Kombucha analogues around the world: A review.

Kombucha is a traditional healthy beverage usually made by the fermentation of sweetened tea with a symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast. The consumption of kombucha is associated with numerous health benefits and therefore the beverage has attracted the attention of consumers worldwide. Non-typical substrates (fruits, vegetables, plants, herbs, dairy, and by-products) are being inoculated with the kombucha consortium in an attempt to develop new products. This review paper reviews the fermentation parameters for different non-tea substrates used to make kombucha, in addition to the findings obtained in terms of physico-chemical analysis, biological activities and sensory evaluation.

Chemical Characterization and Antioxidant, Antibacterial, Antiacetylcholinesterase and Antiproliferation Properties of Salvia fruticosa Miller Extracts.

The Salvia fruticosa (Mill.) is the most medicinal plant used in Lebanon. The aim of this study is to investigate the phytochemical composition and the biological activities (in vitro) of its extracts. The plant was extracted by cold maceration with four solvents presenting an increasing polarity: cyclohexane (CHX), dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and methanol (MeOH). The extracts were screened for their chemical composition by a HPLC-DAD detector for phenolic compounds identification and quantification and by GC-MS for volatile compounds detection. The antioxidant capacity (DPPH inhibition) was tested. Biological activities, mainly anti-Alzheimer activity (acetylcholinesterase inhibition), the antiproliferation of two human colon cancer cell lines (HCT-116 and Caco-2 cells) and antibacterial activity, were evaluated. Ten aromatic compounds were quantified by HPLC-DAD analysis. A total of 123 compounds were detected by GC-MS analysis. The MeOH extract showed a very interesting antioxidant activity with an inhibition percentage (IP) of 76.1% and an IC50 of 19.4 µg/mL. The EtOAc extract exhibited the strongest inhibition against the acetylcholinesterase activity (IP = 60.6%) at 50 µg/mL. It also strongly inhibited the proliferation of the HCT-116 cells (IP = 87.5%), whereas the DCM extract gave the best result with the Caco-2 cells (IP = 72.3%). The best antibacterial activity was obtained with the MeOH extract against Staphylococcus aureus (MIC = 1.2 µg/mL) and with the EtOAc extract against Escherichia coli (MIC = 2.4 µg/mL). This study highlights the chemical composition and therapeutic potential of S. fruticosa. It is important to mention that the following chemical compounds were identified for the first time in plant extracts: 2,6,11,15-tetramethyl-hexadeca-2,6,8,10,14-pentaene; 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroxy-1,8,8,9-tetramethyl-8,9-dihydrophenaleno [1,2-b]furan-3-one; podocarpa-1,8,11,13-tetraen-3-one,14-isopropyl-1,13-dimethoxy; podocarpa-8,11,13-trien-3-one,12-hydroxy-13-isopropyl-,acetate; 3',8,8'-trimethoxy-3-piperidin-1-yl-2,2'-binaphthyl-1,1',4,4'-tetrone; and 2,3-dehydroferruginol, thus underlining the originality of this study.

Quilting Sutures in Rhytidectomy: A Systematic Review of the Literature.

BACKGROUND: Different technical variations exist for the utilization of quilting sutures (QS) in rhytidectomy. No systematic review or meta-analysis of the studies describing the use of QS in facelifts has been published to date to the authors' knowledge. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to summarize all the published data regarding the utilization of QS in rhytidectomy, compare QS techniques, and evaluate their effect on postoperative complications. METHODS: On April 1, 2019, a systematic search of the Medline, Embase, and Cochrane databases was conducted. All the studies describing the usage of QS in facelifts were included in this review. Studies reporting hematoma rate in a QS group and a control group were included in the meta-analysis part of this study. RESULTS: The initial search of the databases yielded 93 results. Four trials were included in the systematic review and 2 were included in the meta-analysis. The total number of included patients with QS was 527. Two studies employed internal QS and the remaining studies utilized external QS. The meta-analysis found a lower rate of hematoma in the QS group (relative risk, 0.02; 95% confidence interval = 0.00-0.13; P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: QS can be applied either internally or externally and are very effective in reducing hematomas after facelifts. QS could be a great asset in facelifts but should be utilized with caution because additional work is needed to confirm their safety and efficacy.

Evolution of Polyphenols during Syrah Grapes Maceration: Time versus Temperature Effect.

