RESUMO
The paper develops the thesis on the association between the genetic pattern of the organism, the nature of its diseases and the mode of its dying. Four variants of relationships between the gentic and environmental factors are discussed and in each of them the importance of these factors in tanatogenesis is evaluated. The arguments are presented in favour of the concept that genetic pattern of the organism is the most essential inner cause of the diseases and the death in the majority of cases except the situations in which extreme environmental factors are involved.
Assuntos
Morte , Genótipo , Acidentes , Anormalidades Congênitas/mortalidade , Meio Ambiente , Variação Genética , Humanos , FilosofiaRESUMO
The necessity of distinguishing the compensatory reactions as a special class of phenomena discovered by the author among all protective and adaptive processes is substantiated. The signs distinguishing compensatory reactions from physiological types of adaptation are presented. The rule is established that reflects an inevitable change in the type of live substrate functioning after the physiological regimen is switched to the compensatory one: when structural and functional deficiency develops in a system the principle of its functioning shifts from the balanced form (the function is brought about by a small number of perfectly working elements) to an extensive one (the function is brought about by many elements, each of them working with errors).
Assuntos
Adaptação Fisiológica , Adaptação Fisiológica/fisiologia , Doença , Humanos , Inflamação/fisiopatologia , Terminologia como AssuntoRESUMO
The author reviews current notions on the adaptation and disease as reflected in biological and medical literature and discusses the problem of the relationships between these states from a materialistic and dialectic, biological and medical theoretical and practical viewpoints. In the phylogenesis the disease is regarded as a mechanism for elimination of poorly resistant species and does not take root in the gene pool. In the ontogenesis the disease should be set against health, i.e., the adaptation status; the author rejects the concept of the adaptation as the essence of the disease.
Assuntos
Adaptação Fisiológica , Doença/etiologia , Crescimento , Filogenia , Evolução Biológica , Variação Genética , Humanos , Filosofia Médica , Seleção GenéticaRESUMO
Morphological proof of a new phenomenon is presented: moderately activated phagocyte (alveolar macrophage, neutrophil leucocyte) remains connected with a site of its movement by a thin thread. The latter represents a thin tube consisting of sarcolemma substance and contains retractile elements. Thread-like structure gives the phagocyting cell the possibility to return and to reach the major routes of the host--this is a way by which the normal tissue is cleaned up under conditions close to the physiological norm. The phenomenon reminds method used by Teseus for searching exit from the labyrinth after his victory over Minotaurus.
Assuntos
Fagócitos/citologia , Movimento Celular/fisiologia , Humanos , Sarcolema/ultraestruturaRESUMO
A damage of the myocardium inflicted in the early post-natal period of the development of a rat, i. e. when there exists a high mitotic activity of the muscle cells of the heart, did not heal at the expense of filling of the focus of damage by newly formed muscular cells. The myocardium of the auricles in adult animals does not possess any special capabilities for proliferation of muscular elements by means of mitosis, as compared with the myocardium of the ventricles.
Assuntos
Traumatismos Cardíacos/fisiopatologia , Coração/fisiopatologia , Mitose , Regeneração , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Autorradiografia , Queimaduras/fisiopatologia , Coração/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Átrios do Coração , Traumatismos Cardíacos/metabolismo , Miocárdio/metabolismo , Coelhos , Ratos , Timidina/metabolismo , Fatores de Tempo , Trítio , CicatrizaçãoRESUMO
Peculiarities of interaction between the polynuclear leucocyte (PNL) system and bacterial agents are considered within the framework of four typical clinico-biological situations: interaction of a primarily genetically deficient PNL system with a bacterial agent; interaction of a secondarily affected by various diseases and traumas PNL system with a bacterial agent; interaction of an unaltered PNL system with a bacterial agent of an extreme intensity; interaction of an unaltered PNL system with an ordinary bacterial agent. In the first three situations characterized by a purulent inflammatory-infectious process, current methods of investigation detect some disturbances of PNL function reflecting their functional insufficiency. In the fourth situation the functional sufficiency (but not inactivity) of the PNL system determines the state of clinical health. Obviously, regardless of the functional insufficiency, whether absolute or relative, it results in an inflammatory-infectious process.
