Discovery of WRN inhibitor HRO761 with synthetic lethality in MSI cancers.

The Werner syndrome RecQ helicase WRN was identified as a synthetic lethal target in cancer cells with microsatellite instability (MSI) by several genetic screens1-6. Despite advances in treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors7-10, there is an unmet need in the treatment of MSI cancers11-14. Here we report the structural, biochemical, cellular and pharmacological characterization of the clinical-stage WRN helicase inhibitor HRO761, which was identified through an innovative hit-finding and lead-optimization strategy. HRO761 is a potent, selective, allosteric WRN inhibitor that binds at the interface of the D1 and D2 helicase domains, locking WRN in an inactive conformation. Pharmacological inhibition by HRO761 recapitulated the phenotype observed by WRN genetic suppression, leading to DNA damage and inhibition of tumour cell growth selectively in MSI cells in a p53-independent manner. Moreover, HRO761 led to WRN degradation in MSI cells but not in microsatellite-stable cells. Oral treatment with HRO761 resulted in dose-dependent in vivo DNA damage induction and tumour growth inhibition in MSI cell- and patient-derived xenograft models. These findings represent preclinical pharmacological validation of WRN as a therapeutic target in MSI cancers. A clinical trial with HRO761 (NCT05838768) is ongoing to assess the safety, tolerability and preliminary anti-tumour activity in patients with MSI colorectal cancer and other MSI solid tumours.

Design, Synthesis, and In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Cereblon Binding Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase (BTK) Degrader CD79b Targeted Antibody-Drug Conjugates.

Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are an established modality that allow for targeted delivery of a potent molecule, or payload, to a desired site of action. ADCs, wherein the payload is a targeted protein degrader, are an emerging area in the field. Herein we describe our efforts of delivering a Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) bifunctional degrader 1 via a CD79b mAb (monoclonal antibody) where the degrader is linked at the ligase binding portion of the payload via a cleavable linker to the mAb. The resulting CD79b ADCs, 3 and 4, exhibit in vitro degradation and cytotoxicity comparable with that of 1, and ADC 3 can achieve more sustained in vivo degradation than intravenously administered 1 with markedly reduced systemic exposure of the payload.

Dual inhibition of MDM2 and MDM4 in virus-positive Merkel cell carcinoma enhances the p53 response.

Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV) contributes to approximately 80% of all Merkel cell carcinomas (MCCs), a highly aggressive neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin. MCV-positive MCC expresses small T antigen (ST) and a truncated form of large T antigen (LT) and usually contains wild-type p53 (TP53) and RB (RB1). In contrast, virus-negative MCC contains inactivating mutations in TP53 and RB1. While the MCV-truncated LT can bind and inhibit RB, it does not bind p53. We report here that MCV LT binds to RB, leading to increased levels of ARF, an inhibitor of MDM2, and activation of p53. However, coexpression of ST reduced p53 activation. MCV ST recruits the MYC homologue MYCL (L-Myc) to the EP400 chromatin remodeler complex and transactivates specific target genes. We observed that depletion of EP400 in MCV-positive MCC cell lines led to increased p53 target gene expression. We suspected that the MCV ST-MYCL-EP400 complex could functionally inactivate p53, but the underlying mechanism was not known. Integrated ChIP and RNA-sequencing analysis following EP400 depletion identified MDM2 as well as CK1α, an activator of MDM4, as target genes of the ST-MYCL-EP400 complex. In addition, MCV-positive MCC cells expressed high levels of MDM4. Combining MDM2 inhibitors with lenalidomide targeting CK1α or an MDM4 inhibitor caused synergistic activation of p53, leading to an apoptotic response in MCV-positive MCC cells and MCC-derived xenografts in mice. These results support dual targeting of MDM2 and MDM4 in virus-positive MCC and other p53 wild-type tumors.

Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic guided optimisation of dose and schedule of CGM097, an HDM2 inhibitor, in preclinical and clinical studies.

