Retrospective analysis of cardiac events during cardiac rehabilitation at Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg during 2014 and 2015.

BACKGROUND: The benefits of cardiac rehabilitation are well accepted. However, there still remains a debate concerning the risk of cardiac events, especially arrhythmias, during exercise training. The goal of the study was to retrospectively analyze events, including arrhythmias, in the cardiac rehabilitation unit of the Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg during 2014-2015 and to identify if there was a link between patients stratified as high-risk patients and events. METHODS: This analysis included each patient that participated in cardiac rehabilitation at the Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg during 2014 and 2015. Major and minor cardiac events during exercise training in this period were retraced by retrospectively looking at patient files. These events were related to the potential risk of the patients, assessed by the "Risk stratification for cardiac events", edited by the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation. RESULTS: 628 patients were recruited for cardiac rehabilitation at the Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg during 2014 and 2015. They exercised for a combined total of 15065 training hours. There were no major cardiac events during exercise training in this period; the number of minor events was low (n=24; 1 minor event/628 training hours). About two thirds of our patients are considered as low risk patients, one third of the patients were at intermediate or high risk. We found no relationship between events and risk stratification. CONCLUSION: There were no major cardiac events in our patients and the rate of minor cardiac events was low and not related to risk stratification.

Promotion of physical activity in patients with non-communicable diseases in Luxembourg: a follow-up of the Sport-Sante inventory from 2014.

Regular practice of physical activity (PA) has many health benefits in both healthy individuals and in people with non-communicable diseases (NCDs). In order to disseminate this evidence and to strengthen the promotion of PA in people with NCDs, the Sport-Santé project was created in Luxembourg and officially launched in April 2015. In 2014, a stocktaking of the different organizations offering PA for people with NCDs was realized in order to develop the Sport-Santé project. Different communication tools were used to promote Sport-Santé as well as the aforementioned organizations. The present study aimed to re-evaluate the offers of PA for people with NCDs in Luxembourg one year after the launch of the project. The organizations offering PA for people with NCDs (orthopaedics, obesity and overweight, neurology and rare diseases, oncology and cardiology) were screened in 2014 and in 2016. The number of weekly offered hours of PA for people with NCDs were collected and the participation rate was observed. Participants (192 in 2014 and 196 in 2016) volunteered to answer a survey, which contained questions regarding their age, sex, time since enrolment, travel distance, former and current PA participation, and type of recruitment. Additional items regarding prescription and refund were explored only in 2016. In 2016, more than 55 hours per week of PA were offered for people with NCDs in Luxembourg (≈44 hours per week were identified in 2014). However, this increase was not statistically significant. No difference was observed between 2014 and 2016 regarding the participation rate (2014: 8.9 ± 5.1 participants per hour; 2016: 8.4 ± 5.7 participants per hour). Participants were younger in 2016 than in 2014. The time since enrolment was shorter in 2016 than in 2014. No difference between 2014 and 2016 was observed for travel distance, sex distribution, former and current PA participation, and type of recruitment. Participants were mainly recruited by the healthcare professionals. More than 69 % of the participants would like to receive a medical prescription for the PA. Fifty-two percent of the participants would appreciate a refund of the participation fees by their health insurance. The increasing efforts of Sport-Santé and the organizations offering PA for people with NCDs lead to increase the offer. However, the participation rate remains unchanged. The decrease in age and in time since enrolment observed in 2016 could be explained by the creation of new activities, a larger participant's turnover or high number of withdrawals among long-term participants. Even if participants are mainly recruited by healthcare professionals, this type of recruitment can be attributed to very few idealists. All healthcare professionals should be aware of the offers of Sport-Santé and advise their patients to participate in a PA program. It is now time to advance the idea of prescription of PA as a privileged treatment option and to convince the policymakers to take action against sedentary behaviours in Luxembourg. Nevertheless, this type of promotion is not enough to increase the number of participants and additional strategies must be explored and developed. The best sustainable strategies are always those that approach the problem from different viewpoints.

[Sports in Luxembourg. The role of heart healthy sports]. / Le sport pour cardiaques à Luxembourg: moteur des sports de santé.