The effect of maceration time and temperature on the phenolic compounds of Syrah grape musts was studied. Pre-fermentation cold (10 °C) and heat maceration (60, 70 and 80 °C) were applied and compared to traditional maceration (control, 25 °C). The macerations were monitored and the kinetic profile of the maceration was studied by taking samples at 0, 2, 4, 8, 24 and 48 h. The results showed that heat treatment had the most significant effect on the extraction of total polyphenol. A significant loss of anthocyanin content was observed when the maceration was extended beyond eight hours at high temperatures, while longer maceration times seemed to favor the extraction of tannins. A principal component analysis showed that independently of the vinification technique, and for the same grape varieties, different winegrowing regions and harvest years affected the phenolic composition of the grape skin.

Membrane Technologies in Wine Industry: An Overview.

Membrane processes are increasingly reported for various applications in wine industry such as microfiltration, electrodialysis, and reverse osmosis, but also emerging processes as bipolar electrodialysis and membrane contactor. Membrane-based processes are playing a critical role in the field of separation/purification, clarification, stabilization, concentration, and de-alcoholization of wine products. They begin to be an integral part of the winemaking process. This review will provide an overview of recent developments, applications, and published literature in membrane technologies applied in wine industry.

Fungal naphtho-γ-pyrones--secondary metabolites of industrial interest.

Naphtho-γ-pyrones (NGPs) are secondary metabolites mainly produced by filamentous fungi (Fusarium sp., Aspergillus sp.) that should be considered by industrials. Indeed, these natural biomolecules show various biological activities: anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, anti-cancer, anti-HIV, anti-hyperuricuric, anti-tubercular, or mammalian triacylglycerol synthesis inhibition which could be useful for pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and/or food industries. In this review, we draw an overview on the interest in studying fungal NGPs by presenting their biological activities and their potential values for industrials, their biochemical properties, and what is currently known on their biosynthetic pathway. Finally, we will present what remains to be discovered about NGPs.

Phytochemical Profile, GC-MS Profiling and In Vitro Evaluation of Some Biological Applications of the Extracts of Origanum syriacum L. and Cousinia libanotica D.C.

Indigenous to Lebanon, Origanum syriacum L. and Cousinia libanotica D.C. are notable plants in the Middle East, with O. syriacum known for its aromatic qualities and C. libanotica being less explored. Both plants have a significant role in traditional medicine for treating various ailments. This study aimed to evaluate the phytochemical composition and biological properties of the extracts from these plants. The extracts were obtained through cold maceration with solvents of increasing polarity. The ethyl acetate extract of O. syriacum exhibited the highest total polyphenol content. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) identified fifteen compounds in both C. libanotica and O. syriacum extracts, whereas gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis unveiled 179 volatile compounds. Notably, the O. syriacum-MeOH extract showed moderate antioxidant activity. Both plants' methanolic extracts demonstrated significant anti-Alzheimer's potential. The O. syriacum-dichloromethane and C. libanotica-cyclohexane extracts displayed the highest cytotoxicities against the HCT-116 cell line. For anti-proliferative activity against the Caco-2 cell line, the O. syriacum-methanol and C. libanotica-cyclohexane extracts were the most effective. This study provides valuable insights into the phytochemistry and potential therapeutic applications of extracts from these two oriental plant species.

A comprehensive review of water quality indices (WQIs): history, models, attempts and perspectives.

Water quality index (WQI) is one of the most used tools to describe water quality. It is based on physical, chemical, and biological factors that are combined into a single value that ranges from 0 to 100 and involves 4 processes: (1) parameter selection, (2) transformation of the raw data into common scale, (3) providing weights and (4) aggregation of sub-index values. The background of WQI is presented in this review study. the stages of development, the progression of the field of study, the various WQIs, the benefits and drawbacks of each approach, and the most recent attempts at WQI studies. In order to grow and elaborate the index in several ways, WQIs should be linked to scientific breakthroughs (example: ecologically). Consequently, a sophisticated WQI that takes into account statistical methods, interactions between parameters, and scientific and technological improvement should be created in order to be used in future investigations.

Comparative Study of Phytochemistry, Antioxidant and Biological Activities of Berberis libanotica Fruit and Leaf Extracts.

Berberis libanotica Ehrenb. ex C.K. Schneider of the Berberidaceae family is an endemic Lebanese plant and is widely used in folk medicine. This study highlights the phytochemical composition and biological activities (in vitro) of fruit and leaf extracts. The two organs were extracted by cold maceration with four solvents of increasing polarity: cyclohexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and methanol. The extracts were screened for their chemical composition by HPLC-DAD to identify and quantify the phenolic compounds. Volatile compounds were detected by GC-MS. The antioxidant capacity through DPPH inhibition was tested. The anti-acetylcholinesterase, antibacterial and anti-proliferative activities were evaluated. Thirteen compounds, including 12 phenolics, were detected in the fruits, whereas 8 phenolic compounds were identified in the leaves. A total of 137 volatile compounds were identified in both organs. At 50 µg/mL, the methanolic leaf extract presented the highest antioxidant capacity, with an inhibition percentage of 54.9%. The dichloromethane fruit extract reduced the acetylcholinesterase activity by 65.3%. The cyclohexane leaf extract reduced the proliferation of the HCT-116 cells by 54.8%, while the dichloromethane fruit extract exhibited the best inhibition against the Caco-2 cells (54%). Interestingly, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of the cyclohexane fruit extract against Salmonella enterica serovar Kentucky was 2.4 µg/mL, and the MIC value of the cyclohexane leaf extract against E. coli was 9.7 µg/mL.

