ST-segment elevation in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can cause a wide range of cardiovascular diseases, including ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and STEMI-mimickers (such as myocarditis, Takotsubo cardiomyopathy, among others). We performed a systematic review to summarize the clinical features, management, and outcomes of patients with COVID-19 who had ST-segment elevation. We searched electronic databases from inception to September 30, 2020 for studies that reported clinical data about COVID-19 patients with ST-segment elevation. Differences between patients with and without obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) on coronary angiography were evaluated. Forty-two studies (35 case reports and seven case series) involving 161 patients were included. The mean age was 62.7 ± 13.6 years and 75% were men. The most frequent symptom was chest pain (78%). Eighty-three percent of patients had obstructive CAD. Patients with non-obstructive CAD had more diffuse ST-segment elevation (13% versus 1%, p = 0.03) and diffuse left ventricular wall-motion abnormality (23% versus 3%, p = 0.02) compared to obstructive CAD. In patients with previous coronary stent (n = 17), the 76% presented with stent thrombosis. In the majority of cases, the main reperfusion strategy was primary percutaneous coronary intervention instead of fibrinolysis. The in-hospital mortality was 30% without difference between patients with (30%) or without (31%) obstructive CAD. Our data suggest that a relatively high proportion of COVID-19 patients with ST-segment elevation had non-obstructive CAD. The prognosis was poor across groups. However, our findings are based on case reports and case series that should be confirmed in future studies.

Determinants of percutaneous coronary intervention success in repeat chronic total occlusion procedures following an initial failed attempt.

AIM: To investigate the rates and determinants of success of repeat percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) following an initial failed attempt at recanalising the chronic total occlusions (CTO) percutaneously. METHODS: In 445 consecutive first attempt CTO-PCI procedures in our institution, procedural failure occurred in 149 (33.5%). Sixty-four re-PCI procedures were performed in 58 patients (39%) all had a single CTO. Procedural and outcome data in the re-PCI population was entered into the institutional database. A retrospective analysis of clinical, angiographic and procedural data was performed. RESULTS: Procedural success was achieved in 41 (64%) procedures. Univariate analysis of clinical and angiographic characteristics showed that re-PCI success was associated with intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) guidance (19.5% vs 0%, P = 0.042), while failure was associated with severe calcification (30.4% vs 9.7%, P = 0.047) and a JCTO score > 3 (56.5% vs 17.1% P = 0.003). Following multiple regression analysis the degree of lesion complexity (J-CTO score > 3), IVUS use, involvement of an experienced CTO operator and LAD CTO location were significant predictors of successful re-PCI. Overall the complication rate was low, with the only MACCE two periprocedural MI's neither of which required intervention. CONCLUSION: Re-PCI substantially increases the overall success rate of CTO revascularization. Predictors of re-PCI success included the use of IVUS, the involvement of an experienced CTO operator in the repeat attempt and the location of the CTO.

Classification performance of instantaneous wave-free ratio (iFR) and fractional flow reserve in a clinical population of intermediate coronary stenoses: results of the ADVISE registry.

AIMS: To evaluate the classification agreement between instantaneous wave-free ratio (iFR) and fractional flow reserve (FFR) in patients with angiographic intermediate coronary stenoses. METHODS AND RESULTS: Three hundred and twelve patients (339 stenoses) with angiographically intermediate stenoses were included in this international clinical registry. The iFR was calculated using fully automated algorithms. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to identify the iFR optimal cut-point corresponding to FFR 0.8. The classification agreement of coronary stenoses as significant or non-significant was established between iFR and FFR and between repeated FFR measurements for each 0.05 quantile of FFR values, from 0.2 to 1. Close agreement was observed between iFR and FFR (area under ROC curve= 86%). The optimal iFR cut-off (for an FFR of 0.80) was 0.89. After adjustment for the intrinsic variability of FFR, the classification agreement (accuracy) between iFR and FFR was 94%. Amongst the stenoses classified as non-significant by iFR (>0.89) and as significant by FFR (≤0.8), 81% had associated FFR values located within the FFR "grey-zone" (0.75-0.8) and 41% within the 0.79-0.80 FFR range. CONCLUSIONS: In a population of intermediate coronary stenoses, the classification agreement between iFR and FFR is excellent and similar to that of repeated FFR measurements in the same sample. Vasodilator-independent assessment of intermediate stenosis seems applicable and may foster adoption of coronary physiology in the catheterisation laboratory.

