Icariin potentiates the antitumor activity of gemcitabine in gallbladder cancer by suppressing NF-κB.

AIM: Gemcitabine has been increasingly prescribed for the treatment of gallbladder cancer. However, the response rate is low. The aim of this study is to determine whether icariin, a flavonoid isolated from Epimedi herba, could potentiate the antitumor activity of gemcitabine in gallbladder cancer. METHODS: Human gallbladder carcinoma cell lines GBC-SD and SGC-996 were tested. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were analyzed using MTT assay and flow cytometry, respectively. The expression of apoptosis- and proliferation-related molecules was detected with Western blotting. Caspase-3 activity was analyzed using colorimetric assay, and NF-κB activity was measured with ELISA. A gallbladder cancer xenograft model was established in female BALB/c (nu/nu) mice. The mice were intraperitoneally administered gemcitabine (125 mg/kg) in combination with icariin (40 mg/kg) for 2 weeks. RESULTS: Icariin (40-160 µg/mL) dose-dependently suppressed cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in both GBC-SD and SGC-996 cells, with SGC-996 cells being less sensitive to the drug. Icariin (40 µg/mL) significantly enhanced the antitumor activity of gemcitabine (0.5 µmol/L) in both GBC-SD and SGC-996 cells. The mice bearing gallbladder cancer xenograft treated with gemcitabine in combination with icariin exhibited significantly smaller tumor size than the mice treated with either drug alone. In GBC-SD cells, icariin significantly inhibited both the constitutive and gemcitabine-induced NF-κB activity, enhanced caspase-3 activity, induced G(0)-G(1) phase arrest, and suppressed the expression of Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and surviving proteins. CONCLUSION: Icariin, by suppressing NF-κB activity, exerts antitumor activity, and potentiates the antitumor activity of gemcitabine in gallbladder cancer. Combined administration of gemcitabine and icariin may offer a better therapeutic option for the patients with gallbladder cancer.

Study on Efficacy and Safety of Low-Dose Apatinib Combined with Camrelizumab and SOX Regimen as First-Line Treatment of Locally Advanced and Unresectable Gastric/Gastroesophageal Junction Cancer: A Protocol for an Open-Label, Dose Escalation and Extension Phase Ib Clinical Trial.

BACKGROUND: The standard treatment for advanced gastric/gastroesophageal junction cancer (AGC/GEJC) is palliative chemotherapy combined with targeted therapy. The SOX regimen (S-1 plus oxaliplatin) is recommended as neoadjuvant or palliative first-line chemotherapy in Asian patients. Apatinib, an oral VEGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is associated with additional survival benefit as third- or subsequent-line therapy. However, the median overall survival time of AGC/GEJC is only 8-11 months in the West and 13-17 months in East Asia/Japan, even with the application of anti-angiogenic agents. Hence, the multimodal and individual management of patients is challenging standards to improve prognosis, including the preferential use of low-dose anti-angiogenic drugs and immunotherapy, as well as the application of multi-disciplinary treatment (MDT)-directed conversion therapy. METHODS/DESIGN: This single-center study was designed to combine low-dose apatinib with camrelizumab plus the SOX regimen in diagnosed potentially resectable and initially unresectable AGC/GEJC. This a prospective, open-label, single-arm, dose escalation and extension phase Ib clinical trial, conducted in Jiangsu Province Hospital, beginning from June 2020. All patients will first receive this combined regimen (3 weeks/cycle) for at most eight cycles, then apatinib and camrelizumab in maintenance therapy until disease progression, intolerable toxicity, death, a maximum 2 years of treatment or discontinuation for any reason. Follow-up and evaluation will be carried out regularly. If surgery is allowed by MDT discussions, oral apatinib will be discontinued during the last preoperative cycle. The primary endpoints are the objective response rate and maximum tolerated dose according to the Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors (RECIST) criteria (version 1.1) and the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) criteria (version 5.0). DISCUSSION: This study will assess the response and side effects of AGC/GEJC patients in the use of low-dose apatinib combined with camrelizumab and the SOX regimen, and this combined therapy is expected to be a feasible and optimized first-line treatment option. In addition, this study will provide robust evidence and novel ideas for conversion therapy. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ChiCTR.gov.cn: ChiCTR2000034109.

