RESUMO
The first records of outbreaks of the Pine Spittle bug Ocoaxo assimilis Walker were recently identified from Puebla, Mexico, which promoted more than 2600 ha of forest foliar fall. Beyond the taxonomic and distribution information of this species, the basic traits of its biology remain unknown. This study aims to describe some biological aspects of O. assimilis, in a natural pine forest at Nicolás Bravo, Puebla (NB). Using morphological characteristics and a phylogenetic analysis of a fragment of cytochrome oxidase subunit I mtDNA (COI), immature instars with adults were studied; the instar number was determined by means of a multivariate analysis of 19 morphological characteristics of 121 specimens. The systematic sampling to evaluate the occurrence of nymphal specimens during a year, plus host selection experiments, allowed for determination of the abundance over time, voltism, and host preferences. Phylogenetic analysis of the COI supported that both nymphs and adults collected in NB correspond to O. assimilis. Principal coordinate analysis supported the existence of five nymphal stages. Field sampling and host selection experiments indicated that this species displays a single generation per year, is associated with the rainy season, and that specimens from the three first nymphal stages feed on roots of eight host species (one grass, four herbaceous species, one bush, and two trees). From the fourth instar, the insects feed on pine roots to complete their development, and when they are adults, they migrate to needles of young or mature pine stands of Pinus pseudostrobus to feed and reproduce.
RESUMO
En el presente trabajo se estudiaron 67 especies de hongos comestibles silvestres, 65 de ellas comercializadas en cuatro mercados regionales y varias en comunidades rurales, todas en la región de la Sierra Nevada, ubicada ésta en parte de las entidades del Estado de México, Puebla y Tlaxcala, al E y NE de la Ciudad de México. Se determinó el valor diferencial de importancia etnomicológica de las especies identificadas, por medio de la medición del valor de venta, así como de la presencia y la temporalidad de los hongos en los mercados, a lo largo de un año, en 1998. Se registró la preferencia de los hongos comestibles en una encuesta en 10 comunidades de la región, durante 1999. De los hongos considerados, Hebeloma fastibile fue la especie con mayor valor de importancia etnomicológica en los mercados y Lyophyllum decastes en las comunidades.
In this study, 67 species of wild edible mushrooms were studied, 65 of them were sold in four regional markets and some of them in communities, all on the Sierra Nevada found in the states of Mexico, Puebla, and Tlaxcala, at E and NE of Mexico City. The differential value of ethnomycological importance of the identified species was determined in terms of selling price as well as the presence and seasonality of the mushrooms, throughout one year, in 1998. Also, preference for the edible mushrooms mentioned was recorded through a survey of 10 communities in this region, during 1999. Of the mushrooms identified, Hebeloma fastibile was the species of highest value in terms of ethnomycological importance in the markets and Lyophyllum decastes was in the communities.
Contribuição ao conhecimento etnomicológico dos cogumelos comestiveis silvestres de mercados regionais e comunidades da Serra Nevada (México).
No presente trabalho se estudaram 67 espécies de cogumelos comestíveis silvestres, 65 delas comercializadas em quatro mercados regionais e varias em comunidades rurais, todas na região da Serra Nevada, situada esta em parte das entidades do Estado de México, Puebla e Tlaxcala, al E e NE da Cidade do México. Determinou-se o valor diferencial de importância etnomicológica das espécies identificadas, por meio da medição do valor de venda, assim como da presença e a temporalidade dos cogumelos nos mercados, ao longo de um ano, em 1998. Registrou-se a preferência dos cogumelos comestíveis em uma encosta em 10 comunidades da região, durante 1999. Dos cogumelos considerados, Hebeloma fastibile foi a espécie com maior valor de importância etnomicológica nos mercados e Lyophyllum decastes nas comunidades.