Enfermedad coronaria en pacientes con estenosis aórtica severa / Coronary artery disease in patients with severe aortic stenosis

Introducción: La estenosis aórtica severa (EAS) comparte factores de riesgo con la cardiopatía coronaria isquémica; sin embargo, su presencia concomitante es de prevalencia variada. Objetivos: Describir los factores asociados a enfermedad coronaria (EC) en pacientes con estenosis aórtica severa, determinar su prevalencia y describir su asociación con síntomas clásicos de EAS. Diseño: Estudio observacional, transversal. Lugar: Departamento de Cardiología, Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, EsSalud, Lima, Perú. Participantes: Pacientes con diagnóstico de EAS cateterizados. Intervenciones: Se revisó los datos de las historias clínicas y las angiografías de 92 pacientes con diagnóstico de EAS cateterizados entre enero 2006 y diciembre 2008, determinándose los factores de riesgo para EC, síntomas y gradiente aórtica máxima; usando la angiografía, se cuantificó el número de arterias con lesiones significativas y, en una muestra aleatoria de 40 pacientes, la severidad de EC basada en el puntaje de Gensini. Principales medidas de resultados: Factores de riesgo para EC y correlación entre severidad de EC y la gradiente aórtica máxima. Resultados: El promedio de edad de los 92 pacientes fue 69,8 años; 68,5 por ciento presentó al menos un factor de riesgo para EC, cuya prevalencia fue 16,3 por ciento. El único factor determinante de EC en los pacientes con EAS fue la edad (OR ajustado=1,19; p=0,04). Ningún síntoma clásico de EAS se asoció con EC (p>0,05). No existió correlación entre la severidad de EC -valorada mediante el puntaje de Gensini- y la gradiente aórtica máxima (ccp = 0,10; p=0,53), la que fue similar entre grupos con diferente número de vasos enfermos (p=0,37). Conclusiones: Un 16 por ciento de los pacientes con EAS presentó enfermedad coronaria. El único factor de riesgo asociado fue la edad y no existió asociación entre algún síntoma clásico y enfermedad coronaria.

Backgroud: Severe aortic stenosis (SOS) shares risk factors with coronary artery disease (CAD); however its prevalence has not been determined with precision. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of coronary artery disease in patients with severe aortic stenosis, risk factors, and the association between severe aortic stenosis classical symptoms and the presence of coronary artery disease. Design: Cross sectional quantitative observational study. Setting: Cardiology Department, Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, EsSalud, Lima, Peru. Participants: Patients with diagnosis of SOS who were catheterized. Interventions: We reviewed clinical charts and angiograms of 92 patients with diagnosis of SOS catheterized between January 2006 and December 2008, determining risk factors for CAD, symptoms and maximal aortic gradient; by using angiography we quantified the number of arteries with significant lesions as well as CAD severity by GensiniÆs score in a randomized sample of 40 patients. Main outcome measures: CAD risk factors and correlation between CAD severity and maximal aortic gradient. Results: Age of the 92 patients averaged 69,8 years; 68,5 per cent presented at least one risk factor for CAD with 16,3 per cent prevalence. The only factor determining CAD in SOS patients was age (adjusted OR = 1,19; p=0,04). No classical SOS symptom was associated with CAD (p>0,05). There was no correlation between CAD severity ûas determined by GensiniÆs score- and maximal aortic gradient. Conclusions: Prevalence of coronary artery disease was16 per cent; the only one factor associated to coronary artery disease was age and there was no association between any symptom and coronary artery disease.