30 years of organized ambulatory heart sport in Luxembourg Promoter of health sports. For more than 30 years both mortality and morbidity due to coronary artery disease (CAD) are significantly decreasing (> 70%) in the western world. This achievement is due to multiple interventions in the direct treatment of CAD and, especially, in fighting its risk factors: smoking, high blood pressure, hypercholesterolemia and physical inactivity. In 1984 the first ambulatory heart sport group (phase 3 of cardiac reeducation) was founded in Luxembourg City, followed in 1991 by a section in Esch/Alzette and in 2002 by a 3ème section in Ettelbrück. These phase 3 cardiac sport groups (= chronic phase) are organized by some committed patients working on a voluntary basis and performing a professional job. Paradoxically these phase 3 groups preceded the phases 1 and 2 (= "in hospital" and subacute) of cardiac rehabilitation. However, in a parallel way ambulatory phase 2 physical activity (PA) was started in the main hospitals in Luxembourg City (Centrum), Esch/Alzette (South) and Ettelbrück ( North). In 2002 a cornerstone study by Myers et al proved that physical fitness is the most determinant of survival both for healthy people and for cardiac patients: The better the fitness, quantified in METs, the better the prognosis and this fact is the basis for the application of sports therapy in cardiac and most other patients. An important epidemiological study published in 2012 by Lee et al in Lancet analyzed the effects of physical inactivity (PI) all over the world: 4 important diseases were studied: CAD, breast cancer, colon cancer and type 2 diabetes. The effects of PI are most pronounced in colon cancer followed by diabetes 2, breast cancer and then CAD. As a mean about 9% of all deaths -5.9 million in 57 million deaths/year worldwide- are caused by PI and for Luxembourg 12.9%. This cornerstone study can serve as rationale for physical therapy (PT) intervention in oncology, diabetes and CAD. It is noteworthy that the basic RF are more or less the same for the chronic diseases investigated in this study. Since the beginning of the new century PT has become an integral part of the strategies for cancer prevention and treatment. This option has been studied thoroughly first in breast cancer, later also in colon, prostate, and bronchial cancers etc. In primary prevention regular medium intensity training decreases the incidence of cancers by about 20-30%. For patients with proven cancers the application of PA as treatment option is more complicated compared to patients with cardiac problems since cancer patients often have to undergo surgery, then chemo- and/or irradiation therapy. All these interventions and their side effects have to be considered before applying PA. Above the physical alterations most cancer patients have to face anxiety and depression problems. PT improves the outcome between 15-25% and plays an important role in improving the psychological problems of the cancer patients. Since 10 years several oncologists in Luxembourg became interested in PA as a therapeutic option for their patients. They contacted the cardiologists and physiotherapists in charge of cardiac reeducation and progressively programs for PA in oncology were launched also in Luxembourg. Meanwhile several groups of cancer patients offer regular PT programs. In 2014 a stock concerning the different health sport activities in Luxembourg was taken by a young researcher of the Luxembourg Institute of health (LIH). 11 different associations are active; the most important and best organized are the cardiac sports groups, but there are also several oncologic, neurologic and orthopedic sports groups. A target for the coming years is to confer a robust infrastructure to all these associations following the model used by the cardiac groups. For the next year all these groups should be integrated into the Federation of Health Sports of the national Olympic Committee.

[Promotion of physical activity for secondary prevention in patients with chronic diseases: the situation in the Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg]. / Promotion de l'activité physique comme moyen de prévention secondaire chez des patients atteints de maladies chroniques: état des lieux au Grand-Duché de Luxembourg.

The regular practice of physical activities has health benefits in healthy subjects (primary prevention) and in patients with non-communicable diseases (secondary prevention). This study aimed to perform a stocktaking of the physical activities programs for patients or individuals at risk in the Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg. The organizations offering therapeutic physical activities (TPA) have been investigated. Eleven groups offering TPA adapted to different non-communicable diseases were characterized by their costs, instructors, participants and potential participants. These groups were divided into five main categories: cardiology, neurology, obesity, oncology, and orthopedics. During on-site meetings, 41 professionals, 192 participants and 34 potential participants have been interviewed during the period September 2013 to April 2014. The results show that about 40 hours of TPA, 17 hours of which in cardiology, are currently proposed every week, except during school holidays. The main TPA are gymnastics, aerobics, swimming, Nordic walking, cycling, and resistance training. The national coverage is quite low, especially for obesity, neurology and orthopedics. The costs is mainly related to the human resources, the gym being often borrowed but rarely available during school holidays. Between 200 and 400 individuals participate in the TPA. The average number of participants per hour is 8.9 (± 5.1), which represents only 50% of the maximal capacity estimated by the instructors (18.0 ± 8.2 participants per hour). The recruitment process is different according to the groups but the medical doctors and the physiotherapists are mainly involved in this process. However, the majority of the potential participants were not aware of the existence of the groups. The existence of these groups is a positive point, since it contributes to compensate for the current lack of concrete action of the public and private authorities. However, the current TPA offer is clearly insufficient. The groups are frail, on the one hand because their future relies exclusively upon the idealism of a few key actors, and on the other hand because the participation rate is low. This low rate is related to a lack of information and to organizational constraints. However, the public health action initiated by these groups should be perpetuated and strengthened with a better structuration and professionalization. Finally, the increase of the number of participants remains the main objective.