BACKGROUND: CGM097 inhibits the p53-HDM2 interaction leading to downstream p53 activation. Preclinical in vivo studies support clinical exploration while providing preliminary evidence for dosing regimens. This first-in-human phase I study aimed at assessing the safety, MTD, PK/PD and preliminary antitumor activity of CGM097 in advanced solid tumour patients (NCT01760525). METHODS: Fifty-one patients received oral treatment with CGM097 10-400 mg 3qw (n = 31) or 300-700 mg 3qw 2 weeks on/1 week off (n = 20). Choice of dose regimen was guided by PD biomarkers, and quantitative models describing the effect of CGM097 on circulating platelet and PD kinetics. RESULTS: No dose-limiting toxicities were reported in any regimens. The most common treatment-related grade 3/4 AEs were haematologic events. PK/PD models well described the time course of platelet and serum GDF-15 changes, providing a tool to predict response to CGM097 for dose-limiting thrombocytopenia and GDF-15 biomarker. The disease control rate was 39%, including one partial response and 19 patients in stable disease. Twenty patients had a cumulative treatment duration of >16 weeks, with eight patients on treatment for >32 weeks. The MTD was not determined. CONCLUSIONS: Despite delayed-onset thrombocytopenia frequently observed, the tolerability of CGM097 appears manageable. This study provided insights on dosing optimisation for next-generation HDM2 inhibitors. TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE: Haematologic toxicity with delayed thrombocytopenia is a well-known on-target effect of HDM2 inhibitors. Here we have developed a PK/PD guided approach to optimise the dose and schedule of CGM097, a novel HDM2 inhibitor, using exposure, platelets and GDF-15, a known p53 downstream target to predict patients at higher risk to develop thrombocytopenia. While CGM097 had shown limited activity, with disease control rate of 39% and only one patient in partial response, the preliminary data from the first-in-human escalation study together with the PK/PD modeling provide important insights on how to optimize dosing of next generation HDM2 inhibitors to mitigate hematologic toxicity.

Resistance mechanisms to TP53-MDM2 inhibition identified by in vivo piggyBac transposon mutagenesis screen in an Arf-/- mouse model.

Inhibitors of double minute 2 protein (MDM2)-tumor protein 53 (TP53) interaction are predicted to be effective in tumors in which the TP53 gene is wild type, by preventing TP53 protein degradation. One such setting is represented by the frequent CDKN2A deletion in human cancer that, through inactivation of p14ARF, activates MDM2 protein, which in turn degrades TP53 tumor suppressor. Here we used piggyBac (PB) transposon insertional mutagenesis to anticipate resistance mechanisms occurring during treatment with the MDM2-TP53 inhibitor HDM201. Constitutive PB mutagenesis in Arf-/- mice provided a collection of spontaneous tumors with characterized insertional genetic landscapes. Tumors were allografted in large cohorts of mice to assess the pharmacologic effects of HDM201. Sixteen out of 21 allograft models were sensitive to HDM201 but ultimately relapsed under treatment. A comparison of tumors with acquired resistance to HDM201 and untreated tumors identified 87 genes that were differentially and significantly targeted by the PB transposon. Resistant tumors displayed a complex clonality pattern suggesting the emergence of several resistant subclones. Among the most frequent alterations conferring resistance, we observed somatic and insertional loss-of-function mutations in transformation-related protein 53 (Trp53) in 54% of tumors and transposon-mediated gain-of-function alterations in B-cell lymphoma-extra large (Bcl-xL), Mdm4, and two TP53 family members, resulting in expression of the TP53 dominant negative truncations ΔNTrp63 and ΔNTrp73. Enhanced BCL-xL and MDM4 protein expression was confirmed in resistant tumors, as well as in HDM201-resistant patient-derived tumor xenografts. Interestingly, concomitant inhibition of MDM2 and BCL-xL demonstrated significant synergy in p53 wild-type cell lines in vitro. Collectively, our findings identify several potential mechanisms by which TP53 wild-type tumors may escape MDM2-targeted therapy.

In vitro and in vivo characterization of a novel, highly potent p53-MDM2 inhibitor.

Small molecule inhibitors of the p53-MDM2 protein complex are under intense investigation in clinical trials as anti-cancer agents, including our first generation inhibitor NVP-CGM097. We recently described the rational design of a novel pyrazolopyrrolidinone core as a new lead structure and now we report on the synthesis and optimization of this to provide a highly potent lead compound. This new compound displayed excellent oral efficacy in our preclinical mechanistic in vivo model and marked a significant milestone towards the identification of our second generation clinical candidate NVP-HDM201.

