De novo or recurrent glomerulonephritis and acute tubulointerstitial nephritis after COVID-19 vaccination: A report of six cases from a single center.

Billions of COVID-19 vaccine doses have been administered to combat the ongoing global pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2. While these vaccines are considered safe, with most adverse events being mild to moderate and transient, uncommon systemic side effects of the vaccines, including de novo or re-activation of various glomerular diseases have recently been observed. We report 6 patients who developed glomerular or acute tubulointerstitial disease shortly after receiving COVID-19 vaccinations. Five of these patients received mRNA vaccines (3 Moderna, 2 Pfizer-BioNTech) and 1 received adenovirus-26 vector vaccine (Johnson and Johnson/Janssen). Four of our patients developed de novo glomerulonephritis or acute tubulointerstitial nephritis (ATIN), while the other 2 had re-activation of prior glomerulonephritis. Two patients presented with acute kidney injury (AKI) characterized by severe ATIN. While both of them also had evidence of immune complex glomerular disease, ATIN was the dominant feature on the biopsies. Two other patients presented with high-grade proteinuria and AKI. Like the aforementioned patients, these patients had evidence of immune complex glomerular disease, but acute onset nephrotic syndrome was the leading clinical feature. Another patient presented with de novo myeloperoxidase-anti-neutrophil-cytoplasmic-antibody-associated pauci-immune crescentic glomerulonephritis. Yet another patient had re-activation of immunoglobulin-A glomerulonephritis that had been quiescent for several years prior to the vaccination. It is difficult to ascertain any causal relationship between COVID-19 vaccination and onset/recurrence of kidney diseases. However, vigilance about occurrence of such complications is imperative. Importantly, all our cases responded well to the immunosuppressive treatment.

Duration of action of sustained-release buprenorphine in 2 strains of mice.

Buprenorphine HCl is a common analgesic for laboratory mice undergoing surgical procedures. The documented duration of action of buprenorphine HCl is as short as 3 to 5 h in mice, potentially necessitating readministration for continued analgesia. A long-acting buprenorphine formulation would reduce handling-associated stress and provide uninterrupted analgesia. This study used the hot-plate assay to assess the antinociceptive effects of a single injection of sustained-release buprenorphine (bup-SR), buprenorphine-HCl (bup-HCl), and saline over 72 h in young adult male BALB/cJ and SWR/J mice. SWR/J mice had shorter baseline latencies than did BALB/cJ mice, possibly reflecting greater sensitivity to thermal nociception. Relative increase from baseline latency (% maximal possible effect) was significant for buprenorphine-SR at 2, 6, and 12 h compared with saline. According to results from a hot-plate assay, the analgesic efficacy of buprenorphine-SR appears to last at least 12 h in male BALB/cJ and SWR/J mice.