Assuntos
Atividade Bactericida do Sangue , Neutrófilos/imunologia , Fagocitose , Infecções Estafilocócicas/imunologia , Staphylococcus/imunologia , Animais , Quimiotaxia de Leucócito , Humanos , Modelos Biológicos , Disfunção de Fagócito Bactericida/etiologia , Disfunção de Fagócito Bactericida/imunologia , Ratos , Infecções Estafilocócicas/etiologiaRESUMO
According to the Mechnikov theory inflammation is the only form of the protective-adaptive response of phagocytes and phagocytosis is its essence. High doses of Staphylococcus aureus (25 x 10(6) and 25 x 10(2) bacteria) in the absence of additional peritoneal damage do not produce the inflammation. The organism of the highest animals possess non-phlogogenic mechanisms of protection against bacteria when the phagocyte function is not the destruction of bacteria but their catching and transportation to the intestinal lumen.
Assuntos
Neutrófilos/imunologia , Staphylococcus aureus/imunologia , Adaptação Fisiológica , Animais , Inflamação/imunologia , Camundongos , Fagocitose/imunologiaRESUMO
Sometimes in the larynx tumours develop having the structure of carcinosarcoma and growing in the form polyp. Histologically they consist of squamous-cell carcinoma and sarcomatous stroma. An observation in which contrary to the cases described earlier, the tumour consisted not of two, but of three tumour components, is discussed.
Assuntos
Carcinossarcoma/patologia , Neoplasias Laríngeas/patologia , Carcinossarcoma/diagnóstico por imagem , Carcinossarcoma/cirurgia , Humanos , Neoplasias Laríngeas/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias Laríngeas/cirurgia , Laringectomia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , RadiografiaRESUMO
The information accrued by now concerning disorders in polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) and the system of serum factors determining leukotaxis and PMNL bactericidal properties in inflammatory-infectious processes (IIP) of various origin is presented. Generalization of the available information suggests that IIPs develop not in the highest manifestations of the PMNL system phagocytic properties but not infrequently in the presence of its deficiency. The structurally-functionally undisturbed PMNL system favours good health. Disorders in the PMNL system are the structural-functional equivalent of clinical concepts: "reduced defence capacities of the host", "reduced nonspecific antibacterial resistance", etc. Sepsis is characterized by extreme disorders in the PMNL system.
Assuntos
Infecções/imunologia , Inflamação/imunologia , Fagocitose , Animais , Infecções Bacterianas/imunologia , Queimaduras/imunologia , Quimiotaxia de Leucócito , Histocitoquímica , Humanos , Imunidade Inata , Infecções/metabolismo , Inflamação/metabolismo , Microscopia Eletrônica , Neutrófilos/imunologia , Neutrófilos/metabolismo , Neutrófilos/ultraestrutura , Fagócitos/imunologia , Fagócitos/metabolismo , Fagócitos/ultraestrutura , Choque Traumático/imunologiaRESUMO
The problems concerning the wound healing by first intention and by second intention are discussed, on the instance of the wounds caused by a carbon dioxide laser. The authors claim that the cell system responsible for the resorption of necrotic tissues in the absence of purulent processes, i.e. absence of polynuclear leukocytes, is the system of mono- and multinuclear macrophages. The phase of leukocytic lysis of the necrotic tissues may be lacking during healing.
