAR Sjögren's Syndrome Patient Reported Index (ESSPRI) is a patient-reported outcome (PRO) instrument, assessing patient-defined Sjögren's symptom severity. Both instruments are commonly used as clinical trial endpoints and have been psychometrically validated. However, qualitative evidence supporting content validity and what constitutes a meaningful change is limited. Qualitative evidence supporting Physician/Patient Global Assessment of disease activity and symptom severity (PhGA/PaGA) items used within anchor-based analyses for ESSDAI/ESSPRI is also lacking. METHODS: Qualitative, semi-structured, telephone/video interviews were conducted with patients with Sjögren's (n = 12) and physicians who specialise in Sjögren's (n = 10). Interviews explored: appropriateness of ESSDAI domain weights and meaningful improvements on domain/total scores from the physician perspective, appropriateness of ESSPRI's 2-week recall period from the patient/physician perspective, patients' perspectives on meaningful improvements in ESSPRI total scores, and patients'/physicians' interpretation of PhGA/PaGA items. RESULTS: Most ESSDAI domain weights were considered clinically appropriate. Generally, a one-category improvement in domain-level scores and a 3-point improvement in total ESSDAI scores were considered clinically meaningful. Most patients/physicians considered ESSPRI's 2-week recall period appropriate, and patients considered a 1-to-2-point ESSPRI total score improvement meaningful. PhGA/PaGA items developed for use as ESSDAI/ESSPRI anchors were consistently interpreted. CONCLUSIONS: The findings support use of ESSDAI and ESSPRI as Sjögren's clinical trials endpoints, as well as in clinical practice and other research settings. Qualitative data exploring meaningful change supports existing minimal clinically important improvement (MCII) thresholds.

European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology (EULAR) Sjögren's Syndrome Disease Activity Index (ESSDAI) is an assessment used by physicians to measure how active Sjögren's is in individuals with the condition. EULAR Sjögren's Syndrome Patient Reported Index (ESSPRI) is a questionnaire completed by individuals with Sjögren's to assess the severity of their symptoms. It is important to show that ESSDAI and ESSPRI are considered appropriate by physicians and individuals with Sjögren's, respectively, and that ESSPRI is well understood by individuals with Sjögren's completing the questionnaire. Therefore, interviews were conducted with physicians who specialise in Sjögren's to explore the appropriateness of ESSDAI, the level of improvement on the assessment that would be important to individuals with Sjögren's, and the appropriateness of the ESSPRI recall period (i.e. whether it is acceptable to ask individuals to remember their symptoms over the past 2 weeks). Interviews were also conducted with individuals with Sjögren's to explore their understanding and relevance of ESSPRI (including the 2-week recall period) and the level of improvement on the questionnaire that would be important to them. Most physicians and patients considered ESSDAI and ESSPRI appropriate, supporting their use in a range of settings including Sjögren's clinical trials, clinical practice and other research settings. Most physicians reported that a 3-point improvement in ESSDAI total score would be meaningful to individuals with Sjögren's. Individuals with Sjögren's reported that a 1-to-2-point improvement in ESSPRI total score would be meaningful.

Hydrazine-Free Solution-Deposited CuIn(S,Se)2 Solar Cells by Spray Deposition of Metal Chalcogenides.

Solution processing of semiconductors, such as CuInSe2 and its alloys (CIGS), can significantly reduce the manufacturing costs of thin film solar cells. Despite the recent success of solution deposition approaches for CIGS, toxic reagents such as hydrazine are usually involved, which introduce health and safety concerns. Here, we present a simple and safer methodology for the preparation of high-quality CuIn(S, Se)2 absorbers from metal sulfide solutions in a diamine/dithiol mixture. The solutions are sprayed in air, using a chromatography atomizer, followed by a postdeposition selenization step. Two different selenization methods are explored resulting in power conversion efficiencies of up to 8%.