Organic Vapor Sensing Mechanisms by Large-Area Graphene Back-Gated Field-Effect Transistors under UV Irradiation.

The gas sensing properties of graphene back-gated field-effect transistor (GFET) sensors toward acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran, and chloroform vapors were investigated with the focus on unfolding possible gas detection mechanisms. The FET configuration of the sensor device enabled gate voltage tuning for enhanced measurements of changes in DC electrical characteristics. Electrical measurements were combined with a fluctuation-enhanced sensing methodology and intermittent UV irradiation. Distinctly different features in 1/f noise spectra for the organic gases measured under UV irradiation and in the dark were observed. The most intense response observed for tetrahydrofuran prompted the decomposition of the DC characteristic, revealing the photoconductive and photogating effect occurring in the graphene channel with the dominance of the latter. Our observations shed light on understanding surface processes at the interface between graphene and volatile organic compounds for graphene-based sensors in ambient conditions that yield enhanced sensitivity and selectivity.

Double-Quantum-Well AlGaN/GaN Field Effect Transistors with Top and Back Gates: Electrical and Noise Characteristics.

AlGaN/GaN fin-shaped and large-area grating gate transistors with two layers of two-dimensional electron gas and a back gate were fabricated and studied experimentally. The back gate allowed reducing the subthreshold leakage current, improving the subthreshold slope and adjusting the threshold voltage. At a certain back gate voltage, transistors operated as normally-off devices. Grating gate transistors with a high gate area demonstrated little subthreshold leakage current, which could be further reduced by the back gate. The low frequency noise measurements indicated identical noise properties and the same trap density responsible for noise when the transistors were controlled by either top or back gates. This result was explained by the tunneling of electrons to the traps in AlGaN as the main noise mechanism. The trap density extracted from the noise measurements was similar or less than that reported in the majority of publications on regular AlGaN/GaN transistors.

Graphene/AlGaN/GaN RF Switch.

RF switches, which use a combination of graphene and two-dimensional high-density electron gas (2DEG) in the AlGaN/GaN system, were proposed and studied in the frequency band from 10 MHz to 114.5 GHz. The switches were integrated into the coplanar waveguide, which allows them to be used in any system without the use of, e.g., bonding, flip-chip and other technologies and avoiding the matching problems. The on-state insertion losses for the designed switches were measured to range from 7.4 to 19.4 dB, depending on the frequency and switch design. Although, at frequencies above 70 GHz, the switches were less effective, the switching effect was still evident with an approximately 4 dB on-off ratio. The best switches exhibited rise and fall switching times of ~25 ns and ~17 ns, respectively. The use of such a switch can provide up to 20 MHz of bandwidth in time-modulated systems, which is an outstanding result for such systems. The proposed equivalent circuit describes well the switching characteristics and can be used to design switches with required parameters.

Characterization of Silver Nanowire Layers in the Terahertz Frequency Range.

Thin layers of silver nanowires are commonly studied for transparent electronics. However, reports of their terahertz (THz) properties are scarce. Here, we present the electrical and optical properties of thin silver nanowire layers with increasing densities at THz frequencies. We demonstrate that the absorbance, transmittance and reflectance of the metal nanowire layers in the frequency range of 0.2 THz to 1.3 THz is non-monotonic and depends on the nanowire dimensions and filling factor. We also present and validate a theoretical approach describing well the experimental results and allowing the fitting of the THz response of the nanowire layers by a Drude-Smith model of conductivity. Our results pave the way toward the application of silver nanowires as a prospective material for transparent and conductive coatings, and printable antennas operating in the terahertz range-significant for future wireless communication devices.

AlGaN/GaN on SiC Devices without a GaN Buffer Layer: Electrical and Noise Characteristics.

We report on the high-voltage, noise, and radio frequency (RF) performances of aluminium gallium nitride/gallium nitride (AlGaN/GaN) on silicon carbide (SiC) devices without any GaN buffer. Such a GaN-SiC hybrid material was developed in order to improve thermal management and to reduce trapping effects. Fabricated Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs) demonstrated an ideality factor n at approximately 1.7 and breakdown voltages (fields) up to 780 V (approximately 0.8 MV/cm). Hall measurements revealed a thermally stable electron density at N2DEG = 1 × 1013 cm-2 of two-dimensional electron gas in the range of 77-300 K, with mobilities µ = 1.7 × 103 cm2/V∙s and µ = 1.0 × 104 cm2/V∙s at 300 K and 77 K, respectively. The maximum drain current and the transconductance were demonstrated to be as high as 0.5 A/mm and 150 mS/mm, respectively, for the transistors with gate length LG = 5 µm. Low-frequency noise measurements demonstrated an effective trap density below 1019 cm-3 eV-1. RF analysis revealed fT and fmax values up to 1.3 GHz and 6.7 GHz, respectively, demonstrating figures of merit fT × LG up to 6.7 GHz × µm. These data further confirm the high potential of a GaN-SiC hybrid material for the development of thin high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) and SBDs with improved thermal stability for high-frequency and high-power applications.

Graphene as a Schottky Barrier Contact to AlGaN/GaN Heterostructures.

Electrical and noise properties of graphene contacts to AlGaN/GaN heterostructures were studied experimentally. It was found that graphene on AlGaN forms a high-quality Schottky barrier with the barrier height dependent on the bias. The apparent barrier heights for this kind of Schottky diode were found to be relatively high, varying within the range of φb = (1.0-1.26) eV. AlGaN/GaN fin-shaped field-effect transistors (finFETs) with a graphene gate were fabricated and studied. These devices demonstrated ~8 order of magnitude on/off ratio, subthreshold slope of ~1.3, and low subthreshold current in the sub-picoamperes range. The effective trap density responsible for the 1/f low-frequency noise was found within the range of (1-5) · 1019 eV-1 cm-3. These values are of the same order of magnitude as reported earlier and in AlGaN/GaN transistors with Ni/Au Schottky gate studied as a reference in the current study. A good quality of graphene/AlGaN Schottky barrier diodes and AlGaN/GaN transistors opens the way for transparent GaN-based electronics and GaN-based devices exploring vertical electron transport in graphene.