Proteogenomic analysis of chemo-refractory high-grade serous ovarian cancer.

To improve the understanding of chemo-refractory high-grade serous ovarian cancers (HGSOCs), we characterized the proteogenomic landscape of 242 (refractory and sensitive) HGSOCs, representing one discovery and two validation cohorts across two biospecimen types (formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded and frozen). We identified a 64-protein signature that predicts with high specificity a subset of HGSOCs refractory to initial platinum-based therapy and is validated in two independent patient cohorts. We detected significant association between lack of Ch17 loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and chemo-refractoriness. Based on pathway protein expression, we identified 5 clusters of HGSOC, which validated across two independent patient cohorts and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models. These clusters may represent different mechanisms of refractoriness and implicate putative therapeutic vulnerabilities.

Autoantibodies, antigen-autoantibody complexes and antigens complement CA125 for early detection of ovarian cancer.

BACKGROUND: Multiple antigens, autoantibodies (AAb), and antigen-autoantibody (Ag-AAb) complexes were compared for their ability to complement CA125 for early detection of ovarian cancer. METHODS: Twenty six biomarkers were measured in a single panel of sera from women with early stage (I-II) ovarian cancers (n = 64), late stage (III-IV) ovarian cancers (186), benign pelvic masses (200) and from healthy controls (502), and then split randomly (50:50) into a training set to identify the most promising classifier and a validation set to compare its performance to CA125 alone. RESULTS: Eight biomarkers detected ≥ 8% of early stage cases at 98% specificity. A four-biomarker panel including CA125, HE4, HE4 Ag-AAb and osteopontin detected 75% of early stage cancers in the validation set from among healthy controls compared to 62% with CA125 alone (p = 0.003) at 98% specificity. The same panel increased sensitivity for distinguishing early-stage ovarian cancers from benign pelvic masses by 25% (p = 0.0004) at 95% specificity. From 21 autoantibody candidates, 3 AAb (anti-p53, anti-CTAG1 and annt-Il-8) detected 22% of early stage ovarian cancers, potentially lengthening lead time prior to diagnosis. CONCLUSION: A four biomarker panel achieved greater sensitivity at the same specificity for early detection of ovarian cancer than CA125 alone.

Cancer case trends following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic: A community-based observational study with extended follow-up.

BACKGROUND: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has impacted health care delivery worldwide. Cancer is a leading cause of death, and the impact of the pandemic on cancer diagnoses is an important public health concern. METHODS: This cross-sectional study retrospectively analyzed the electronic medical records of 80,138 cancer patients diagnosed between January 1, 2019, and May 31, 2021. Outcome measures included weekly number of new cancer cases and trends in weekly cancer cases, before and after the pandemic; patient demographics; and positive COVID-19 test rates. RESULTS: Beginning March 4, 2020, defined as the onset of the pandemic, weekly cancer cases declined precipitously (-110.0 cases per week [95% confidence interval, -190.2 to -29.8]) for 4 weeks, followed by a moderate recovery (+23.7 cases per week [9.1 to 38.4]) of 10 weeks duration. Thereafter, weekly cancer cases trended slowly back toward pre-COVID-19 baseline levels. Following the pandemic onset, there was a cumulative year-over-year decline in cancer cases overall of 7.3%, including a 20.2%, 14.3%, and 12.8% decline in nonmelanoma skin cancer, breast cancer, and prostate cancer, respectively. Changes in case volumes were accompanied by variations in patient characteristics, including region, age, gender, race, insurance coverage, and COVID-19 positive test rates (P < .01 for all). Among patients tested for COVID-19, 5.3% had a positive result. CONCLUSIONS: The data in this study demonstrate a substantial reduction in cancer diagnoses following the onset of COVID-19, which appear to reach expected pre-COVID norms 12 months later. The largest reduction was noted among cancers that are typically screen-detected or identified as part of a routine wellness examination.

Phase Ib with expansion study of olaparib plus weekly (Metronomic) carboplatin and paclitaxel in relapsed ovarian cancer patients.

