Disentangling vegetation structure effect on invertebrate communities in contrasting growth periods in subtropical protected wetlands of Argentina.

This study assesses the effect of vegetation structure on the subtropical invertebrate communities in contrasting sampling dates of macrophyte populations in the RAMSAR site of Iberá wetlands, South America. Invertebrates associated with the submersed Egeria najas and the floating rooted Pontederia azurea were chosen to provide a model involving different microhabitat complexity. The results suggest that vegetation structure provided by the two macrophyte species supported significant differences in the density of animals, with invertebrate abundance of E. najas twice as high as on P. azurea. Abundance showed no significant differences in both contrasting sampling dates, growth and decline. Our result clearly showed invertebrates exclusively associated with each macrophyte species, as well different invertebrate taxa dominating in each sampling date (decline: Cladocera; growth: Aphididae, Belostomatidae and Planorbidae). We also show that working at the taxonomic levels of family could be a sensible trade-off between taxonomic identification effort versus reaching reliable and useful results for environmental monitoring and natural resource management in highly diverse subtropical wetlands. Our results emphasize the role of vegetation structure on invertebrate communities, as well suggest that the growth cycle of macrophyte populations could be a relevant variable influencing these animals in pristine subtropical wetlands.

The role of the host-specific grasshopper Cornops aquaticum (Orthoptera: Acrididae) as consumer of native Eichhornia crassipes (Pontederiaceae) floating meadows.

Cornops aquaticum is a widely distributed semiaquatic grasshopper in the Neotropics. The development, feeding and oviposition of C. aquaticum take place on Pontederiaceae, especially on species of Eichhornia. Several aspects of the feeding of C. aquaticum are studied because is one of the most important herbivores of the highly invasive floating Eichhornia crassipes in native areas. The aims of this paper were: (1) to quantify the amount of E. crassipes consumed by C. aquaticum, (2) to determine the growth rate and the conversion efficiency of food ingested by this grasshopper, and (3) to determine the possible effect of consumption on E. crassipes productivity. Thirty individuals from each specific age class were used in the experiment: nymphs A, nymphs B, adult males and adult females. Insects were individually confined in plastic pots with a leaf of E. crassipes. We estimated feeding by individual, consumption index (CI), relative growth rate (GR) and efficiency of conversion of ingested food to body substance (ECI). The impact of C. aquaticum consumption on E. crassipes floating meadows was assessed with the abundance of the grasshopper, and the available data on primary production of the host plant at the study site. Food intake of C. aquaticum was 11.23% of plant productivity. Food consumption, growth rate and food conversion efficiency of this grasshopper varied according to the specific age classes. Damage caused by C. aquaticum is high in comparison with the damage caused by other semiaquatic and grassland grasshoppers, however it is not enough to prevent the growth and coverage of native E. crassipes floating meadows because abundance of grasshoppers are realtively low and the growth rate and productivity of the host plant is high.

Biomasa de Cornops aquaticum (Orthoptera: Acrididae) en humedales del nordeste de Argentina / Biomass of Cornops aquaticum (Orthoptera: Acrididae) in wetlands of Northeast Argentina

The estimation of biomass in insect populations is a key factor to quantify the available resources and energy fluxes in ecosystems food webs. Cornops aquaticum is a common herbivore in Eichhornia plants in wetlands of Northeast Argentina. We aimed to analyse its biomass variation, related to the different grasshopper age categories populations in two host-plants: Eichhornia azurea and Eichhornia crassipes. For this, standard samplings of C. aquaticum populations were carried out with an entomological net of 70cm diameter in two wetlands with E. azurea and E. crassipes, in Corrientes and Chaco Provinces; besides, dry weight was also obtained (directly and indirectly), and a regression model to indirectly estimate the biomass from a linear dimension measure (hind femur length) is proposed. A total of 2 307 individuals were collected and separated in different age categories; their abundance and linear dimension data were obtained. The model proposed was lnDM=lna+b*lnH (where DM=dry mass, a and b are constants and H=hind femur length) (R²=0.97). The population biomass variations of C. aquaticum were due to the relative abundance of each age category and the grasshopper individual dry weight. No significant differences were found between populations biomasses obtained by direct and indirect methods in E. azurea and E. crassipes floating meadows. This model made easier the C. aquaticum biomass calculation for both individuals and the population, and accelerated the processing of high number of samples. Finally, high biomass values of populations and individual age category (especially in adults) emphasize the importance of C. aquaticum as a consumer and a resource for predators on Eichhornia floating meadows food webs. Rev. Biol. Trop. 63 (1): 127-138. Epub 2015 March 01.