M2 isoform of pyruvate kinase is dispensable for tumor maintenance and growth.

Many cancer cells have increased rates of aerobic glycolysis, a phenomenon termed the Warburg effect. In addition, in tumors there is a predominance of expression of the M2 isoform of pyruvate kinase (PKM2). M2 expression was previously shown to be necessary for aerobic glycolysis and to provide a growth advantage to tumors. We report that knockdown of pyruvate kinase in tumor cells leads to a decrease in the levels of pyruvate kinase activity and an increase in the pyruvate kinase substrate phosphoenolpyruvate. However, lactate production from glucose, although reduced, was not fully inhibited. Furthermore, we are unique in reporting increased serine and glycine biosynthesis from both glucose and glutamine following pyruvate kinase knockdown. Although pyruvate kinase knockdown results in modest impairment of proliferation in vitro, in vivo growth of established xenograft tumors is unaffected by PKM2 absence. Our findings indicate that PKM2 is dispensable for tumor maintenance and growth in vivo, suggesting that other metabolic pathways bypass its function.

Tumour T1 changes in vivo are highly predictive of response to chemotherapy and reflect the number of viable tumour cells--a preclinical MR study in mice.

BACKGROUND: Effective chemotherapy rapidly reduces the spin-lattice relaxation of water protons (T1) in solid tumours and this change (ΔT1) often precedes and strongly correlates with the eventual change in tumour volume (TVol). To understand the biological nature of ΔT1, we have performed studies in vivo and ex vivo with the allosteric mTOR inhibitor, everolimus. METHODS: Mice bearing RIF-1 tumours were studied by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to determine TVol and T1, and MR spectroscopy (MRS) to determine levels of the proliferation marker choline and levels of lipid apoptosis markers, prior to and 5 days (endpoint) after daily treatment with vehicle or everolimus (10 mg/kg). At the endpoint, tumours were ablated and an entire section analysed for cellular and necrotic quantification and staining for the proliferation antigen Ki67 and cleaved-caspase-3 as a measure of apoptosis. The number of blood-vessels (BV) was evaluated by CD31 staining. Mice bearing B16/BL6 melanoma tumours were studied by MRI to determine T1 under similar everolimus treatment. At the endpoint, cell bioluminescence of the tumours was measured ex vivo. RESULTS: Everolimus blocked RIF-1 tumour growth and significantly reduced tumour T1 and total choline (Cho) levels, and increased polyunsaturated fatty-acids which are markers of apoptosis. Immunohistochemistry showed that everolimus reduced the %Ki67+ cells but did not affect caspase-3 apoptosis, necrosis, BV-number or cell density. The change in T1 (ΔT1) correlated strongly with the changes in TVol and Cho and %Ki67+. In B16/BL6 tumours, everolimus also decreased T1 and this correlated with cell bioluminescence; another marker of cell viability. Receiver-operating-characteristic curves (ROC) for everolimus on RIF-1 tumours showed that ΔT1 had very high levels of sensitivity and specificity (ROCAUC = 0.84) and this was confirmed for the cytotoxic patupilone in the same tumour model (ROCAUC = 0.97). CONCLUSION: These studies suggest that ΔT1 is not a measure of cell density but reflects the decreased number of remaining viable and proliferating tumour cells due to perhaps cell and tissue destruction releasing proteins and/or metals that cause T1 relaxation. ΔT1 is a highly sensitive and specific predictor of response. This MRI method provides the opportunity to stratify a patient population during tumour therapy in the clinic.

Co-Targeting of MDM2 and CDK4/6 with Siremadlin and Ribociclib for the Treatment of Patients with Well-Differentiated or Dedifferentiated Liposarcoma: Results from a Proof-of-Concept, Phase Ib Study.

