Quercetin protects against acetaminophen-induced hepatorenal toxicity by reducing reactive oxygen and nitrogen species.

High or toxic doses of acetaminophen (APAP), a mild analgesic and antipyretic drug, can cause life-threatening hepatic and renal dysfunction. This study is designed to investigate the potential protective role of quercetin to attenuate the hepatorenal toxicity induced by a high single oral dose (3g/kg) of APAP in rats. Three main groups of Sprague-Dawley rats were used: quercetin, APAP and quercetin plus APAP-receiving animals. Corresponding control animals were also used. Interestingly, oral supplementation of quercetin (15mg/kg/day) prior to APAP intoxication dramatically reduced APAP-induced hepatorenal toxicity as evidenced by measuring serum lipid profile, total protein, urea, creatinine, ALT, AST, ALP, G-GT and liver tissue content of TC and TG. Quercetin treatment markedly prevented the generation of TBARS and PCC with substantial improvement in terms of GSH and activities of antioxidant enzymes in both liver and kidney homogenates. The relationship between quercetin and NO levels which is still a matter of debate, was also investigated. NO levels in serum, liver and kidney tissues were significantly inhibited in quercetin pre-treated animals. Furthermore, quercetin administration significantly inhibited the reduction of liver and kidney contents of ATP parcels associated with this hepatorenal toxicity. These results suggest that the protective role of quercetin in the prevention of APAP-induced hepatorenal toxicity in rats was associated with the decrease of oxidative and nitrosative stress in hepatic and renal tissues as well as its capacity to improve the mitochondrial energy production. However, clinical studies are warranted to investigate such an effect in human subjects.

Lipoic acid mitigates bisphenol A-induced testicular mitochondrial toxicity in rats.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the highest volume chemicals produced worldwide. BPA is used in the production of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins used in manufacturing plastic baby bottles and lining of food cans. In this study, we investigated the BPA-induced testicular oxidative stress and perturbation of mitochondrial marker enzymes in male albino rats and its amelioration by α-lipoic acid (LA). Rats were administered a dose of BPA (10 mg/kg body weight) orally for 14 days. This resulted in decreased testes weight, total testicular protein content, testicular enzymes such as acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase and decline in activities of marker mitochondrial enzymes such as succinate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, monoamine oxidase and NADH dehydrogenase. The serum testosterone and total antioxidant status were reduced. Besides, it also affected the activities of testicular antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase. BPA also caused lipid peroxidation and decrease in reduced glutathione content of mitochondria. The co-administration of LA (20 mg/kg body weight; orally for 14 days) together with BPA resulted in restoration of the mitochondrial marker enzyme activities and increasing enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants of mitochondria. The obtained results demonstrated that LA has a potential role in mitigating BPA-induced mitochondrial toxicity through antioxidant mechanism or by direct free radical scavenging activity.

Identification of miR-106b-5p, miR-601, and miR-760 Expression and Their Clinical Values in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Patients' Serum.

AIM: to explore the relative quantitative determination of the serum level of three miRNAs (miR-601, 760, and 106b-5p) and determine their expression pattern in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients in comparison to controls. Also, to reveal each miRNA's diagnostic and prognostic impact on NSCLC patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Serum miR-106b-5p, 601, and 760 expression profiles were estimated by real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) for 70 NSCLC patients, age-matched with 30 control subjects. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis estimated their diagnostic and prognostic potentials. RESULTS: In comparison to the control, the miR-106b-5p expression pattern was upregulated (1.836 ± 0.254, p = 0.0012) while both miR-601 and miR-760 expression patterns were considerably downregulated (-0.586 ± 0.1906, p < 0.0001) and (-1.633 ± 0.152, p < 0.0001), respectively with predominant down-expression for miR-760 among cases. MiR-760 showed the highest diagnostic potential (AUC = 0.943 and 0.864 respectively), whereas miR-601 has a higher prognostic power (AUC = 0.771 and 0.682, respectively) for differentiating early stages (I/II) NSCLC patients from control subjects. Moreover, miR-760 presented the highest prognostic potential for differentiating NSCLC stages. CONCLUSION: Both serum miR-760 and miR-601 may be used as potential biomarkers of NSCLC in Egyptian patients with a stronger staging and diagnostic potential for miR-760.

Genetic and nongenetic factors associated with warfarin dose requirements in Egyptian patients.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Warfarin is a commonly used oral anticoagulant with a narrow therapeutic index and various genetic and clinical factors that influence interpatient variability in dose requirements. This study investigated the impact of genetic and nongenetic factors on warfarin dose requirements in Egyptians. METHODS: DNA was extracted from 207 patients taking warfarin for more than 2 months and genotyped for VKORC1 (3673 G>A), CYP2C9 *2*3*4*5*8, CYP4F2 (V33M; rs2108622), APOE (rs429358, rs7412), and CALU(rs339097) gene polymorphisms. Linear regression modeling was conducted to identify the genetic and nongenetic factors that independently influence warfarin dose requirements. RESULTS: VKORC1 3673 AA or GA genotype (P<0.0001), one or two variant alleles of CYP2C9 gene (P=0.0004), APOE ε2 haplotype (P=0.01), and increasing age (P<0.0001) were all associated with lower warfarin dose, whereas smoking (P=0.025) and pulmonary embolism (P=0.0059) showed association with higher warfarin doses. These factors explained 31% of the warfarin dose variability. This is the first independent confirmation of the association of the CALU rs339097 variant with higher warfarin dose requirement, although inclusion of this single nucleotide polymorphism in the multiple regression model failed to achieve significance (P=0.066). CYP4F2 (V33M) polymorphism was not significant (P=0.314), despite its high frequency in the studied population (42%). CONCLUSION: The study shows that VKORC1, CYP2C9 polymorphisms, APOE ε2 variant, and several clinical/demographic variables are important determinants of warfarin dose requirements in Egyptian patients. The percentage of variability explained by these factors is lower than in those of European ancestry, but similar to the variability explained in Asians and African ancestry.

Pioglitazone ameliorates high fat diet-induced hypertension and induces catechol o-methyl transferase expression in rats.

Our study aimed to investigate the effect of pioglitazone (PIO) on the obesity-associated metabolic effects and whether this effect is associated with modulation of catechol O-methyl transferase (COMT) expression in the high fat diet (HFD) induced obese rats. Male Wistar rats fed HFD were used to evaluate the effect of PIO on obesity-associated hypertension and the expression of COMT. The HFD-induced obesity was confirmed by the change in body weights, the fasting serum insulin (FSI) which assessed by ELISA, homeostasis model assessment - insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), fasting blood glucose (FBG), oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and lipid profile which were determined by colorimetric methods. Plasma epinephrine (EP) and norepinephrine (NE) were determined by ELISA and the systolic blood pressure (SBP) was recorded using the tail-cuff method. COMT expression was assessed by quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and western blotting. The HFD-induced obesity was associated with glucose intolerance, derangement of the lipid profile, increased SBP, reduced COMT expression with a concomitant increase in plasma catecholamines. Most importantly, treatment with PIO ameliorated the HFD-induced metabolic changes, improved the lipid profile, reduced SBP, increased COMT expression, and reduced plasma catecholamines. Treatment with PIO reversed HFD-induced glucose intolerance and the associated metabolic derangement. In addition, these effects of PIO were associated with up-regulating COMT expression with a subsequent reduction in plasma catecholamines levels.