7-year results of cell therapy in patients with severe ischemic cardiomyopathy.

BACKGROUND: Intracoronary infusion of autologous bone marrow cells (CTX) has been shown to improve myocardial function in post infarct patients and in patients with chronic ischemic cardiomyopathy. Long term results of CTX are unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS: In this small pilot study, eleven patients with chronic ischemic cardiomyopathy and ejection fraction (EF) of 19 +/- 1% were treated with CTX and followed for 7 years. Four patients died during follow-up, all because of progressive heart failure. All patients received an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) during the course of the study but only 1 patients developed ventricular tachycardia after CTX. One patient received resynchronization therapy. The overall clinical benefit of CTX was modest (NYHA 3.0 +/- 0.1 pre and 2.5 +/- 0.2 post CTX, p= 0.06). CTX was not associated with reverse remodeling. However, left ventricular EF (19 +/- 1% pre and 18 +/- 6% post) and left ventricular end-diastolic volumes (289 +/- 71 ml pre and 294 +/- 123 ml post) remained remarkably stable over 7-year follow-up in the survivors of this very sick population. CONCLUSIONS: During 7-year follow-up, CTX was associated with stabilization of EF and ventricular volumes but without significant clinical benefit or evidence of reverse remodeling.

Strength training for patients with chronic heart failure.

Chronic (congestive) heart failure (CHF) is a disabling disease where patients suffer from dyspnoea and exercise intolerance. Peripheral skeletal muscle disorders play a major role in the pathogenesis of these symptoms and also in the progression of the disease. Besides cardiovascular endurance training, strength training should be an important component of cardiac rehabilitation programs in CHF because of its ability to efficiently improve muscle function and muscle mass. Safety of this type of training, while long-time questioned, has been established. Training recommendations for strength training should be based on current research. The positive training effects induced by strength training improve the patients' functional capacity and exercise tolerance and thereby also their quality of life and its widespread use should be promoted.

Specification of regional wall motion abnormalities by phase analysis of radionuclide angiograms in coronary artery disease and non-coronary artery disease patients.

Fourier transform of gated radionuclide ventriculograms (RNV) permits the quantitative evaluation of regional wall motion abnormalities (RWMA) regarding both regional magnitude (amplitude display) and regional time sequence of contraction (phase display). In this study, an attempt was made to further specify coronary artery disease (CAD) and non-CAD RWMA detected on consecutive exercise RNV in 17 patients (pts) with proven severe CAD; or on resting RNV in 24 pts with transmural myocardial infarction (MI) compared with 27 pts after treatment with daunorubicin (DAU). RWMA were defined objectively from parametric images by a decrease of the sectorial amplitude by more than 2 s.d.s of normal as determined by quantification of RNV studies of 20 normal individuals. In 15 out of 17 CAD pts (88%) and in 19 out of 24 MI pts (79%), a significantly decreased regional amplitude was found. Importantly, in all abnormal CAD and MI amplitude scans (100%), a significantly abnormal phase delay in the same region could be noted. In five out of 27 pts on DAU (18%) an apical hypokinesis could be verified. In comparison with CAD pts, however, the phase distribution was normal in all these DAU pts. Thus, standardized phase analysis of RNV data provides a powerful tool for specifying RWMA. It allows a highly specific separation of RWMA caused by exercise-induced ischemia, MI, or DAU.