Hypermethylation of Syk gene in promoter region associated with oncogenesis and metastasis of gastric carcinoma.

AIM: To investigate the relationship between methylation of Syk (spleen tyrosine kinase) gene in promoter region and oncogenesis, metastasis of gastric carcinoma. The relation between silencing of the Syk gene and methylation of Syk promoter region was also studied. METHODS: By using methylation-specific PCR (MSP) technique, the methylation of Syk promoter region in specimens from 61 gastric cancer patients (tumor tissues and adjacent normal tissues) was detected. Meanwhile, RT-PCR was used to analyse syk expression exclusively. RESULTS: The expression of the Syk gene was detected in all normal gastric tissues. Syk expression in gastric carcinoma was lower in 14 out of 61 gastric cancer samples than in adjacent normal tissues (chi(2)=72.3, P<0.05). No methylation of Syk promoter was found in adjacent normal tissues. hypermethylation of Syk gene in promoter was detected 21 cases in 61 gastric carcinoma patients. The rate of methylation of Syk promoter in gastric carcinoma was higher than that in adjacent normal tissues (chi(2)=25.1, P<0.05). In 31 patients with lymph node metastasis, 17 were found with Syk promoter methylation. A significant difference was noted between two groups (chi(2)=11.4,P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Hypermethylation leads to silencing of the Syk gene in human gastric carcinoma. Methylation of Syk promoter is correlated to oncogenesis and metastasis of gastric carcinoma. Syk is considered to be a potential tumor suppressor and anti-metastasis gene in human gastric cancer.

Correlation of tumor-positive ratio and number of perigastric lymph nodes with prognosis of patients with surgically-removed gastric carcinoma.

AIM: To evaluate the tumor-positive ratio and number of perigastric lymph nodes as prognostic factors of gastric carcinoma in surgically-treated patients. METHODS: The postoperative survival of 169 patients with gastric cancer who were performed D2 curative gastrectomy was analyzed with regard to its lymph node metastasis ratio and number. Meanwhile correlation of tumor-positive ratio and number of perigastric lymph nodes with pathological parameters of these patients was studied. RESULTS: The overall 5-year survival rate of all the patients studied was 29.6%. The 5-year cumulative survival rate in patients with 1%-20% and more than 20% of tumor-positive lymph nodes was 70.6% and 12.0% respectively, and 46.6% and 17.4% in those with 1-5 and more than 5 of tumor-positive lymph nodes respectively, which were significantly decreased with the increment of involved lymph nodes assessed by either numbers or ratio (P<0.05). Multiple stepwise regression analysis showed that both the positive ratio and number of tumor-involved lymph nodes were sensitive prognostic factors in these surgically-treated patients, which were also significantly correlated with tumor size and depth of submucosal invasion (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Tumor-positive ratio and number of perigastric lymph nodes are associated with cancer progression and five-year survival rate, and may serve as valuable prognostic factors of gastric cancer in surgically-treated patients.

Association of VCAM-1 overexpression with oncogenesis, tumor angiogenesis and metastasis of gastric carcinoma.