OBJECTIVE: Our goals were to: establish the maximum-tolerated dose of olaparib tablets combined with metronomic carboplatin and paclitaxel in patients with relapsed high-grade serous ovarian cancer; evaluate dose-limiting toxicities; and evaluate efficacy at the maximum tolerated dose. METHODS: In this open-label, single-arm, investigator-initiated trial (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01650376), patients with high-grade serous ovarian cancer who failed primary platinum and taxane therapy received oral olaparib tablets twice daily days 1-3 each week combined with fixed-dose metronomic carboplatin AUC2 and paclitaxel 60 mg/m2 weekly for 3 out of 4 weeks. A 3 × 3 design was used to determine the olaparib maximum tolerated dose. Combination therapy continued until disease progression, but patients with partial or complete response were transitioned to olaparib maintenance therapy. All patients were included in the analysis. RESULTS: The maximum tolerated dose of olaparib tablets was 150 mg twice daily with metronomic carboplatin and paclitaxel. 54 women were enrolled, 14 in phase Ib and 40 in the expansion phase. The median number of prior therapeutic regimens was 3. Response included 13 complete remission (24%) and 16 partial remission (30%) per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors version 1.1 (RECIST 1.1) for an overall response rate of 54% (95% CI 40% to 67%). Of 47 patients who underwent BRCA testing, 23 were BRCA mutation (BRCAm) and 24 B RCA wild type (BRCAwt). Progression-free survival for BRCAm was 12.1 months versus 4.8 for BRCAwt (p=0.0001). Median overall survival for BRCAm was 24.1 months versus 10.4 months for BRCAwt (p=0.02). 42 patients (78%) experienced grade 3-4 toxicities with combination therapy; the most common were hematologic. There were no treatment related deaths. Among 14 patients who received maintenance therapy, 7 experienced grade 1-2 non-hematologic toxicities. CONCLUSIONS: Olaparib 150 mg tablet twice daily can be safely administered in combination with metronomic carboplatin and paclitaxel in pre-treated relapsed ovarian cancer with 24% complete remission. BRCAm patients had statistically significant longer progression-free survival and overall survival than BRCAwt. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT01650376.

Studies on the Interaction of Tumor-Derived HD5 Alpha Defensins with Adenoviruses and Implications for Oncolytic Adenovirus Therapy.

Defensins are small antimicrobial peptides capable of neutralizing human adenovirus (HAdV) in vitro by binding capsid proteins and blocking endosomal escape of virus. In humans, the alpha defensin HD5 is produced by specialized epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal and genito-urinary tracts. Here, we demonstrate, using patient biopsy specimens, that HD5 is also expressed as an active, secreted peptide by epithelial ovarian and lung cancer cells in situ This finding prompted us to study the role of HD5 in infection and spread of replication-competent, oncolytic HAdV type 3 (HAdV3). HAdV3 produces large amounts of penton-dodecahedra (PtDd), virus-like particles, during replication. We have previously shown that PtDd are involved in opening epithelial junctions, thus facilitating lateral spread of de novo-produced virions. Here, we describe a second function of PtDd, namely, the blocking of HD5. A central tool to prove that viral PtDd neutralize HD5 and support spread of progeny virus was an HAdV3 mutant virus in which formation of PtDd was disabled (mut-Ad3GFP, where GFP is green fluorescent protein). We demonstrated that viral spread of mut-Ad3GFP was blocked by synthetic HD5 whereas that of the wild-type (wt) form (wt-Ad3GFP) was only minimally impacted. In human colon cancer Caco-2 cells, induction of cellular HD5 expression by fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF9) significantly inhibited viral spread and progeny virus production of mut-Ad3GFP but not of wt-Ad3GFP. Finally, the ectopic expression of HD5 in tumor cells diminished the in vivo oncolytic activity of mut-Ad3GFP but not of wt-Ad3GFP. These data suggest a new mechanism of HAdV3 to overcome innate antiviral host responses. Our study has implications for oncolytic adenovirus therapy.IMPORTANCE Previously, it has been reported that human defensin HD5 inactivates specific human adenoviruses by binding to capsid proteins and blocking endosomal escape of virus. The central new findings described in our manuscript are the following: (i) the discovery of a new mechanism used by human adenovirus serotype 3 to overcome innate antiviral host responses that is based on the capacity of HAdV3 to produce subviral penton-dodecahedral particles that act as decoys for HD5, thus preventing the inactivation of virus progeny produced upon replication; (ii) the demonstration that ectopic HD5 expression in cancer cells decreases the oncolytic efficacy of a serotype 5-based adenovirus vector; and (iii) the demonstration that epithelial ovarian and lung cancers express HD5. The study improves our understanding of how adenoviruses establish infection in epithelial tissues and has implications for cancer therapy with oncolytic adenoviruses.