Objective effects of a 6 months' endurance and strength training program in outpatients with congestive heart failure.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility and the effects of a long-term training program with endurance and strength elements for patients with advanced congestive heart failure (CHF). METHODS: We studied 14 patients, mean age 57 yr, mean NYHA class 2.7, mean LVEF 29%, and mean VO2max 17.2 mL x kg(-1) x min(-1). They underwent a 6 months' outpatient "in-hospital" training program (80 sessions). After an introduction period the program was subdivided into four cycles in which endurance and strength were revalued and progressively increased. Endurance was measured by spiro-ergometric exercise testing with concomitant lactate determination, while strength was measured on an isokinetic dynamometer. RESULTS: The compliance ratio was 89% and there were no major problems during training. NYHA class improved from a mean of 2.7 to 1.5 (P = 0.0001), working capacity from 83 to 100 W (P = 0.001), VO2 from 16.7 to 18.4 mL x kg(-1) x min(-1) (P = 0.02), and maximal exercise lactate from 4.1 to 5.2 mmol x L(-1) (P = 0.01). At isokinetic testing we found a significant 18% increase in muscular endurance of knee flexors (P = 0.008) and 25% increase of knee extensors (P = 0.007). The increase of peak torque, total work, and average power reached statistical significance only for the knee extensors. CONCLUSION: This pilot study showed that progressively adapted global strength training in association with traditional endurance training is feasible for selected patients with CHF. Additional larger studies should be done to test the effects, the safety, and the composition of such supervised "in-hospital" training programs.

[Treatment of massive arterial thrombosis caused by thrombocytopenia induced by heparin with local thrombolysis]. / Traitement par thrombolyse locale d'une thrombose artérielle massive par thrombopénie induite par l'héparine.

The authors report the case of a patient treated by subcutaneous injection of calcium heparin after deep vein thrombosis with floating thrombus and pulmonary embolism. She was readmitted to hospital after 16 days' treatment because of a massive aorto-iliac thrombosis due to heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (platelet count = 29.000). This thrombosis was treated by local injection of Urokinase (total dose = 7.425.000 U) over 93 hours without any major complications. The aorto-iliac circulation was completely restored to normal after treatment. Thrombotic complications secondary to immuno-allergic heparin-induced thrombocytopenia are relatively common because of the widespread use of heparin. From the therapeutic point of view, it is imperative to stop the heparin, which makes surgery very difficult, and the platelet-fibrin composition of these thrombi suggests that local thrombolysis with Urokinase is the treatment of choice in this syndrome.

Radionuclide ventriculography and hemodynamic evaluation by right heart catheterization with exercise for assessing the functional significance of coronary artery stenoses. A comparative study.

A series of 13 patients with significant coronary stenoses but without prior myocardial infarction were simultaneously studied by right heart catheterization and radionuclide ventriculography to determine the extent to which abnormal responses in left ventricular ejection fraction and wall motion to maximum exercise are paralleled by abnormal left ventricular filling pressures. The correlations of the filling pressure as evaluated by the diastolic pulmonary artery pressure with both the exercise ejection fraction and the rest-to-exercise change in ejection fraction were high (r = -0.89, P less than 0.01 and r = -0.76, P less than 0.01, respectively). In addition, the filling-pressure response to stress separated the patients into distinct radionuclide categories. All the 7 patients with grossly abnormal filling pressures (P greater than or equal to 30 mmHg) developed regional wall motion abnormalities with exercise as evaluated by visual interpretation or quantitative phase analysis. These patients also had a decrease in ejection fraction from rest to exercise ranging from -9% to -32% together with an exercise ejection fraction below 50%. Conversely, these abnormalities were never found in patients with filling pressures below this threshold level. The data suggest that radionuclide ventriculography and measurement of left ventricular filling pressure with exercise yield corresponding results when assessing the functional significance of coronary stenoses in normotensive patients without prior myocardial infarction and normal global left ventricular function at rest.

Haemodynamic response to exercise in patients with chest pain and normal coronary angiograms.

A series of 42 patients with chest pain but normal coronary angiograms and normal haemodynamics at rest were prospectively classified as typical angina (group 1, N = 9) or atypical angina (group 2, N = 16) or non-anginal chest pain (group 3, N = 17). All patients underwent radionuclide ventriculography and measurement of pulmonary artery pressure at rest and during maximum exercise. Comparison of data during exercise revealed significantly higher (P less than 0.025) left ventricular filing pressures as reflected by the diastolic pulmonary artery pressure in group 1 (29 +/- 5 mmHg) than in both group 2 (22 +/- 6 mmHg) and group 3 (22 +/- 5 mmHg). The rest-to-exercise change in left ventricular ejection fraction was variable and not significant in group 1 (62 +/- 6% vs 63 +/- 14%). By contrast, both group 2 and group 3 had significant increases (63 +/- 6% vs 69 +/- 10%, P less than 0.02 and 63 +/- 5% vs 68 +/- 5%, P less than 0.01). The classification as 'typical angina' was predictive of an abnormal (greater than 25 mmHg) filling-pressure response to stress. The positive and negative predictive values were 78% and 70%, respectively. The clinical classification was not a predictor of an abnormal (delta less than 5%) ejection-fraction response. No correlation between radionuclide and filling-pressure data could be established. The data suggest that the majority of patients assigned to group 1 manifested an impaired left ventricular function with exercise. This was primarily related to abnormalities in diastolic filling while the systolic performance was not consistently depressed.