Assuntos
Lasers/efeitos adversos , Cicatrização/efeitos da radiação , Ferimentos e Lesões/patologia , Animais , Assepsia , Tecido de Granulação/patologia , Rim/lesões , Leucócitos/patologia , Fígado/lesões , Lesão Pulmonar , Necrose , Ratos , Pele/lesões , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
On the basis of qualitative and quantitative indexes of the plasmatic-cellular system of neutrophilic leukocyte /NL/ a classification of granulocytic deficiencies /GD/ is developed, 4 forms of GD are distinguished: agranulocytosis, granulocytasthenia, myeloproliferative conditions and inflammatory leukocytosis. As a clinicomorphological criterium of GD a triad is suggested that includes a tissue necrosis, microbism and inflammatory infiltration. Functional failure typical for every form of GD has it sown features.
Assuntos
Agranulocitose/classificação , Agranulocitose/sangue , Humanos , Inflamação/sangue , Inflamação/classificação , Leucocitose/sangue , Leucocitose/classificação , Transtornos Mieloproliferativos/sangue , Transtornos Mieloproliferativos/classificação , Neutropenia/sangue , Neutropenia/classificação , Neutrófilos/fisiologia , FagocitoseRESUMO
Phagocytic function of neutrophils is associated with activation of cell membranes. Neutrophil membranous activity is considered for patients with inflammatory and purulent diseases. It appeared not uniform and served the basis for division the neutrophils into three groups. Group I neutrophils are inactive, being not involved in phagocytosis, but bearing bactericidal potential; their membranes are stable. Group II neutrophils show moderate activity, phagocytizing and inactivating bacteria; phagocytosis proceeds without cell destruction. Group III neutrophils cause membranes hyperactivation with resultant dysfunction of phagocytes, phagocytosis involves both bacteria and surrounding protein substrates, immature phagosomes and vacuoles are produced, membranes are unstable. With aggravation of the inflammation and suppuration, the number of blood hyperactivated neutrophils increases.
Assuntos
Neutrófilos/ultraestrutura , Atividade Bactericida do Sangue , Membrana Celular/imunologia , Membrana Celular/ultraestrutura , Celulite (Flegmão)/imunologia , Face , Humanos , Doenças Maxilomandibulares/imunologia , Ativação Linfocitária , Microscopia Eletrônica , Neutrófilos/imunologia , Fagocitose , Staphylococcus epidermidisRESUMO
Light optic and ultrastructural examinations of neutrophilic phagocytosis in patients with phlegmons in test system revealed morphological changes in the cells. The changes were proposed by the authors to be regarded as a criterion for assessing the antibacterial resistance of the body. Moreover, a unique approach was developed to the overall assessment of phagocytic indices, providing characterization of two neutrophilic performance types: balanced and extensive. When neutrophils begin to function extensively, this may be considered as a reflection of their relative functional inadequacy.
Assuntos
Imunidade Inata , Neutrófilos/imunologia , Celulite (Flegmão)/sangue , Humanos , Fagocitose , Staphylococcus epidermidis/imunologiaRESUMO
Due to its cell pool autoturnover, gram-negative intestinal microflora releasing the biologically active agent lipopolysaccharide may cause portal and systemic endotoxemias. Lipopolysaccharide may function in the activation of the polymorphonuclear leukocyte system and in complex antibacterial homeostatic processes, and, in some situations be the initiating factor in the development of various organ pathology, which is mediated by hyperactivated granulocytes.
Assuntos
Endotoxinas/imunologia , Neutrófilos/imunologia , Humanos , Lipopolissacarídeos/imunologiaRESUMO
Chronic non-specific pulmonary diseases are frequently followed by the development of inflammatory-degenerative and erosive-ulcerative processes in the mucous membrane of the stomach and duodenum. The literature date are presented on the frequency of combination of these conditions, the attempt is made to assess their link from the viewpoint of pathogenesis. Disturbances of respiratory lung function and hypoxia as well as non-respiratory metabolic functions of the pulmonary tissue are regarded as etiological factors of pathological processes in the gastro-duodenal area.