PURPOSE: Well-differentiated (WDLPS) and dedifferentiated (DDLPS) liposarcoma are characterized by co-amplification of the murine double minute-2 (MDM2) and cyclin-dependent kinase-4 (CDK4) oncogenes. Siremadlin, a p53-MDM2 inhibitor, was combined with ribociclib, a CDK4/6 inhibitor, in patients with locally advanced/metastatic WDLPS or DDLPS who had radiologically progressed on, or despite, prior systemic therapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this proof-of-concept, phase Ib, dose-escalation study, patients received siremadlin and ribociclib across different regimens until unacceptable toxicity, disease progression, and/or treatment discontinuation: Regimen A [4-week cycle: siremadlin once daily (QD) and ribociclib QD (2 weeks on, 2 weeks off)], Regimen B [3-week cycle: siremadlin once every 3 weeks; ribociclib QD (2 weeks on, 1 week off)], and Regimen C [4-week cycle: siremadlin once every 4 weeks; ribociclib QD (2 weeks on, 2 weeks off)]. The primary objective was to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and/or recommended dose for expansion (RDE) of siremadlin plus ribociclib in one or more regimens. RESULTS: As of October 16, 2019 (last patient last visit), 74 patients had enrolled. Median duration of exposure was 13 (range, 1-174) weeks. Dose-limiting toxicities occurred in 10 patients, most of which were Grade 3/4 hematologic events. The RDE was siremadlin 120 mg every 3 weeks plus ribociclib 200 mg QD (Regimen B). Three patients achieved a partial response, and 38 achieved stable disease. One patient (Regimen C) died as a result of treatment-related hematotoxicity. CONCLUSIONS: Siremadlin plus ribociclib demonstrated manageable toxicity and early signs of antitumor activity in patients with advanced WDLPS or DDLPS.

Results from a First-in-Human Phase I Study of Siremadlin (HDM201) in Patients with Advanced Wild-Type TP53 Solid Tumors and Acute Leukemia.

PURPOSE: This phase I, dose-escalation study investigated the recommended dose for expansion (RDE) of siremadlin, a p53-MDM2 inhibitor, in patients with wild-type TP53 advanced solid or hematologic cancers. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Initial dosing regimens were: 1A (day 1; 21-day cycle; dose 12.5-350 mg) and 2A (days 1-14; 28-day cycle; dose 1-20 mg). Alternative regimens included 1B (days 1 and 8; 28-day cycle) and 2C (days 1-7; 28-day cycle). The primary endpoint was incidence of dose-limiting toxicities (DLT) during cycle 1. RESULTS: Overall, 115 patients with solid tumors and 93 with hematologic malignancies received treatment. DLTs occurred in 8/92 patients with solid tumors and 10/53 patients with hematologic malignancies. In solid tumors, an RDE of 120 mg was defined in 1B. In hematologic tumors, RDEs were defined in 1A: 250 mg, 1B: 120 mg, and 2C: 45 mg. More patients with hematologic malignancies compared with solid tumors experienced grade 3/4 treatment-related adverse events (71% vs. 45%), most commonly resulting from myelosuppression. These were more frequent and severe in patients with hematologic malignancies; 22 patients exhibited tumor lysis syndrome. Overall response rates at the RDEs were 10.3% [95% confidence interval (CI), 2.2-27.4] in solid tumors and 4.2% (95% CI, 0.1-21.1), 20% (95% CI, 4.3-48.1), and 22.2% (95% CI, 8.6-42.3) in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in 1B, 1A, and 2C, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: A common safety profile was identified and preliminary activity was noted, particularly in AML. Comprehensive investigation of dosing regimens yielded recommended doses/regimens for future combination studies.

Translational Modeling of Anticancer Efficacy to Predict Clinical Outcomes in a First-in-Human Phase 1 Study of MDM2 Inhibitor HDM201.

We report on a retrospective model-based assessment of the predictive value of translating antitumor drug activity from in vivo experiments to a phase I clinical study in cancer patients treated with the MDM2 inhibitor, HDM201. Tumor growth inhibition models were developed describing the longitudinal tumor size data in human-derived osteosarcoma xenograft rats and in 96 solid tumor patients under different HDM201 treatment schedules. The model structure describing both datasets captures the delayed drug effect on tumor growth via a series of signal transduction compartments, including a resistance component. The models assumed a drug-killing effect on both sensitive and resistant cells and parameterized to estimate two tumor static plasma drug concentrations for sensitive (TSCS) and resistant cells (TSCR). No change of TSCS and TSCR with schedule was observed, implying that antitumor activity for HDM201 is independent of treatment schedule. Preclinical and clinical model-derived TSCR were comparable (48 ng/mL vs. 74 ng/mL) and demonstrating TSCR as a translatable metric for antitumor activity in clinic. Schedule independency was further substantiated from modeling of clinical serum growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) as a downstream marker of p53 pathway activation. Equivalent cumulative induction of GDF-15 was achieved across schedules when normalized to an equivalent total dose. These findings allow for evaluation of optimal dosing schedules by maximizing the total dose per treatment cycle while mitigating safety risk with periods of drug holiday. This approach helped guide a phase I dose escalation study in the selection of an optimal dose and schedule for HDM201.

p53 dynamics vary between tissues and are linked with radiation sensitivity.