AIM: To investigate the relationship between the expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and oncogenesis, tumor angiogenesis and metastasis in gastric carcinoma, and to evaluate the clinical significance of serum VCAM-1 levels in gastric cancer. METHODS: Specimens from 41 patients with gastric cancer, 8 patients with benign gastric ulcer, and 10 healthy subjects were detected for the expression of VCAM-1 by immunohistochemistry. Microvessel density (MVD) was measured by counting the endothelial cells immunostained with the monoclonal antibody CD34 at x200 magnification. Serum VCAM-1 concentrations were measured by an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay in the 41 gastric cancer patients before surgery, and at 7 days after surgery as well as in 25 healthy controls. The association between preoperative serum VCAM-1 levels and clinicopathological features, and their changes following surgery was evaluated. In addition, serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was also examined. RESULTS: Of the 41 gastric cancer tissues, 31 (75.6 %) were VCAM-1 positive. The VCAM-1 positive gastric cancers were more invasive and classified in the more advanced stage than the VCAM-1 negative ones. The VCAM-1 positive cancers were associated with more lymph node metastases than VCAM-1-negative ones (P<0.05). The expression of VCAM-1 was detected in tissues of two of the eight patients with gastric ulcer and two of the 10 healthy controls. The expression of VCAM-1 in gastric cancer patients was significantly more frequent than that in the healthy controls and ulcer group (both P<0.05). MVD in VCAM-1 expressing tissues was higher than that in VCAM-1 negative tissues (t=2.13,P<0.05). Serum VCAM-1 levels in gastric cancer patients were significantly higher than those in controls (t=3.4, P<0.05). There was a significant association between serum VCAM-1 levels and disease stage, as well as invasion depth of the tumor and the presence of distant metastases. The concentrations of serum CEA in gastric cancer were higher than normal controls. Both serum VCAM-1 and CEA levels decreased significantly after radical resection of the primary tumor (P<0.05). Furthermore, the serum levels of VCAM-1 were positively correlated with the expression of VCAM-1 in the tumor tissue (r=0.85, P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The expression of VCAM-1 is closely related to oncogenesis, tumor angiogenesis and metastasis in gastric carcinoma. Serum VCAM-1 level in gastric cancer patients is significantly increased compared with normal controls, which decreases significantly after radical resection of the primary tumor. The serum concentration of VCAM-1 may be considered as an effective marker of tumor burden of gastric cancer. Moreover, overexpression of VCAM-1 in gastric cancer tissue is likely a major source of serum VCAM-1.

[Hypermethylation of syk gene in promoter region is associated with oncogenesis, metastasis of breast carcinoma].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between methylation of syk (spleen tyrosine kinase) gene in promoter region and oncogenesis, metastasis in breast carcinoma. METHODS: Using RT-PCR technique, specimens from 40 breast cancer patients (tumor tissues, adjacent normal tissues), 15 fibroadenoma were detected for their expression of the syk gene. Meanwhile, Methylation-specific PCR was used to detect methylation of syk promoter region. RESULTS: The expression of syk gene were detected in normal breast tissues and fibroadenoma samples, 9 out of 40 breast carcinoma samples were found the expression of syk mRNA, syk expression in breast carcinoma was lower than that in adjacent normal tissues and fibroadenoma samples. No methylation of syk promoter was found in adjacent normal tissues and fibroadenoma samples, 17 cases in 40 breast carcinoma patients (42.5%) were detected hypermethylation of syk gene in promoter region, the rate of methylation of syk promoter in breast carcinoma was higher than that of in adjacent normal tissues (P < 0.05). In 18 cases with lymph node metastasis, 14 were found with syk promoter methylation. A significant difference was noted between two groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Hypermethylation leads to lose of the syk gene expression in human breast carcinoma. Methylation of syk promoter may be correlated to oncogenesis, metastasis of breast carcinoma.

[Expression of tyrosine kinase Syk in breast cancer and their clinical significance].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of the Syk mRNA expression in human breast cancer on tumor growth and metastasis, and to study the correlation of expression of the Syk gene with ER, PR, p53 and HER2/neu. METHODS: Specimens from 40 breast cancer patients (tumor tissues, adjacent normal tissues), 15 fibroadenoma were detected for their expression of the Syk gene and level of Syk mRNA by semi-RT-PCR technique. Meanwhile, ER, PR, p53, HER2/neu were detected in 40 tumor tissues from breast cancer with immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS: All normal breast tissues were detected the expression of the Syk gene. Unlike normal breast tissue, 31 out of 40 breast cancer tissue did not show any detectable Syk mRNA expression, there were significant difference in two groups (chi(2) = 47.4, P < 0.05). The level of Syk mRNA in the primary breast cancer tissues were significantly lower than that in the adjacent non-cancerous breast tissues (t = 3.41, P < 0.05). Furthermore, only one breast cancer tissue in 18 patients with lymph node metastasis had the Syk mRNA expression, the rate and level of Syk mRNA expression in the patients with lymph node metastasis were lower than those without lymph node metastasis (chi(2) = 3.77, P < 0.05, t = 2.74, P < 0.05). Syk expression was correlated to p53 expression. CONCLUSION: The expression of the Syk gene may play an important role in suppressing growth and metastasis of breast cancer.