Assuntos
Duodenopatias/patologia , Pneumopatias/patologia , Gastropatias/patologia , Adulto , Angiotensinas/fisiologia , Ácido Araquidônico , Ácidos Araquidônicos/fisiologia , Doença Crônica , Duodenopatias/etiologia , Duodenite/etiologia , Duodenite/patologia , Feminino , Gastrite/etiologia , Gastrite/patologia , Histamina/fisiologia , Humanos , Hipóxia/complicações , Hipóxia/patologia , Leucotrieno B4/fisiologia , Pulmão/fisiopatologia , Pneumopatias/complicações , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Úlcera Péptica/etiologia , Úlcera Péptica/patologia , Prostaglandinas/fisiologia , SRS-A/fisiologia , Gastropatias/etiologia , Tromboxano A2/fisiologiaRESUMO
Healing of liver wounds after marginal resection of the liver by CO2 laser of permanent action, scalpel and electric knife were studied. Considerable differences in the course of wound healing were observed. Wounds produced by laser heal without inflammatory infiltration of the abjacent tissues and within a shorter period of time.
Assuntos
Instrumentos Cirúrgicos , Cicatrização , Animais , Gatos , Eletrocirurgia/instrumentação , Hepatectomia , Terapia a Laser , Fígado/lesões , Fatores de Tempo , Ferimentos Penetrantes/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
Peritoneum biopsies from patients with various stages of peritonitis were studied electron microscopically. As distinct from the widespread opinion of a significant phagocytic activity of neutrophil leucocytes in early peritonitis this activity was not found. The authors consider this as a cause of peritonitis progression and fatality of the disease in the absence of surgical treatment. Phagocytic activity is restored after the elimination of the causative factors, i.e. after the sanative operation.
Assuntos
Neutrófilos/patologia , Peritonite/patologia , Biópsia , Humanos , Microscopia Eletrônica , Peritonite/cirurgia , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Large amounts of lipopolysaccharides released in blood after death of Gram-negative bacteria are responsible for endotoxinemia and endotoxic shock. Endotoxin is eliminated from the body via different routes including the lungs. One of the mechanisms of lipopolysaccharides transport to the lungs, which respond with acute distress syndrome, is their transfer by polymorphonuclear leukocytes.
Assuntos
Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório/etiologia , Choque Séptico/complicações , Animais , Gatos , Cães , Bactérias Gram-Negativas/patogenicidade , Lipopolissacarídeos/sangue , Ratos , Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório/patologia , Ovinos , Choque Séptico/patologiaRESUMO
Phagocytic capacities of segmented and rod neutrophils were examined in in vitro studies of whole blood samples taken at weekly intervals from 32 patients with mild to severe phlegmons of odontogenic origin; 25 blood donors served as controls. The ability of neutrophils to take up and digest bacteria was found to be less marked the more severe the disease although the number of actively phagocytizing cells was increased. In some cases of purulent inflammation, though, the neutrophils showed a higher bactericidal potential as compared to the controls. During recovery, the phagocytic function of neutrophils improved, approaching (but never reaching) the normal level by the time of full clinical recovery. At the light-microscopic level, neutrophils from phlegmon-affected patients displayed cytoplasmic granulation and vacuolation of a degree that correlated with the severity of the disease.
Assuntos
Celulite (Flegmão)/sangue , Doenças Maxilomandibulares/sangue , Neutrófilos/fisiologia , Atividade Bactericida do Sangue , Face , Humanos , Contagem de Leucócitos , Ativação Linfocitária , Neutrófilos/patologia , Fagocitose , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Neutrophil leucocytes of patients with sepsis, purulent inflammatory processes clinically close to sepsis and those of healthy persons were studied electron-microscopically. Leucocytes with degranulation due to the release of their content into the circulation were found in purulent-inflammatory diseases. Leucocytes with pronounced degranulation, areas with cytoplasma lysis and extracellular organelles (lipid droplets, primary and secondary granules with clear-cut membrane borders and content of granules without membrane borders) were observed in sepsis.