Epirubicin cardiotoxicity: a study comparing low- with high-dose-intensity weekly schedules.

Epirubicin is one of the less cardiotoxic alternatives to doxorubicin. We were interested in studying the cardiotoxic effect of the total cumulative dose, and weekly schedules of low compared to high dose intensity. Fifty-seven patients were treated with different epirubicin-containing regimens. We confirm the classical notion that total cumulative doses of less than 600 mg/m2 do not induce significant cardiotoxicity, whereas doses above 600 mg/m2 are associated with a trend towards cardiotoxicity. Patients receiving a high weekly dose intensity (> 40 mg/m2), however, did have a significantly lower incidence of cardiotoxicity than those receiving a low dose intensity per week (< 40 mg/m2) (22.8% versus 50%; P < 0.05). We identified the association of a dose intensity of more than 40 mg m-2/ week-1 and a cumulative dose of 400-899 mg/m2 or a dose intensity of less that 40 mg m-2/week-1 and a cumulative dose of less than 400 mg/m2 to have the lowest incidence rate of cardiotoxicity. We conclude from this study that epirubicin in weekly schedules of high dose intensity is not more cardiotoxic than in weekly schedules of low dose intensity.

Limitations of radionuclide ventriculography in the non-invasive diagnosis of coronary artery disease. A correlation with right heart haemodynamic values during exercise.

A consecutive series of 56 patients with chest pain but no evidence of previous myocardial infarction was prospectively studied by radionuclide ventriculography to determine the value of global and regional radionuclide indices in detecting coronary artery disease. The results were correlated with the clinical judgment of chest pain, the results of the exercise electrocardiogram, and the right heart haemodynamic measurements during exercise. As a result of the criteria for entry, the study group was representative of the population seen in such a clinical setting. Only 25% of patients had coronary artery disease. The predictive power of radionuclide ventriculography was limited. The conventionally used criterion that normal subjects have an increase in left ventricular ejection fraction of at least 5% with exercise provided only 78% sensitivity and 57% specificity. Fourier analysis and visual interpretation of radionuclide studies wrongly diagnosed three out of 10 patients with extensive disease requiring surgery. These results suggest that radionuclide ventriculography is of limited value in the non-invasive diagnosis of coronary artery disease.

Protocols for selection of cardiac radionuclide studies for use as a data base of normal studies and typical patterns of diseases. COST B2 Working Group II, in association with relevant working/task groups of the European Association of Nuclear Medicine and the European Society of Cardiology.

A data base of clinical studies is required for quality assurance of software used for analysis of radionuclide cardiac imaging procedures. Studies used must be rigorously validated in terms of both the clinical condition of the patient undergoing the procedure and the imaging protocol used. Selection protocols for the creation of a software phantom data base of normal studies and three typical patterns of cardiac disease--recent transmural myocardial infarction, isolated myocardial ischaemia and dilated cardiomyopathy--have been developed by the Cardiac Working Group of the European COST B2 project in association with the Cardiac Task Group of the European Association of Nuclear Medicine and the Working Group on Nuclear Cardiology of the European Society of Cardiology. These protocols include criteria for the interpretation of qualitative and quantitative non-radionuclide data. Compliance of the clinical data with the selection criteria will have to pass scrutiny by an international team for each study used as a software phantom. The radionuclide studies encompass stress and rest myocardial perfusion studies (planar and single photon emission tomography) using thallium-201 and technetium-99m methoxyisobutylisonitrile and rest gated blood pool studies. Methods for acquisition of data are defined for each type of study and for each individual study a portfolio of all clinical data is established. A pilot study is required to investigate the problems and logistics of distributing clinical radionuclide studies between a range of computers and institutes, and to ascertain the procedures necessary for analytical comparison of the results obtained.