Correction to: Validity of anthropometric equations to estimate infant fat mass at birth and in early infancy.

Following the publication of article by Cauble et al. [1], typographical errors were discovered. The Lingwood et al. and Deierlein et al. equations were listed incorrectly. To avoid confusion to the readers, the authors propose to publish a correction. The errors and the corresponding corrections are shown below.

Plasmodium ovale Infection After One Year Mefloquine Prophylaxis in A Young Indonesian Soldier: A Case Report.

Malaria chemoprevention using mefloquine has become the WHO standard regimen for military personnel who stay in the endemic area for an extended period of time. We reported a case of Plasmodium ovale infection in a young Indonesian Soldier following one year mefloquine prophylaxis 250 mg weekly. Typical fever and chills were experienced two weeks after returning from one year duty in Congo, West-Central Africa. The diagnosis of ovale malaria was made by peripheral blood smear, and 35/250 parasites in small microscopic view was found. Then, he recovered after dihydroartemisin and primaquine combination therapy. This was an unusual case of long-term prophylaxis failure since mefloquine has been recognized as the agent for malaria prevention, even multi-drug-resistance Plasmodium. Dormant stage of Plasmodium ovale, quinoline-resistance potential, and the efficacy of mefloquine itself are discussed as the cause of that phenomenon.

Validity of anthropometric equations to estimate infant fat mass at birth and in early infancy.

BACKGROUND: In newborns and children, body fat estimation equations are often used at different ages than the age used to develop the equations. Limited validation studies exist for newborn body fat estimation equations at birth or later in infancy. The study purpose was to validate 4 newborn fat mass (FM) estimation equations in comparison to FM measured by air displacement plethysmography (ADP; the Pea Pod) at birth and 3 months. METHODS: Ninety-five newborns (1-3 days) had their body composition measured by ADP and anthropometrics assessed by skinfolds. Sixty-three infants had repeat measures taken (3 months). FM measured by ADP was compared to FM from the skinfold estimation equations (Deierlein, Catalano, Lingwood, and Aris). Paired t-tests assessed mean differences, linear regression assessed accuracy, precision was assessed by R2 and standard error of the estimate (SEE), and bias was assessed by Bland-Altman plots. RESULTS: At birth, FM measured by ADP differed from FM estimated by Deierlein, Lingwood and Aris equations, but did not differ from the Catalano equation. At 3 months, FM measured by ADP was different from all equations. At both time points, poor precision and accuracy was detected. Bias was detected in most all equations. CONCLUSIONS: Poor agreement, precision, and accuracy were found between prediction equations and the criterion at birth and 3 months.

Maternal Characteristics and Socio-Economic Factors as Determinants of Low Birth Weight in Indonesia: Analysis of 2017 Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS).

Although low birth weight (LBW) is still a major health problem in Indonesia, studies about determinants of LBW with large sample sizes are still limited. This study aimed to examine the association between LBW and maternal characteristics, as well as socio-economic backgrounds in Indonesia. A secondary analysis of 2017 Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS) was conducted, specifically using the questionnaires for women of childbearing age. A bivariate chi-square analysis and a multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed. As many as 6.7% of infants were born with LBW. In terms of maternal characteristics, women who gave birth to twins were 20.30 times more likely to have infants with LBW (p < 0.001). Women with birth intervals of <24 and ≥24 months were likely to have LBW infants (p < 0.05). Complications during pregnancy were also associated with LBW (1.99 times higher than women with no complications) (p < 0.001). In terms of socio-economic factors, women with higher education and higher wealth index were less likely to give birth to infants with LBW. Additionally, marital status and type of residence were also significantly associated with a higher risk of LBW. In conclusion, LBW was associated with maternal characteristics and socio-economic backgrounds among women of childbearing age in Indonesia, including twin births, birth interval, and pregnancy complications as well as educational attainment, wealth index, marital status, and type of residence.

Predictors of Poor Neonatal Outcomes among Pregnant Women in Indonesia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to examine the association between maternal health behaviors and neonatal outcomes among the Indonesian population. METHODS: Articles were collected from PubMed, EBSCO, ProQuest, DOAJ, and GARUDA. Funnel plots and Egger's tests analyzed indications of publication bias. A Mantel-Haenszel random-effects model was used to see the overall effect size of exposures on outcomes. Heterogeneity was seen based on I2. Data collected from articles included the author, year of publication, location of the study, study design, number of samples, risk factors, and effect sizes. RESULTS: We identified 24 relevant studies, including eight from the primary databases and 16 from an additional database. A total of 12 studies were included in the meta-analysis, examining the association between maternal health behaviors and neonatal outcomes. The pooled odds ratio (OR) for passive smoking and low-birth-weight (LBW) was 3.41 (95% CI: 1.75-6.63, I2 = 40%, four studies). The pooled OR for incomplete antenatal care (ANC) and LBW was 6.29 (95% CI: 2.11-18.82, I2 = 70%, four studies). The pooled OR for incomplete ANC and neonatal mortality was 2.59 (95% CI: 1.01-6.66, I2 = 93%, four studies). CONCLUSIONS: The results indicated that pregnant women with incomplete ANC had a higher risk of LBW and neonatal mortality, and those who were passively exposed to smoking had a higher risk of LBW. Further investigations are needed, considering the high heterogeneity found, and additional meta-analyses should be based on the variations of socio-demographic conditions.

Awareness about Anaemia and Weekly Iron-Folic Acid Supplementation (WIFAS) among School-Going Adolescent Girls and Parents in East Java and East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia.

