Crystal structure of (Z)-ethyl 2-{5-[(2-benzyl-idene-3-oxo-2,3-di-hydro-benzo[b][1,4]thia-zin-4-yl)meth-yl]-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl}acetate.

The title compound, C22H20N4O3S, features two fused six-membered rings linked to a 1,2,3-triazole ring which is attached to an ethyl acetate group. The heterocycle in the benzo-thia-zine residue has an envelope conformation with the S atom being the flap. The conformation of the ethyl acetate side chain, which is directed to the same side of the mol-ecule as the C6 ring of the fused-ring system, may be partially established by a pair of weak intra-molecular C-H⋯O(carbon-yl) inter-actions. The three-dimensional packing is aided by inter-molecular C-H⋯O and C-H⋯N inter-actions.

Crystal structure of 4-benzyl-2H-benzo[b][1,4]thia-zin-3(4H)-one.

In the title compound, C15H13NOS, the thia-zine ring adopts a twisted boat conformation and the dihedral angle between the aromatic rings is 86.54 (4)°. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked by weak C-H⋯O inter-actions, resulting in chains along [010].

Effect of bioaugmentation of activated sludge with white-rot fungi on olive mill wastewater detoxification.

AIMS: To test the potential use of Phanerochaete chrysosporium and other white-rot fungi to detoxify olive mill wastewaters (OMW) in the presence of a complex activated sludge. To combine the aerobic with anaerobic treatment to optimize the conversion of OMW in biogas. METHODS AND RESULTS: A 25-l air lift reactor was used to pretreat OMW by white-rot fungi. Detoxification of the OMW was monitored by size exclusion HPLC analysis, chemical oxygen demand (COD)/biological oxygen demand (BOD(5)) ratio evolution, and bioluminescence toxicity test. Anaerobic treatment of OMW was performed in a 12-l anaerobic filter reactor. Efficiency of the treatment was evaluated by organic matter removal, and biogas production. By comparison with the pretreatment by activated sludge only, the bioaugmentation with Phanerochaete chrysosporium or Trametes versicolor led to high removal of organic matter, decreased the COD/BOD(5) ratio and the toxicity. The subsequent anaerobic digestion of the OMW pretreated with activated sludge-white-rot fungi showed higher biomethanization yields than that pretreated with activated sludge only. Higher loading rates (7 g COD l(-1) day(-1)) were reached without any acidification or inhibition of biomethanization. CONCLUSIONS: The use of white-rot fungi, even in the presence of complex biological consortia to detoxify OMW, proved to be possible and made the anaerobic digestion of OMW for methane production feasible. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The use of fungi for OMW reuse and energy production could be adapted to industrial applications.

[Prepubertal gigantomastia treated by mastectomy with an implant]. / Gigantomastie prépubertaire traitée par mastectomie avec implant.

The authors present an exceptional case of mammary giantism with marked ptosis covering the entire abdomen of an 11-year-old girl; this diffuse virginal hypertrophy, occurring in children or adolescents, results from a hypersensitivity of mammary tissue to a normal level of estrogen. Relapses from residual tissue following a mammaplasty reduction have led certain authors to propose immediate sub-cutaneous mastectomy and reconstitution by prothesis.

[An African disease: noma]. / A propos d'une maladie africaine: le noma.

Cancrum oris, formerly a fatal disease, is seen in poor regions of Africa. The starting point of the disease is acute ulceronecrotic gingivitis which results in an extensive gangrenous plaque destroying, from inside working outwards, the dental arch, the maxilla and all of the soft tissues of the face. At the stage of sequelae, the therapeutic problem is twofold: functional and morphological. It is based on a panoply of technical procedures of surgical reconstruction.

[Maxillo-mandibular osteotomy]. / Les ostéotomies maxillo-mandibulaires.

The authors present their experience of maxillo-mandibular osteotomies performed at the Charles Nicolle Hospital in Tunis. The objective of this paper is to describe the preliminary steps (clinical, radiographic, photographic, modelling, cephalometric) in order to obtain a precise diagnosis of the dysmorphosis. They use Burstone's cephalometric analyses which allow evaluation of the relations between soft tissues which do not correspond to the relations of bony and dental displacement. They also present several clinical cases, the pre-operative steps and, most importantly, Burstone's cephalometric analyses demonstrating that, after osteotomies, the cephalometric values for soft tissues approach normal values. Complete analysis of the naso-maxillary profile may correct the motivation for consultation in some cases. The indication for Lefort I osteotomy is sometimes more appropriate than rhinoplasty. Preoperative orthodontic preparation is often required. Functional rehabilitation is necessary to adapt the orofacial muscles to the new shapes of the dental arch and to prevent recurrence.