Targeted single molecule mutation detection with massively parallel sequencing.

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have transformed genomic research and have the potential to revolutionize clinical medicine. However, the background error rates of sequencing instruments and limitations in targeted read coverage have precluded the detection of rare DNA sequence variants by NGS. Here we describe a method, termed CypherSeq, which combines double-stranded barcoding error correction and rolling circle amplification (RCA)-based target enrichment to vastly improve NGS-based rare variant detection. The CypherSeq methodology involves the ligation of sample DNA into circular vectors, which contain double-stranded barcodes for computational error correction and adapters for library preparation and sequencing. CypherSeq is capable of detecting rare mutations genome-wide as well as those within specific target genes via RCA-based enrichment. We demonstrate that CypherSeq is capable of correcting errors incurred during library preparation and sequencing to reproducibly detect mutations down to a frequency of 2.4 × 10(-7) per base pair, and report the frequency and spectra of spontaneous and ethyl methanesulfonate-induced mutations across the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome.

The effect of referral for genetic counseling on genetic testing and surgical prevention in women at high risk for ovarian cancer: Results from a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Guidelines recommend genetic counseling and testing for women who have a pedigree suggestive of an inherited susceptibility for ovarian cancer. The authors evaluated the effect of referral to genetic counseling on genetic testing and prophylactic oophorectomy in a randomized controlled trial. METHODS: Data from an electronic mammography reporting system identified 12,919 women with a pedigree that included breast cancer, of whom 625 were identified who had a high risk for inherited susceptibility to ovarian cancer using a risk-assessment questionnaire. Of these, 458 women provided informed consent and were randomized 1:1 to intervention consisting of a genetic counseling referral (n = 228) or standard clinical care (n = 230). RESULTS: Participants were predominantly aged 45 to 65 years, and 30% and 20% reported a personal history of breast cancer or a family history of ovarian cancer, respectively. Eighty-five percent of women in the intervention group participated in a genetic counseling session. Genetic testing was reported by 74 (33%) and 20 (9%) women in the intervention and control arms (P < .005), respectively. Five women in the intervention arm and 2 in the control arm were identified as germline mutation carriers. Ten women in the intervention arm and 3 in the control arm underwent prophylactic bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Routine referral of women at high risk for ovarian cancer to genetic counseling promotes genetic testing and prophylactic surgery. The findings from the current randomized controlled trial demonstrate the value of implementing strategies that target women at high risk for ovarian cancer to ensure they are offered access to recommended care. CA Cancer J Clin 2016. © 2016 American Cancer Society, Inc. Cancer 2016;122:3509-3518. © 2016 American Cancer Society.

Identification of novel candidate plasma metabolite biomarkers for distinguishing serous ovarian carcinoma and benign serous ovarian tumors.

OBJECTIVE: Serous ovarian carcinoma (OC) represents a leading cause of cancer-related death among U.S. women. Non-invasive tools have recently emerged for discriminating benign from malignant ovarian masses, but evaluation remains ongoing, without widespread implementation. In the last decade, metabolomics has matured into a new avenue for cancer biomarker development. Here, we sought to identify novel plasma metabolite biomarkers to distinguish serous ovarian carcinoma and benign serous ovarian tumor. METHODS: Using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, we conducted global and targeted metabolite profiling of plasma isolated at the time of surgery from 50 serous OC cases and 50 serous benign controls. RESULTS: Global lipidomics analysis identified 34 metabolites (of 372 assessed) differing significantly (P<0.05) between cases and controls in both training and testing sets, with 17 candidates satisfying FDR q<0.05, and two reaching Bonferroni significance. Targeted profiling of ~150 aqueous metabolites identified a single amino acid, alanine, as differentially abundant (P<0.05). A multivariate classification model built using the top four lipid metabolites achieved an estimated AUC of 0.85 (SD=0.07) based on Monte Carlo cross validation. Evaluation of a hybrid model incorporating both CA125 and lipid metabolites was suggestive of increased classification accuracy (AUC=0.91, SD=0.05) relative to CA125 alone (AUC=0.87, SD=0.07), particularly at high fixed levels of sensitivity, without reaching significance. CONCLUSIONS: Our results provide insight into metabolic changes potentially correlated with the presence of serous OC versus benign ovarian tumor and suggest that plasma metabolites may help differentiate these two conditions.