Since 2016, Indonesia has been implementing a weekly iron-folic acid supplementation (WIFAS) program in two provinces for school going adolescent girls to reduce anaemia. This study aimed to explore the awareness and understanding of school-going adolescent girls and parents regarding anaemia and WIFAS. The study was conducted in 10 districts, each from East Java province and East Nusa Tenggara province. Twenty focused group discussions (FGDs) were conducted with school-going adolescent girls (n=174) and ten FGDs with parents (n=66). Also, in-depth interviews (IDIs) were conducted with school-going adolescent girls (n=20) and their parents (n=10) from 20 schools. All FGDs and IDIs were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed for themes using NVivo Pro 12 software. School going adolescent girls and parents had high levels of misinformation about anaemia and healthy nutritional practices, which were influenced by socio-cultural milieu and local dietary habits. Both parents and girls perceived low risk of anaemia for school-going adolescent girls. Girls stated that their parents' opinion about anaemia influenced their desire to consume iron supplements. In conclusion, girls and parents would benefit from increased access to information about anaemia risks and prevention, and the benefits of WIFAS for adolescent girls. Prevention of anemia should include relevant dietary guidance that considers their socio-cultural milieu and local dietary habits.

Coverage and Adherence of Weekly Iron Folic Acid Supplementation among School Going Adolescent Girls in Indonesia.

The Weekly Iron Folic Acid (WIFA) supplementation program for school going adolescent girls has been implemented by Indonesian Government since 2016. The objective of this study was to assess the coverage and adherence toward the WIFAS among school going adolescent girls, as part of a baseline assessment of the new intervention. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in East Java (EJ) and East Nusa Tenggara (ENT) in year 2018. The samples were drawn from 60 high schools from 20 districts. The data collection was done by using a semi-structured, self-administered questionnaire. RESULTS: The total number of respondents in EJ and ENT was 934 and 922 adolescent girls respectively, with a mean age of 17 y. The percentage of girls who reported to have received WIFAS tablet in the last six months was only 10% in ENT and 31% in EJ. The average number of WIFA tablet received was only 0.4-1.4 tablets and the average number of tablets consumed was only 0.4-0.7 tablet in the last 6 mo. Adolescent girls, who consumed at least 1 tablet was only 9% in ENT and 18% in EJ. The frequently causes of not consuming WIFA were that they forgot; did not think it was necessary; and were scared side effects. CONCLUSION: The coverage and adherence to WIFA program among school going adolescent girls in EJ and ENT provinces were low.

Needlestick and sharps injuries in an Indonesian tertiary teaching hospital from 2014 to 2017: a cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: Needlestick and sharps injuries among healthcare workers (HCWs) pose significant occupational health problems. We aim to provide incidence and other epidemiological aspects of needlestick and sharp injuries (NSSIs) among HCWs in a tertiary teaching hospital in Indonesia, to inform the evaluation of NSSIs prevention programme. METHODS: A cohort study was conducted at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital in Jakarta. We analysed data of the sharps injury programme at the hospital between January 2014 and December 2017. Incidence of NSSIs was calculated per 1000 person-years (1000-PY). RESULTS: Over the 4-year period, a total of 286 NSSIs were reported. The mean NSSIs incidence rate for 4 years was 13.3/1000-PY, peaking in 2015 (15.5/1000-PY) then decreasing afterward. Most NSSIs were experienced by nurses (42.7%), but the highest incidence was among midwives (18.9/1000-PY), followed by nurses, medical students and medical doctors (15.2/1000-PY, 12.6/1000-PY and 11.8/1000-PY, respectively). The devices causing the highest proportion of NSSIs were hollow-bore needles (66.8%), followed by suture needles (14.3%) and solid needles (10.8%). 9.4% of NSSIs were related to insulin pen injection. Of all the incidents, 31.3% occurred during surgical procedures, 25.9% during blood collections, 14.3% during administering injection of drugs and 13.3% during waste cleaning. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, this study showed varied incidences of NSSI among different occupations, with the highest among midwives and nurses. Many unsafe work practices still continue, which is of utmost concern. We suggest opportunities for prevention including training and cultivating safer workplace practices.

Programming of infant neurodevelopment by maternal obesity: potential role of maternal inflammation and insulin resistance.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Recent studies show that maternal obesity is associated with impaired offspring neurodevelopmental outcomes. The mechanism underlying the association is unclear. However, there is evidence to suggest a role for intra-uterine exposure to inflammation and insulin resistance (IR). We aimed to determine if maternal IR and inflammation were associated to fetal neurodevelopment as indicated by fetal heart rate variability (HRV), an index of fetal cardiac autonomic nervous system development. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: A total of 44 healthy maternal-fetal pairs (maternal pre-pregnancy BMI distribution: n=20 normal weight, 8 overweight, 16 obese) were analyzed. We assessed maternal inflammation (plasma IL-6 and TNF-α) and IR (HOMA index). Fetal HRV, a proxy for fetal neurodevelopment, was assessed using fetal magnetocardiogram at the 36th week of pregnancy. The relationships between maternal inflammation and IR with fetal HRV (SD1 and SD2) were estimated individually by Pearson bivariate correlations. RESULTS: No correlations were observed between the fetal HRV components with maternal HOMA-IR and maternal plasma levels of IL-6 and TNF-α (all p<0.05). However, the negative association between maternal TNF-α level and fetal SD2 approached significance (correlation coefficient=-0.29, 95% confidence interval=-0.62,-0.03, p=0.07). CONCLUSION: Maternal IR and inflammation during pregnancy were not associated with fetal cardiac autonomic nervous system development. Further studies with a larger sample size and more maternal inflammatory indicators are needed to explore these relationships.