The Detection of Potential Native Probiotics Lactobacillus spp. against Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Infantis and Salmonella Kentucky ST198 of Lebanese Chicken Origin.

Salmonella continues to be a major threat to public health, especially with respect to strains from a poultry origin. In recent years, an increasing trend of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Salmonella spp. was observed due to the misuse of antibiotics. Among the approaches advised for overcoming AMR, probiotics from the Lactobacillus genus have increasingly been considered for use as effective prophylactic and therapeutic agents belonging to the indigenous microbiota. In this study, we isolated lactobacilli from the ilea and ceca of hens and broilers in order to evaluate their potential probiotic properties. Four species were identified as Limosilactobacillusreuteri (n = 22, 45.8%), Ligilactobacillussalivarius (n = 20, 41.6%), Limosilactobacillus fermentum (n = 2, 4.2%) and Lactobacillus crispatus (n = 1, 2%), while three other isolates (n = 3, 6.25%) were non-typable. Eight isolates, including Ligilactobacillussalivarius (n = 4), Limosilactobacillusreuteri (n = 2), L. crispatus (n = 1) and Lactobacillus spp. (n = 1) were chosen on the basis of their cell surface hydrophobicity and auto/co-aggregation ability for further adhesion assays using the adenocarcinoma cell line Caco-2. The adhesion rate of these strains varied from 0.53 to 10.78%. Ligilactobacillussalivarius A30/i26 and 16/c6 and Limosilactobacillus reuteri 1/c24 showed the highest adhesion capacity, and were assessed for their ability to compete in and exclude the adhesion of Salmonella to the Caco-2 cells. Interestingly, Ligilactobacillussalivarius 16/c6 was shown to significantly exclude the adhesion of the three Salmonella serotypes, S. Enteritidis, S. Infantis and S. Kentucky ST 198, to Caco-2 cells. The results of the liquid co-culture assays revealed a complete inhibition of the growth of Salmonella after 24 h. Consequently, the indigenous Ligilactobacillussalivarius 16/c6 strain shows promising potential for use as a preventive probiotic added directly to the diet for the control of the colonization of Salmonella spp. in poultry.

A national study through a 'Farm-to-fork' Approach to determine Salmonella dissemination along with the Lebanese poultry production chain.

This cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of Salmonella at different stages of the broiler production chain and layer flocks in addition to their antibiotic resistance profile and molecular patterns. Over a period of 3 years, different sample matrices were collected from Lebanese farms, slaughterhouses and retail markets. Out of 672 Salmonella serotyped, 514 were analysed for antimicrobial resistance and 214 for clonality using Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The results highlighted an important prevalence of Salmonella, 30% in farms, 35.8% in slaughterhouses and 22.4% at retail level. A large diversity of serotypes was identified with predominance among Salmonella Infantis (32.9%), Salmonella Enteritidis (28.4%) and Salmonella Kentucky (21.4%). High resistance to nalidixic acid was revealed in all the isolates. The most prominent resistance was exhibited in S. Kentucky and S. Infantis. The latter was resistant to tetracycline (99%), streptomycin (88.2%) and remarkable multi-drug resistance (MDR) (89.7%). All S. Kentucky isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin, MDR (62.4%) and 6% were resistant to extended-spectrum cephalosporin (ESCs). One persistent clone of S. Enteritidis was found common between poultry and humans. Similar genomic profiles were detected between farms, slaughterhouses and retail suggesting the dissemination of identical clones throughout the food chain possibly due to weak barriers preventing such transmission.

Whole-genome characterisation of TEM-1 and CMY-2 ß-lactamase-producing Salmonella Kentucky ST198 in Lebanese broiler chain.

