Investigation of experimental resin composites containing different boron compounds incorporated into mesoporous and nonporous hydroxyapatite nanocarriers.

This study aimed to investigate the surface hardness, monomer conversion, surface roughness, boron release, and water sorption-solubility properties of experimental resin composites (RC) containing hydroxyapatite nanocarriers (HAP) loaded with different boron compounds, in comparison to a conventional RC. In this study, boron nitride and 4-borono-L-phenylalanine were loaded into mesoporous and nonporous HAP. 1% boron-nanocarrier complexes were added to a conventional resin-composite content. The study groups were designated based on the boron compound and nanocarrier type: Group 1 (Control): (a conventional RC), Group 2: Experimental RC containing mesoporous HAP loaded with boron nitride (BN@MHAP), Group 3: Experimental RC containing nonporous HAP loaded with boron nitride (BN@HAP), Group 4: Experimental RC containing mesoporous HAP loaded with 4-borono-L-phenylalanine (BPA@MHAP), Group 5: Experimental RC containing nonporous HAP loaded with 4-borono-L-phenylalanine (BPA@HAP). Vickers microhardness, surface roughness, degree of monomer conversion, water sorption-solubility, and boron release analyses were conducted on the RC samples. The nanoparticles were characterized using the Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) for elemental analysis and mapping, X-ray Diffraction (XRD) for examining crystal structure, Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) for evaluating molecular bond structure, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) for observing surface morphology of mesoporous and non-porous HAP. No statistically significant difference was found between the experimental RC materials containing boron-nanocarrier complexes and the control group in terms of monomer conversion, surface hardness, surface roughness, water sorption and solubility (p > 0.05). However, all experimental groups demonstrated significantly higher boron release rates over time (p < 0.05), with BN@HAP and BPA@MHAP groups exhibiting the highest release rates at all timepoints (p < 0.05). The addition of 1% BN@HAP/MHAP or BPA@HAP/MHAP to the RC is promising for developing an antibacterial RC capable of releasing boron without compromising the tested physico-chemical properties of the material.

An experimental teeth bleaching agent containing casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate.

OBJECTIVES: This study was aimed to obtain an experimental bleaching agent by adding casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) in order to eliminate the mineral loss on the tooth surface after bleaching and to evaluate the bleaching effectiveness. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, experimental bleaching agents containing 1%, 3% CPP-ACP and without CPP-ACP were obtained. Bleaching effectiveness (color change), the effect of bleaching agents on mineral content (energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy), surface morphology (scanning electron microscope), and surface hardness of enamel (Vicker's microhardness) before and after bleaching were evaluated. The obtained data were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: When the bleaching levels of the groups were compared, no statistically significant difference was observed between the control and 1% CPP-ACP groups (p > 0.05) while the addition of 3% CPP-ACP decreased significantly the effectiveness of the bleaching agent (p < 0.05). When the effects of experimental bleaching agents on surface hardness were examined, while the enamel surface hardness decreased statistically significantly after application in the control group (p < 0.05), no statistically significant change was observed in surface hardness after the application of 1% CPP-ACP containing bleaching agent (p > 0.05). However, a statistically significant increase was observed in surface hardness after the application of 3% CPP-ACP containing bleaching agent (p < 0.05). When the Ca and P ratio of the groups were compared, no statistically significant difference was observed between the control and 1% CPP-ACP groups (p > 0.05), while they increased significantly in 3% CPP-ACP group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The addition of 1% CPP-ACP to the bleaching agent had positive effects on the mineral content and surface hardness of the enamel, and did not negatively affect the whitening effectiveness. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Adding CPP-ACP to the bleaching agent at appropriate concentrations can eliminate possible negative effects without compromising the effectiveness of the bleaching agent.

Design and synthesis of novel (S)-Naproxen hydrazide-hydrazones as potent VEGFR-2 inhibitors and their evaluation in vitro/in vivo breast cancer models.