Identifying post-menopausal women at elevated risk for epithelial ovarian cancer.

OBJECTIVE: We developed and validated a hybrid risk classifier combining serum markers and epidemiologic risk factors to identify post-menopausal women at elevated risk for invasive fallopian tube, primary peritoneal, and ovarian epithelial carcinoma. METHODS: To select epidemiologic risk factors for use in the classifier, Cox proportional hazards analyses were conducted using 74,786 Women's Health Initiative (WHI) Observational Study (OS) participants. To construct a combination classifier, 210 WHI OS cases and 536 matched controls with serum marker measurements were analyzed; validation employed 143 cases and 725 matched controls from the WHI Clinical Trial (CT) with similar data. RESULTS: Analyses identified a combination risk classifier composed of two elevated-risk groups: 1) women with CA125 or HE4 exceeding a 98% specificity threshold; and 2) women with intact fallopian tubes, prior use of menopausal hormone therapy for at least two years, and either a first degree relative with breast or ovarian cancer or a personal history of breast cancer. In the WHI OS population, it classified 13% of women as elevated risk, identifying 30% of ovarian cancers diagnosed up to 7.8years post-enrollment (Hazard Ratio [HR]=2.6, p<0.001). In the WHI CT validation population, it classified 8% of women as elevated risk, identifying 31% of cancers diagnosed within 7years of enrollment (HR=4.6, p<0.001). CONCLUSION: CA125 and HE4 contributed significantly to a risk prediction classifier combining serum markers with epidemiologic risk factors. The hybrid risk classifier may be useful to identify post-menopausal women who would benefit from timely surgical intervention to prevent epithelial ovarian cancer.

ESRRA-C11orf20 is a recurrent gene fusion in serous ovarian carcinoma.

Every year, ovarian cancer kills approximately 14,000 women in the United States and more than 140,000 women worldwide. Most of these deaths are caused by tumors of the serous histological type, which is rarely diagnosed before it has disseminated. By deep paired-end sequencing of mRNA from serous ovarian cancers, followed by deep sequencing of the corresponding genomic region, we identified a recurrent fusion transcript. The fusion transcript joins the 5' exons of ESRRA, encoding a ligand-independent member of the nuclear-hormone receptor superfamily, to the 3' exons of C11orf20, a conserved but uncharacterized gene located immediately upstream of ESRRA in the reference genome. To estimate the prevalence of the fusion, we tested 67 cases of serous ovarian cancer by RT-PCR and sequencing and confirmed its presence in 10 of these. Targeted resequencing of the corresponding genomic region from two fusion-positive tumor samples identified a nearly clonal chromosomal rearrangement positioning ESRRA upstream of C11orf20 in one tumor, and evidence of local copy number variation in the ESRRA locus in the second tumor. We hypothesize that the recurrent novel fusion transcript may play a role in pathogenesis of a substantial fraction of serous ovarian cancers and could provide a molecular marker for detection of the cancer. Gene fusions involving adjacent or nearby genes can readily escape detection but may play important roles in the development and progression of cancer.

Outcome of unexpected adnexal neoplasia discovered during risk reduction salpingo-oophorectomy in women with germ-line BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations.

OBJECTIVE: This study computed the risk of clinically silent adnexal neoplasia in women with germ-line BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations (BRCA(m+)) and determined recurrence risk. METHODS: We analyzed risk reduction salpingo-oophorectomies (RRSOs) from 349 BRCA(m+) women processed by the SEE-FIM protocol and addressed recurrence rates for 29 neoplasms from three institutions. RESULTS: Nineteen neoplasms (5.4%) were identified at one institution, 9.2% of BRCA1 and 3.4% of BRCA2 mutation-positive women. Fourteen had a high-grade tubal intraepithelial neoplasm (HGTIN, 74%). Mean age (54.4) was higher than the BRCA(m+) cohort without neoplasia (47.8) and frequency increased with age (p < 0.001). Twenty-nine BRCA(m+) patients with neoplasia from three institutions were followed for a median of 5 years (1-8 years.). One of 11 with HGTIN alone (9%) recurred at 4 years, in contrast to 3 of 18 with invasion or involvement of other sites (16.7%). All but two are currently alive. Among the 29 patients in the three institution cohort, mean ages for HGTIN and advanced disease were 49.2 and 57.7 (p = 0.027). CONCLUSIONS: Adnexal neoplasia is present in 5-6% of RRSOs, is more common in women with BRCA1 mutations, and recurs in 9% of women with HGTIN alone. The lag in time from diagnosis of the HGTIN to pelvic recurrence (4 years) and differences in mean age between HGTIN and advanced disease (8.5 years) suggest an interval of several years from the onset of HGTIN until pelvic cancer develops. However, some neoplasms occur in the absence of HGTIN.