OBJECTIVES: Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Kentucky has been associated with the worldwide ciprofloxacin-resistant (CIPR) Salmonella Kentucky sequence type 198 (ST198) epidemic clone, mostly recovered from poultry farms and products. The aim of this study was to examine whether this expanding clone exists in the Lebanese broiler chain. METHODS: Eight CIPR and extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Salmonella Kentucky isolates previously recovered from Lebanese broilers were genetically characterised by whole-genome sequencing. RESULTS: Seven of the eight isolates belonged to ST198 and were phylogenetically closely related. They all harboured mutations in the chromosomal quinolone resistance genesgyrA and parC with double and single substitutions, respectively. The blaTEM-1B and blaCMY-2 genes were both detected in six isolates. Insertion sequence ISEcp1 was located upstream of blaCMY-2, harboured by IncI1 plasmids in four strains. An IS10 transposition coupled to homologous recombination at transposition sites mediated CMY-2 plasmid integration into the chromosome of one strain. Resistance genes to aminoglycosides [aadA7 and aac(3)-Id], tetracyclines [tet(A)] and sulfonamides (sul1) were detected in five strains, among which four were positive for the presence of Salmonella genomic island 1 (SGI1) variant SGI1-K. All studied isolates harboured a variety of Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPIs) as well as common regulatory and virulence genes. CONCLUSION: Here we report for the first time in Lebanon the detection and dissemination of the emerging highly drug-resistantSalmonella Kentucky ST198. Our findings shed new light on this clone as a potential public-health threat.

Effect of geographical origin on yield and composition of cone essential oils of Cedrus libani A. Rich. growing in Lebanese protected areas and variability assessment in comparison with literature survey.

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis together with principal component analysis revealed that geographical origin influenced the yield and composition of the essential oils (EOs) extracted by hydrodistillation performed for 3 h using a Clevenger-type apparatus, from the cones of Cedrus libani A. Rich., growing wild at four Lebanese natural reserves and protected areas: Bsharri, Chouf, Ehden, and Tannourine, and from a cultivated cedar growing in Qartaba. Essential oil chemical variability established between the different studied provenances suggested the involvement of abiotic factors such as geographical conditions, cultivation conditions, soil composition, and environmental factors in the chemical polymorphism of C. libani cones EOs. α-Pinene/ß-pinene characterized Ehden (ß-pinene 35.6%/α-pinene 27.7%), Chouf (α-pinene 37.3%/ß-pinene 26.1%), Bsharri (α-pinene 27.7%/ß-pinene 21.4%), and Tannourine (α-pinene 25.1%/ß-pinene 16.0%) samples, whereas Qartaba EO was distinguished by the dominance of myrcene (30.6%), α-pinene(26%), and limonene (14.1%). Comparison with the existing literature reinforced the chemical variability of C. libani EOs. This current study helped the estimation of a best harvest location for a good EO quality production, resource optimization, and pharmacological properties evaluation, according to the market demand.

Lifestyle, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidants: Back and Forth in the Pathophysiology of Chronic Diseases.

Oxidative stress plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. Long term exposure to increased levels of pro-oxidant factors can cause structural defects at a mitochondrial DNA level, as well as functional alteration of several enzymes and cellular structures leading to aberrations in gene expression. The modern lifestyle associated with processed food, exposure to a wide range of chemicals and lack of exercise plays an important role in oxidative stress induction. However, the use of medicinal plants with antioxidant properties has been exploited for their ability to treat or prevent several human pathologies in which oxidative stress seems to be one of the causes. In this review we discuss the diseases in which oxidative stress is one of the triggers and the plant-derived antioxidant compounds with their mechanisms of antioxidant defenses that can help in the prevention of these diseases. Finally, both the beneficial and detrimental effects of antioxidant molecules that are used to reduce oxidative stress in several human conditions are discussed.

Impact of inhibitory peptides released by Saccharomyces cerevisiae BDX on the malolactic fermentation performed by Oenococcus oeni Vitilactic F.

A previous study has shown that the malolactic fermentation (MLF) was inhibited during sequential fermentations performed with the pair Saccharomyces cerevisiae BDX/Oenococcus oeni Vitilactic F in synthetic grape juices. A yeast peptidic fraction with an apparent MW of 5-10kDa was involved in the inhibition. In the present study, the MLF was also inhibited in Cabernet Sauvignon and Syrah wines. The inhibition due to the peptidic fraction was maintained despite high phenolic contents. Kinetic studies showed that the peptidic fraction was gradually released during the alcoholic fermentation (AF). Its highest anti-MLF effect was reached when isolated from late stages of the AF stationary phase. The peptidic fraction was tested in vitro on cell-free bacterial cytosolic extracts containing the malolactic enzyme in a pH range between 3.5 and 6.7. Results showed that it was able to directly inhibit the malolactic enzyme activity with an increasing inhibitory kinetic correlated to the AF time at which it was collected.