Radiation sensitivity varies greatly between tissues. The transcription factor p53 mediates the response to radiation; however, the abundance of p53 protein does not correlate well with the extent of radiosensitivity across tissues. Given recent studies showing that the temporal dynamics of p53 influence the fate of cultured cells in response to irradiation, we set out to determine the dynamic behavior of p53 and its impact on radiation sensitivity in vivo. We find that radiosensitive tissues show prolonged p53 signaling after radiation, while more resistant tissues show transient p53 activation. Sustaining p53 using a small molecule (NMI801) that inhibits Mdm2, a negative regulator of p53, reduced viability in cell culture and suppressed tumor growth. Our work proposes a mechanism for the control of radiation sensitivity and suggests tools to alter the dynamics of p53 to enhance tumor clearance. Similar approaches can be used to enhance killing of cancer cells or reduce toxicity in normal tissues following genotoxic therapies.

Therapeutic Assessment of Targeting ASNS Combined with l-Asparaginase Treatment in Solid Tumors and Investigation of Resistance Mechanisms.

Asparagine deprivation by l-asparaginase (L-ASNase) is an effective therapeutic strategy in acute lymphoblastic leukemia, with resistance occurring due to upregulation of ASNS, the only human enzyme synthetizing asparagine (Annu. Rev. Biochem. 2006, 75 (1), 629-654). l-Asparaginase efficacy in solid tumors is limited by dose-related toxicities (OncoTargets and Therapy 2017, pp 1413-1422). Large-scale loss of function genetic in vitro screens identified ASNS as a cancer dependency in several solid malignancies (Cell 2017, 170 (3), 564-576.e16. Cell 2017, 170 (3), 577-592.e10). Here we evaluate the therapeutic potential of targeting ASNS in melanoma cells. While we confirm in vitro dependency on ASNS silencing, this is largely dispensable for in vivo tumor growth, even in the face of asparagine deprivation, prompting us to characterize such a resistance mechanism to devise novel therapeutic strategies. Using ex vivo quantitative proteome and transcriptome profiling, we characterize the compensatory mechanism elicited by ASNS knockout melanoma cells allowing their survival. Mechanistically, a genome-wide CRISPR screen revealed that such a resistance mechanism is elicited by a dual axis: GCN2-ATF4 aimed at restoring amino acid levels and MAPK-BCLXL to promote survival. Importantly, pharmacological inhibition of such nodes synergizes with l-asparaginase-mediated asparagine deprivation in ASNS deficient cells suggesting novel potential therapeutic combinations in melanoma.

CARD10 cleavage by MALT1 restricts lung carcinoma growth in vivo.

CARD-CC complexes involving BCL10 and MALT1 are major cellular signaling hubs. They govern NF-κB activation through their scaffolding properties as well as MALT1 paracaspase function, which cleaves substrates involved in NF-κB regulation. In human lymphocytes, gain-of-function defects in this pathway lead to lymphoproliferative disorders. CARD10, the prototypical CARD-CC protein in non-hematopoietic cells, is overexpressed in several cancers and has been associated with poor prognosis. However, regulation of CARD10 remains poorly understood. Here, we identified CARD10 as the first MALT1 substrate in non-hematopoietic cells and showed that CARD10 cleavage by MALT1 at R587 dampens its capacity to activate NF-κB. Preventing CARD10 cleavage in the lung tumor A549 cell line increased basal levels of IL-6 and extracellular matrix components in vitro, and led to increased tumor growth in a mouse xenograft model, suggesting that CARD10 cleavage by MALT1 might be a built-in mechanism controlling tumorigenicity.