Naproxen is a common non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, which is the most usually used propionic acid derivative for the treatment of many types of diseases. In this study, a series of novel (S)-Naproxen derivatives bearing hydrazide-hydrazone moiety were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for anticancer activity. The structures of these compounds were characterized by spectral (1H-13C NMR, FT-IR, and HR-MS analyses) methods. All synthesized compounds were screened for anticancer activity against two different human breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7). Among them, (S)-2-(6-methoxynaphthalen-2-yl)-N'-{(E)-[2-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methylidene} propanehydrazide (3a) showed the most potent anticancer activity against both cancer cell lines with a good selectivity (IC50 = 22.42 and 59.81 µM, respectively). Furthermore, the molecular modeling of these compounds was studied on Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 2. Inhibition of VEGFR-2 and apoptotic protein Bcl-2 was investigated in MDA-MB-231 cells treated with compound 3a by using Western Blotting. Apoptosis was also detected by staining with DAPI in fluorescence microscopy. Flow Cytometry analyses related to cell cycle phases showed that a dramatic increase in S and M phases was established compared to untreated control cells indicating the cancer cell cycle arrest. The anticancer activity of compound 3a was investigated in the Ehrlich acid tumor model, a well-validated in vivo ectopic breast cancer model, in mice. Our results showed that compound 3a had anticancer activity and decreased the tumor volume in both low (60 mg/kg) and high (120 mg/kg) doses in mice.

Synthesis and pro-apoptotic effects of new sulfonamide derivatives via activating p38/ERK phosphorylation in cancer cells.

Herein, the compounds bearing sulfonamide fragment such as N-(2-amino-5-benzoylphenyl)-4-nitrobenzene sulfonamide hydrochloride (1), N-(quinolin-8-yl)-4-nitro-benzenesulfonamide hydrochloride (2), N-(pyridine-2-ylmethyl)-4-nitro-benzenesulfonamide hydrochloride (3) were synthesized by the reaction of 3,4-diaminobenzophenone, 8-aminoquinoline or 2-picoylamine and 4-nitrobenzensulfonyl chloride, respectively. The structures of the newly synthesized compounds were elucidated on the basis of elemental and spectral analyses. All the prepared compounds were evaluated for their in vitro anti-cancer activity against various cancer cell lines and to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in this process. In vitro cytotoxic activities of the compounds were screened against human hepatocellular (HepG2), breast (MCF-7) and colon (Colo-205) cancer cell lines by MTT assay, mRNA expression of genes with qPCR and phosphorylation of p38 and ERK1/2 with Western blot. Tested compounds could significantly reduce cell proliferation and induced mRNA expression of pro-apoptotic genes; caspase 3, caspase 8 and caspase 9. Activation of these apoptotic genes probably is mediated by activation of p38.

Evaluation of drug release, monomer conversion and surface properties of resin composites containing chlorhexidine-loaded mesoporous and nonporous hydroxyapatite nanocarriers.

The aim of this study was to evaluate drug release, degree of conversion (DC), and surface properties of resin composites containing chlorhexidine (CHX)-loaded mesoporous (mHAP) and nonporous hydroxyapatite (HAP) nanocarrier. CHX loaded mHAP and HAP, or CHX without nanocarrier was added into the resin composite in 1% and 5% concentrations. After characterization of experimental materials with XRD, EDX, FT-IR, and SEM, the CHX release on the 1st, 7th, 30th, and 120th days were evaluated by UV-vis spectroscopy. DC, surface roughness, and surface hardness of the samples were also evaluated. The data was statistically analyzed. While mHAP groups released significantly higher CHX on the 30th day (p < .05), there was no statistically significant difference between the HAP and mHAP groups on the 120th day (p > .05). DCs of all groups were similar (p > .05). While mHAP and HAP groups containing 5% CHX showed significantly higher roughness than the other groups (p < .05), no statistically significant difference was observed between the other groups (p > .05). The 1% and 5% CHX groups without nanocarrier showed significantly lower surface hardness (p < .05). However, no statistically significant difference was observed between the other groups in terms of surface hardness (p > .05). A controlled CHX release was achieved by mHAP and HAP nanocarriers for 120 days. The nanocarrier addition up to 5% did not negatively affect the DC and the surface hardness which is one of the surface properties of the resin composites. Although the addition of 5% nanocarrier to the resin composite increased the surface roughness, while adding 1% of these nanocarriers did not change.

Efficiency enhancement with chloride to iodide ion exchange of benzimidazolium salt as a redox mediator.