Surgical outcomes for gastric cancer of a single institute in southeast China.

BACKGROUND: In recent years, with social and economic development and lifestyle changes, the incidence of gastric cancer as well as the surgical results and prognoses of patients with gastric cancer have changed significantly in southeast China. METHODS: A total of 1,451 patients were divided into 2 groups according to admission time periods. Trends in clinicopathologic characteristics and operative outcomes of these patients were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: The numbers of old and young patients were significantly increased in period 2 compared with period 1. Tumors located in the proximal stomach increased from 20.26% to 36.83%. The incidence of early gastric cancer was significantly increased from period 1 to period 2. Lymph node metastasis was seen more prevalently in period 2 than in period 1. The rate of operation-related major complications decreased from 5.23% to 1.43%. Operative mortality was .49% in period 1 and .24% in period 2. The 5-year survival rate increased from 38.40% to 53.99%. CONCLUSIONS: Early diagnosis, standardized surgical treatment including pertinent lymph node dissection, and better perioperative care notably improve the outcomes of patients with gastric cancer.

Reactivation of Syk gene by AZA suppresses metastasis but not proliferation of breast cancer cells.

Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) is reported to be involved in the suppression of proliferation and invasion of breast cancer. Methylation-mediated Syk gene silencing is found in a subset of breast cancer. In this study, we used a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, 5-aza-2-deoxycytidine (AZA), to restore Syk expression of breast cancer cells. Surprisingly, we found that AZA treatment could reestablish the expression of Syk, but not affect the proliferation of breast cancer cells. Moreover, tumor formation in situ by MDA-MB-435s treated with (+) or without (-) AZA in a nude mice MFP (Mammary fat pad) model did not show significant difference, too. Interestingly, pulmonary metastasis was still significantly suppressed in MDA-MB-435s(+) group (1/9 vs. 7/9). Our findings suggested Syk may be more correlated to metastasis rather than proliferation. This study implied a potential use of Syk methylation as a valuable biomarker to detect high metastatic potential cancerous lesions and the prospect of AZA to join the arsenal of drug candidates to be developed as a new reagent for management of advanced breast cancer.

[Effect of spleen tyrosine kinase expression re-activation by inhibition of DNA methylation on oncogenesis growth of gastric cancer].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effects of 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine on spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) expression by inhibition of DNA methylation and the effect of re-activation of Syk on oncogenesis of gastric cancer. METHODS: Syk mRNA of SGC7901, MGC803, MKN28 and MKN45 cell lines were analyzed by RT-PCR, and Syk methylation were detected by MSP. 5-aza-CDR was used to incubate with human gastric cancer cell line SGC7901, Methylation of Syk promoter region was detected by MSP and RT-PCR technique was used to detected Syk gene in the methylated and silenced Syk gene in the cell line SGC7901. Meanwhile, cell lines were inoculated into subcutaneous tissue of nude mice. RESULTS: No Syk mRNA were found in SGC7901 and MKN45 gastric cancer cell lines, but methylation of Syk were detected in those cell lines. No methylation of Syk promoter region was found and Syk gene was detected in the Syk-negative cell line SGC7901 after incubated with 5-aza-CDR. Of 10 nude mice which were inoculated SGC7901(Syk(+)), 3 were observed macroscopic tumor 8 weeks after the injection. On contrast, tumors were found in 10 nude mice which were inoculated SGC7901 (Syk(-)) 8 weeks after the injection, a significant difference was noted between the two groups (chi (2)=7.91, P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Syk gene is re-expressed in the cell line SGC7901 by demethylation with 5-aza-CDR. Syk gene re-expression suppress the malignant oncogenesis and growth of human gastric cancer.