PAX8 and MECOM are interaction partners driving ovarian cancer.

The transcription factor PAX8 is critical for the development of the thyroid and urogenital system. Comprehensive genomic screens furthermore indicate an additional oncogenic role for PAX8 in renal and ovarian cancers. While a plethora of PAX8-regulated genes in different contexts have been proposed, we still lack a mechanistic understanding of how PAX8 engages molecular complexes to drive disease-relevant oncogenic transcriptional programs. Here we show that protein isoforms originating from the MECOM locus form a complex with PAX8. These include MDS1-EVI1 (also called PRDM3) for which we map its interaction with PAX8 in vitro and in vivo. We show that PAX8 binds a large number of genomic sites and forms transcriptional hubs. At a subset of these, PAX8 together with PRDM3 regulates a specific gene expression module involved in adhesion and extracellular matrix. This gene module correlates with PAX8 and MECOM expression in large scale profiling of cell lines, patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) and clinical cases and stratifies gynecological cancer cases with worse prognosis. PRDM3 is amplified in ovarian cancers and we show that the MECOM locus and PAX8 sustain in vivo tumor growth, further supporting that the identified function of the MECOM locus underlies PAX8-driven oncogenic functions in ovarian cancer.

Genetic heterogeneity and clonal evolution during metastasis in breast cancer patient-derived tumor xenograft models.

Genetic heterogeneity within a tumor arises by clonal evolution, and patients with highly heterogeneous tumors are more likely to be resistant to therapy and have reduced survival. Clonal evolution also occurs when a subset of cells leave the primary tumor to form metastases, which leads to reduced genetic heterogeneity at the metastatic site. Although this process has been observed in human cancer, experimental models which recapitulate this process are lacking. Patient-derived tumor xenografts (PDX) have been shown to recapitulate the patient's original tumor's intra-tumor genetic heterogeneity, as well as its genomics and response to treatment, but whether they can be used to model clonal evolution in the metastatic process is currently unknown. Here, we address this question by following genetic changes in two breast cancer PDX models during metastasis. First, we discovered that mouse stroma can be a confounding factor in assessing intra-tumor heterogeneity by whole exome sequencing, thus we developed a new bioinformatic approach to correct for this. Finally, in a spontaneous, but not experimental (tail-vein) metastasis model we observed a loss of heterogeneity in PDX metastases compared to their orthotopic "primary" tumors, confirming that PDX models can faithfully mimic the clonal evolution process undergone in human patients during metastatic spreading.

Dose and Schedule Determine Distinct Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Efficacy of the p53-MDM2 Inhibitor HDM201.

Activation of p53 by inhibitors of the p53-MDM2 interaction is being pursued as a therapeutic strategy in p53 wild-type cancers. Here, we report distinct mechanisms by which the novel, potent, and selective inhibitor of the p53-MDM2 interaction HDM201 elicits therapeutic efficacy when applied at various doses and schedules. Continuous exposure of HDM201 led to induction of p21 and delayed accumulation of apoptotic cells. By comparison, high-dose pulses of HDM201 were associated with marked induction of PUMA and a rapid onset of apoptosis. shRNA screens identified PUMA as a mediator of the p53 response specifically in the pulsed regimen. Consistent with this, the single high-dose HDM201 regimen resulted in rapid and marked induction of PUMA expression and apoptosis together with downregulation of Bcl-xL in vivo Knockdown of Bcl-xL was identified as the top sensitizer to HDM201 in vitro, and Bcl-xL was enriched in relapsing tumors from mice treated with intermittent high doses of HDM201. These findings define a regimen-dependent mechanism by which disruption of MDM2-p53 elicits therapeutic efficacy when given with infrequent dosing. In an ongoing HDM201 trial, the observed exposure-response relationship indicates that the molecular mechanism elicited by pulse dosing is likely reproducible in patients. These data support the clinical comparison of daily and intermittent regimens of p53-MDM2 inhibitors.Significance: Pulsed high doses versus sustained low doses of the p53-MDM2 inhibitor HDM201 elicit a proapoptotic response from wild-type p53 cancer cells, offering guidance to current clinical trials with this and other drugs that exploit the activity of p53. Cancer Res; 78(21); 6257-67. ©2018 AACR.