The new benzimidazolium derivative (SM-1) salt with ion exchange from the (SM-0) was fabricated and characterized by proton-nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR), carbon-nuclear magnetic resonance (13C-NMR), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), electrospray ionization (EIS-MS), thermal analysis (TG), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), for electrolytes (liquid or dried) in the DSSC charge transportation mechanism. Also, the influence of ion exchange from chloride to iodine in the synthesized electrolytes, compared to other electrolytes (conventional or commercial), was investigated about DSSC performance efficiency. When using as a liquid electrolyte (SM-1), the power conversion efficiency (ƞ) of the working DSSC device was recorded as 1.980% and it was observed that the performances of DSSCs increased up to 56% when comparing dried electrolyte for SM-1 without conventional redox material (I-/I3 -). In the future, different molecular modifications of this type of benzimidazole derivatives or mixtures with conventional redox couples may further improve the performance of DSSC devices.

Nanoformulations of Coumarins and the Hybrid Molecules of Coumarins with Potential Anticancer Effects.

Coumarins are the secondary metabolites of some plants, fungi, and bacteria. Coumarins and the hybrid molecules of coumarins are the compounds which have been widely studied for their potential anticancer effects. They belong to benzopyrone chemical class, more precisely benzo-α-pyrones, where benzene ring is fused to pyrone ring. In nature, coumarins are found in higher plants like Rutaceae and Umbelliferae and some essential oils like cinnamon bark oil, cassia leaf oil and lavender oil are also rich in coumarins. The six main classes of coumarins are furanocoumarins, dihydrofuranocoumarins, pyrano coumarins, pyrone substituted coumarins, phenylcoumarins and bicoumarins. As well as their wide range of biological activities, coumarins and the hybrid molecules of coumarins are proven to have an important role in anticancer drug development due to the fact that many of its derivatives have shown an anticancer activity on various cell lines. Osthol, imperatorin, esculetin, scopoletin, umbelliprenin, angelicine, bergamottin, limettin, metoxhalen, aurapten and isopimpinellin are some of these coumarins. This review summarizes the anticancer effects of coumarins and their hybrid molecules including the novel pharmaceutical formulations adding further information on the topic for the last ten years and basically focusing on the structureactivity relationship of these compounds in cancer.

Synthesis of imine and reduced imine compounds containing aromatic sulfonamide: use as catalyst for in situ generation of ruthenium catalysts in transfer hydrogenation of acetophenone derivatives.

Three imine and three reduced imine ligands containing aromatic sulfonamide (2-7) were isolated by a simple method and characterized by FT-IR, NMR, and elemental analysis. Meanwhile, the interaction of 2-7 ligands with [(p-cymene)RuCl2]2 was analyzed in situ by UV-vis spectrophotometer. The in situ generated catalytic system derived from N-(2-(benzylideneamino)phenyl)-2,4,6-trimethyl-benzenesulfonamides and N-(2-(benzylamino)phenyl)-2,4,6-trimethyl-benzenesulfonamides with [(p-cymene)RuCl2]2 was used as a catalyst in the transfer hydrogenation (TH) of p-substituted acetophenone derivatives. The catalytic systems displayed high activities, which increased in the order 7<4<5<6<1<2<3. The best activity for the TH of 4-chloroacetophenone was provided with the [(p-cymene)RuCl2]2/ligand (3) catalytic system (turnover frequency values: 720 h(-1) for 10 min on S/C: 500/1).

Synthesis and characterization of SiO2-supported ruthenium complexes containing aromatic sulfonamides: as catalysts for transfer hydrogenation of acetophenone.

3-Amino-N-aryl-benzenesulfonamides (1­3) were successfully synthesized by the reaction of m-phenylenediamine and various benzenesulfonyl chlorides. Then, a series of ruthenium complexes (4­6) were prepared from the reaction of [RuCl2(p-cymene)]2 and 1­3. Finally, SiO2-supported Ru(II) complexes (7­9) were prepared by an impregnation method. The synthesized compounds and materials were characterized by different methods such as NMR, FT-IR, TG/DTA, nitrogen adsorption­desorption (BET), SEM and EDX. Also, the solid state structures of 4­6 were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. 4­9 were used as catalysts for the transfer hydrogenation of acetophenone. 4­9 showed good catalytic activity and so the effects of the different groups were also examined. For the transfer hydrogenation of acetophenone, 7­9 had similar activity to 4­6. However, the longer lifetime of 7­9 makes them more advantageous than the non-supported catalysts (4­6) in terms of catalytic cycle. Therefore, the effect of SiO2 was investigated as a catalyst and the results show that excess silicon(IV) oxide was a surprisingly active catalyst for the hydrogenation of acetophenone under these conditions.