High-throughput sequencing of T-cell receptors reveals a homogeneous repertoire of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes in ovarian cancer.

The cellular adaptive immune system mounts a response to many solid tumours mediated by tumour-infiltrating T lymphocytes (TILs). Basic measurements of these TILs, including total count, show promise as prognostic markers for a variety of cancers, including ovarian and colorectal. In addition, recent therapeutic advances are thought to exploit this immune response to effectively fight melanoma, with promising studies showing efficacy in additional cancers. However, many of the basic properties of TILs are poorly understood, including specificity, clonality, and spatial heterogeneity of the T-cell response. We utilize deep sequencing of rearranged T-cell receptor beta (TCRB) genes to characterize the basic properties of TILs in ovarian carcinoma. Due to somatic rearrangement during T-cell development, the TCR beta chain sequence serves as a molecular tag for each T-cell clone. Using these sequence tags, we assess similarities and differences between infiltrating T cells in discretely sampled sections of large tumours and compare to T cells from peripheral blood. Within the limits of sensitivity of our assay, the TIL repertoires show strong similarity throughout each tumour and are distinct from the circulating T-cell repertoire. We conclude that the cellular adaptive immune response within ovarian carcinomas is spatially homogeneous and distinct from the T-cell compartment of peripheral blood.

An integrative genomic approach identifies p73 and p63 as activators of miR-200 microRNA family transcription.

Although microRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators of gene expression, the transcriptional regulation of miRNAs themselves is not well understood. We employed an integrative computational pipeline to dissect the transcription factors (TFs) responsible for altered miRNA expression in ovarian carcinoma. Using experimental data and computational predictions to define miRNA promoters across the human genome, we identified TFs with binding sites significantly overrepresented among miRNA genes overexpressed in ovarian carcinoma. This pipeline nominated TFs of the p53/p63/p73 family as candidate drivers of miRNA overexpression. Analysis of data from an independent set of 253 ovarian carcinomas in The Cancer Genome Atlas showed that p73 and p63 expression is significantly correlated with expression of miRNAs whose promoters contain p53/p63/p73 family binding sites. In experimental validation of specific miRNAs predicted by the analysis to be regulated by p73 and p63, we found that p53/p63/p73 family binding sites modulate promoter activity of miRNAs of the miR-200 family, which are known regulators of cancer stem cells and epithelial-mesenchymal transitions. Furthermore, in chromatin immunoprecipitation studies both p73 and p63 directly associated with the miR-200b/a/429 promoter. This study delineates an integrative approach that can be applied to discover transcriptional regulatory mechanisms in other biological settings where analogous genomic data are available.

A metabolite-based liquid biopsy for detection of ovarian cancer.

Serial CA125 and second line transvaginal ultrasound (TVS) screening in the UKCTOCS indicated a shift towards detection of earlier stage ovarian cancer (OvCa), but did not yield a significant mortality reduction. There remains a need to establish additional biomarkers that can complement CA125 for even earlier and at a larger proportion of new cases. Using a cohort of plasma samples from 219 OvCa cases (59 stage I/II and 160 stage III/IV) and 409 female controls and a novel Sensitivity Maximization At A Given Specificity (SMAGS) method, we developed a blood-based metabolite-based test consisting of 7 metabolites together with CA125 for detection of OvCa. At a 98.5% specificity cutpoint, the metabolite test achieved sensitivity of 86.2% for detection of early-stage OvCa and was able to capture 64% of the cases with low CA125 levels (< 35 units/mL). In an independent test consisting of 65 early-stage OvCa cases and 141 female controls, the metabolite panel achieved sensitivity of 73.8% at a 91.4% specificity and captured 13 (44.8%) out of 29 early-stage cases with CA125 levels < 35 units/mL. The metabolite test has utility for ovarian cancer screening, capable of improving upon CA125 for detection of early-stage disease.