PDX-MI: Minimal Information for Patient-Derived Tumor Xenograft Models.

Patient-derived tumor xenograft (PDX) mouse models have emerged as an important oncology research platform to study tumor evolution, mechanisms of drug response and resistance, and tailoring chemotherapeutic approaches for individual patients. The lack of robust standards for reporting on PDX models has hampered the ability of researchers to find relevant PDX models and associated data. Here we present the PDX models minimal information standard (PDX-MI) for reporting on the generation, quality assurance, and use of PDX models. PDX-MI defines the minimal information for describing the clinical attributes of a patient's tumor, the processes of implantation and passaging of tumors in a host mouse strain, quality assurance methods, and the use of PDX models in cancer research. Adherence to PDX-MI standards will facilitate accurate search results for oncology models and their associated data across distributed repository databases and promote reproducibility in research studies using these models. Cancer Res; 77(21); e62-66. ©2017 AACR.

Patupilone induced vascular disruption in orthotopic rodent tumor models detected by magnetic resonance imaging and interstitial fluid pressure.

PURPOSE: Evaluation of vascular disruptive activity in orthotopic models as potential surrogate biomarkers of tumor response to the microtubule-stabilizing agent patupilone. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Mice bearing metastatic B16/BL6 melanoma and rats bearing mammary BN472 tumors received vehicle or efficacious patupilone doses (4 and 0.8-1.5 mg/kg i.v., respectively). Tumor vascularity assessment by dynamic contrast-enhanced or dynamic susceptibility contrast magnetic resonance imaging and interstitial fluid pressure (IFP) occurred at baseline, 2 days (mice and rats), and 6 days (rats) after treatment and were compared with histologic measurements and correlated with tumor response. RESULTS: In B16/BL6 metastases, patupilone (4 mg/kg) induced a 21 +/- 5% decrease (P < 0.001) in tumor blood volume and a 32 +/- 15% decrease (P = 0.02) in IFP after 2 days and reduced tumor growth and vessel density (>42%) after 2 weeks (P < or = 0.014). Patupilone dose-dependently inhibited BN472 tumor growth (day 6) and reduced IFP on days 2 and 6 (-21% to -70%), and the percentage change in IFP correlated (P < 0.01) with the change in tumor volume. In both models, histology and vascular casts confirmed decreases in tumor blood volume. One patupilone (0.8 mg/kg) administration decreased (P < 0.01) tumor IFP (54 +/- 4%), tumor blood volume (50 +/- 6%), and vessel diameter (40 +/- 11%) by day 6 but not the apparent diffusion coefficient, whereas histology showed that apoptosis was increased 2.4-fold and necrosis was unchanged. Apoptosis correlated negatively (P < 0.001) with IFP, tumor blood volume, and tumor volume, whereas tumor blood volume and IFP were correlated positively (P = 0.0005). CONCLUSIONS: Vascular disruptive effects of patupilone were detected in situ using dynamic contrast-enhanced or dynamic susceptibility contrast magnetic resonance imaging and IFP. Changes in IFP preceded and correlated with tumor response, suggesting that IFP may be a surrogate biomarker for patupilone efficacy.

High-Order Drug Combinations Are Required to Effectively Kill Colorectal Cancer Cells.

Like classical chemotherapy regimens used to treat cancer, targeted therapies will also rely upon polypharmacology, but tools are still lacking to predict which combinations of molecularly targeted drugs may be most efficacious. In this study, we used image-based proliferation and apoptosis assays in colorectal cancer cell lines to systematically investigate the efficacy of combinations of two to six drugs that target critical oncogenic pathways. Drug pairs targeting key signaling pathways resulted in synergies across a broad spectrum of genetic backgrounds but often yielded only cytostatic responses. Enhanced cytotoxicity was observed when additional processes including apoptosis and cell cycle were targeted as part of the combination. In some cases, where cell lines were resistant to paired and tripled drugs, increased expression of antiapoptotic proteins was observed, requiring a fourth-order combination to induce cytotoxicity. Our results illustrate how high-order drug combinations are needed to kill drug-resistant cancer cells, and they also show how systematic drug combination screening together with a molecular understanding of drug responses may help define optimal cocktails to overcome aggressive cancers. Cancer Res; 76(23); 6950-63. ©2016 AACR.