La estimación de la biomasa en las poblaciones de insectos, es un factor clave para cuantificar los recursos disponibles y los flujos de energía en las redes tróficas de los ecosistemas. Cornops aquaticum es un herbívoro común en las plantas de Eichhornia en los humedales del nordeste de Argentina. Nuestro objetivo fue analizar la variación de su biomasa en relación a las distintas categorías de edades de la población de este acridio, en dos plantas huésped: Eichhornia azurea y Eichhornia crassipes. Para ello, se realizaron muestreos estándar de las poblaciones de C. aquaticum con una red entomológica de 70cm de diámetro, en dos humedales con E. azurea y E. crassipes en las provincias de Corrientes y Chaco; además, se obtuvo el peso seco de los individuos (de manera directa e indirecta) y, se propuso un modelo de regresión para estimar la biomasa de C. aquaticum de manera indirecta a partir de una medida de dimensión lineal (longitud del fémur posterior). Un total de 2 307 individuos fueron recolectados y separados en distintas categorías de edades; se obtuvo su abundancia y distintas medidas de dimensión lineal. El modelo propuesto fue lnPS=lna+b*lnH (donde PS=peso seco, a y b son constantes y H=longitud del fémur posterior) (R²=0.97). Las variaciones en la biomasa de las poblaciones de C. aquaticum se debieron a la abundancia relativa de cada categoría de edad y al peso seco individual de estos acridios. No hubo diferencias significativas entre la biomasa de las poblaciones de C. aquaticum obtenida por los métodos directo e indirecto en las praderas flotantes de E. azurea y E. crassipes. Este modelo facilita el cálculo de la biomasa individual y poblacional de C. aquaticum y acelera el procesamiento de un gran número de muestras. Finalmente, los valores altos de biomasa poblacional e individual de las categorías de edades (especialmente en adultos) enfatizan la importancia de C. aquaticum como consumidor y como recurso para los depredadores en las redes alimenticias de las praderas flotantes de Eichhornia.

The role of the host-specific grasshopper Cornops aquaticum (Orthoptera: Acrididae) as consumer of native Eichhornia crassipes (Pontederiaceae) floating meadows

Cornops aquaticum is a widely distributed semiaquatic grasshopper in the Neotropics. The development, feeding and oviposition of C. aquaticum take place on Pontederiaceae, especially on species of Eichhornia. Several aspects of the feeding of C. aquaticum are studied because is one of the most important herbivores of the highly invasive floating Eichhornia crassipes in native areas. The aims of this paper were: (1) to quantify the amount of E. crassipes consumed by C. aquaticum, (2) to determine the growth rate and the conversion efficiency of food ingested by this grasshopper, and (3) to determine the possible effect of consumption on E. crassipes productivity. Thirty individuals from each specific age class were used in the experiment: nymphs A, nymphs B, adult males and adult females. Insects were individually confined in plastic pots with a leaf of E. crassipes. We estimated feeding by individual, consumption index (CI), relative growth rate (GR) and efficiency of conversion of ingested food to body substance (ECI). The impact of C. aquaticum consumption on E. crassipes floating meadows was assessed with the abundance of the grasshopper, and the available data on primary production of the host plant at the study site. Food intake of C. aquaticum was 11.23% of plant productivity. Food consumption, growth rate and food conversion efficiency of this grasshopper varied according to the specific age classes. Damage caused by C. aquaticum is high in comparison with the damage caused by other semiaquatic and grassland grasshoppers, however it is not enough to prevent the growth and coverage of native E. crassipes floating meadows because abundance of grasshoppers are realtively low and the growth rate and productivity of the host plant is high. Rev. Biol. Trop. 59 (3): 1407-1418. Epub 2011 September 01.

Cornops aquaticum es una tucura semiacuática Neotropical que vive asociada a las Pontederiaceae y constituye uno de los más importantes herbívoros de Eichhornia crassipes en áreas nativas. Los objetivos de este trabajo son: (1) cuantificar el consumo de C. aquaticum (2) determinar la tasa de crecimiento y la eficiencia de conversión del alimento ingerido de esta tucura, y (3) determinar el efecto del consumo en la productividad de E. crassipes. De cada categoría de edades de la población se utilizaron 30 individuos: ninfas A, ninfas B, adultos machos y hembras. Los insectos fueron confinados individualmente en recipientes con hojas de E. crassipes. Luego, se estimó el consumo por individuo, la tasa de consumo (CI), tasa de crecimiento (GR) y la eficiencia de conversión del alimento (ECI). La abundancia de C. aquaticum se determinó en verano y con los datos de productividad de la planta se calculó el efecto del consumo sobre E. crassipes. La tasa de consumo, tasa de crecimiento y la eficiencia de conversión del alimento varió entre las distintas categorías de edades de la población. C. aquaticum consume el 11% de la productividad primaria de E. crassipes. Si bien el consumo es alto, el daño no produce mermas importantes en los camalotales debido a la abundancia relativamente baja de C. aquaticum y la alta productividad de la planta huésped.