Pertuzumab Plus Trastuzumab in Patients With Endometrial Cancer With ERBB2/3 Amplification, Overexpression, or Mutation: Results From the TAPUR Study.

PURPOSE: The TAPUR Study is a pragmatic basket trial evaluating antitumor activity of commercially available targeted agents in patients with advanced cancers harboring potentially actionable genomic alterations. Data from a cohort of patients with endometrial cancer (EC) with ERBB2 or ERBB3 (ERBB2/3) amplification, overexpression, or mutation treated with pertuzumab plus trastuzumab (P + T) are reported. METHODS: Eligible patients had advanced EC, no standard treatment options, measurable disease (RECIST v1.1), Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status 0-2, adequate organ function, and tumors with ERBB2/3 amplification, overexpression, or mutation. Simon's two-stage design was used with a primary end point of disease control (DC), defined as objective response (OR) or stable disease (SD) of at least 16 weeks (SD16+) duration. Secondary end points include safety, duration of response, duration of SD, progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS). RESULTS: Twenty-eight patients were enrolled from March 2017 to November 2019; all patients were evaluable for efficacy and toxicity. Seventeen patients had tumors with ERBB2/3 amplification and/or overexpression, eight with both ERBB2 amplification and ERBB2/3 mutations, and three with only ERBB2 mutations. Ten patients had DC (two partial response and eight SD16+); all 10 had ERBB2 amplification, and 6 of the 10 patients with DC had >1 ERBB2/3 alteration. DC and OR rates were 37% (95% CI, 21 to 50) and 7% (95% CI, 1 to 24), respectively; the median PFS and median OS were 16 weeks (95% CI, 10-28) and 61 weeks (95% CI, 24-105), respectively. One patient experienced a grade 3 serious adverse event (muscle weakness) at least possibly related to P + T. CONCLUSION: P + T has antitumor activity in heavily pretreated patients with EC with ERBB2 amplification and warrants additional study.

Prophylactic oophorectomy rates in relation to a guideline update on referral to genetic counseling.

OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine whether prophylactic oophorectomy rates changed after the introduction of a 2007 health plan clinical guideline recommending systematic referral to a genetic counselor for women with a personal or family history suggestive of an inherited susceptibility to breast/ovarian cancer. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of female members of Group Health, an integrated delivery system in Washington State. Subjects were women aged ≥ 35 years during 2004-2009 who reported a personal or family history consistent with an inherited susceptibility to breast/ovarian cancer. Personal and family history information was collected on a questionnaire completed when the women had a mammogram. We ascertained oophorectomies from automated claims data and determined whether surgeries were prophylactic by medical chart review. Rates were age-adjusted and age-adjusted incidence rate ratios (IRR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were computed using Poisson regression. RESULTS: Prophylactic oophorectomy rates were relatively unchanged after compared to before the guideline change, 1.0 versus 0.8/1000 person-years, (IRR=1.2; 95% CI: 0.7-2.0), whereas bilateral oophorectomy rates for other indications decreased. Genetic counseling receipt rates doubled after the guideline change (95% CI: 1.7-2.4) from 5.1 to 10.2/1000 person-years. During the study, bilateral oophorectomy rates were appreciably greater in women who saw a genetic counselor compared to those who did not regardless of whether they received genetic testing as part of their counseling. CONCLUSION: A doubling in genetic counseling receipt rates lends support to the idea that the guideline issuance contributed to sustained rates of prophylactic oophorectomies in more recent years.

Evaluation of ovarian cancer remission markers HE4, MMP7 and Mesothelin by comparison to the established marker CA125.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate and compare the effectiveness of CA125, HE4, Mesothelin and MMP7 marker levels to monitor ovarian cancer patients after surgery and chemotherapy. Evaluate the lead time of a rise of marker levels before recurrence. METHODS: The study consists of 23 patients with advanced stage ovarian/fallopian tube cancer. Blood was drawn after front line surgery and chemotherapy treatment and at 3 month intervals thereafter. One patient had chemoresistant disease, two patients remained in remission and 20 patients had recurring disease and were used for marker evaluation. RESULTS: In five patients HE4 was the only marker to elevate before recurrence with a lead time of up to 4½ months including one patient who did not have a CA125 response at all. In a further two patients, HE4 increased before CA125 did. In four of these seven patients, HE4 levels were consistently at or above threshold during remission when both CA125 and imaging results were negative. MMP7 elevated before recurrence in one patient who was negative for the other markers. Mesothelin elevated in two patients who were also positive for CA125 and HE4. CONCLUSIONS: HE4 can predict ovarian cancer recurrence earlier than CA125 and it can be elevated in patients that do not express CA125 at sufficient levels to make a clinical decision. MMP7 and Mesothelin have lower potential as markers for ovarian cancer recurrence to complement CA125. A failure of HE4 levels to normalize at completion of standard therapy may indicate a poor prognosis.

Involvement in decision-making about treatment and ovarian cancer survivor quality of life.

PURPOSE: This study sought to better understand the long-term effects on women's health related quality of life (HRQOL) of involvement in decision-making about their surgical and chemotherapeutic treatments for ovarian cancer treatment and about follow-up care after treatment. METHODS: Using a cross-sectional survey design, a sample of 219 ovarian cancer patient/survivors from Western Washington who were between 3 months and ten years post-diagnosis were recruited via a mailed survey sent by their gynecological oncologist and interviewed about their ovarian cancer treatment, use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM), Health related quality of life, and their involvement in decision-making about their cancer treatment and follow-up care. RESULTS: Multivariate regression analyses revealed age, but not stage of cancer to be a significant predictor of perceived involvement in decision-making about ovarian cancer treatment and follow-up. Age also predicted CAM use with older patients using herbal CAM, and younger patients using CAM activities and CAM providers (p<0.5). Controlling for demographic, disease, and treatment characteristics involvement in decision-making about surgery and follow-up care were associated with better mental health in survivorship (p<0.05). Involvement in decision-making about use of CAM and about lifestyle health changes was associated with greater vitality and better role-emotional health in survivorship (respectively; both; p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: As has been found in studies of breast cancer survivors, perceived involvement in decision-making about ovarian cancer treatment including surgery and follow-up care after treatment is associated with better quality of life for cancer survivors. Involvement in decision-making about the use of CAM and about changes in lifestyle health practices also appear to help survivor's emotional health related quality of life. Prospective studies are needed to determine the mechanisms by which perceived involvement in decision-making about treatment might influence survivor quality of life.

A phase II evaluation of aflibercept in the treatment of recurrent or persistent endometrial cancer: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study.

OBJECTIVES: Aflibercept targets vascular endothelial growth factor and placental growth factor. We evaluated activity and toxicity of aflibercept in recurrent/persistent endometrial cancer patients. Biomarkers and association with clinical characteristics and outcome were explored. METHODS: Eligible patients had measurable disease; 1-2 prior cytotoxic regimens; performance status 0-2. Aflibercept 4 mg/kg IV q14 days (28-day cycles) was administered until disease progression or prohibitive toxicity. Primary endpoints were the proportion of patients with progression-free survival at 6 months (PFS6) and tumor response rate. A flexible two-stage group sequential design to detect 20% increases in the proportion of patients responding or enduring PFS6 with 90% power (α=10%) was employed. RESULTS: Forty-nine patients were enrolled; five were excluded: wrong primary (2), second primary (1), wrong cell type (1); and never treated (1). Median age was 64 (range 48-83). Eighteen patients (41%) had two prior regimens; 27 (61%) had prior radiation. The PFS6 rate was 41%; three patients (7%, 90% CI: 2-17) had partial response. Of note, 10 patients (23%) met the PFS6 endpoint without starting a subsequent therapy; the remaining eight patients discontinued therapy for toxicity and started another therapy before 6 months elapsed. Median PFS and overall survival were 2.9 months and 14.6 months, respectively. Significant grade 3/4 toxicities were: cardiovascular (23%/5%), constitutional (7%/0), hemorrhage (2%/5%), metabolic (7%/2%), and pain (18%/0). Two treatment-related deaths were recorded: GI perforation (1), and arterial rupture (1). FGF1 expression was associated with response. CONCLUSIONS: Aflibercept met pretrial activity parameters, but was associated with significant toxicity at this dose and schedule in this population.