[Genetic program aid thanatogenesis]. / Geneticheskaia programma i tanatogenez.

The paper develops the thesis on the association between the genetic pattern of the organism, the nature of its diseases and the mode of its dying. Four variants of relationships between the gentic and environmental factors are discussed and in each of them the importance of these factors in tanatogenesis is evaluated. The arguments are presented in favour of the concept that genetic pattern of the organism is the most essential inner cause of the diseases and the death in the majority of cases except the situations in which extreme environmental factors are involved.

[Compensatory reactions--a special class of phenomena]. / Kompensatornye reaktsii--osobyi klass iavlenii.

The necessity of distinguishing the compensatory reactions as a special class of phenomena discovered by the author among all protective and adaptive processes is substantiated. The signs distinguishing compensatory reactions from physiological types of adaptation are presented. The rule is established that reflects an inevitable change in the type of live substrate functioning after the physiological regimen is switched to the compensatory one: when structural and functional deficiency develops in a system the principle of its functioning shifts from the balanced form (the function is brought about by a small number of perfectly working elements) to an extensive one (the function is brought about by many elements, each of them working with errors).

[The interrelation of adaptation and disease in phylogeny and ontogeny]. / O vzaimootnoshenii prisposobleniia i bolezni v filo- i ontogeneze.

The author reviews current notions on the adaptation and disease as reflected in biological and medical literature and discusses the problem of the relationships between these states from a materialistic and dialectic, biological and medical theoretical and practical viewpoints. In the phylogenesis the disease is regarded as a mechanism for elimination of poorly resistant species and does not take root in the gene pool. In the ontogenesis the disease should be set against health, i.e., the adaptation status; the author rejects the concept of the adaptation as the essence of the disease.

[Teseus phenomenon: a new symptom]. / Tesei-fenomen: novoe iavleniie.

Morphological proof of a new phenomenon is presented: moderately activated phagocyte (alveolar macrophage, neutrophil leucocyte) remains connected with a site of its movement by a thin thread. The latter represents a thin tube consisting of sarcolemma substance and contains retractile elements. Thread-like structure gives the phagocyting cell the possibility to return and to reach the major routes of the host--this is a way by which the normal tissue is cleaned up under conditions close to the physiological norm. The phenomenon reminds method used by Teseus for searching exit from the labyrinth after his victory over Minotaurus.

[The mitotic division of cardiac muscle cells]. / K voprosu o mitoticheskom delenii myshechnykh kletok serdtsa

A damage of the myocardium inflicted in the early post-natal period of the development of a rat, i. e. when there exists a high mitotic activity of the muscle cells of the heart, did not heal at the expense of filling of the focus of damage by newly formed muscular cells. The myocardium of the auricles in adult animals does not possess any special capabilities for proliferation of muscular elements by means of mitosis, as compared with the myocardium of the ventricles.

[Interaction between the polymorphonuclear leukocyte system and bacterial agents]. / Ob osobennostiakh vzaimodeistviia sistemy polimorfoiadernogo leikotsita c bakterial'nymi agentami.

Peculiarities of interaction between the polynuclear leucocyte (PNL) system and bacterial agents are considered within the framework of four typical clinico-biological situations: interaction of a primarily genetically deficient PNL system with a bacterial agent; interaction of a secondarily affected by various diseases and traumas PNL system with a bacterial agent; interaction of an unaltered PNL system with a bacterial agent of an extreme intensity; interaction of an unaltered PNL system with an ordinary bacterial agent. In the first three situations characterized by a purulent inflammatory-infectious process, current methods of investigation detect some disturbances of PNL function reflecting their functional insufficiency. In the fourth situation the functional sufficiency (but not inactivity) of the PNL system determines the state of clinical health. Obviously, regardless of the functional insufficiency, whether absolute or relative, it results in an inflammatory-infectious process.

[Non-inflammatory form of neutrophil antibacterial response]. / Nevospalitel'naia forma antibakterial'nogo reagirovaniia neitrofil'nykh leikotsitov.

According to the Mechnikov theory inflammation is the only form of the protective-adaptive response of phagocytes and phagocytosis is its essence. High doses of Staphylococcus aureus (25 x 10(6) and 25 x 10(2) bacteria) in the absence of additional peritoneal damage do not produce the inflammation. The organism of the highest animals possess non-phlogogenic mechanisms of protection against bacteria when the phagocyte function is not the destruction of bacteria but their catching and transportation to the intestinal lumen.

[Carcinosarcoma of the larynx]. / Katsinosarkoma gortani

Sometimes in the larynx tumours develop having the structure of carcinosarcoma and growing in the form polyp. Histologically they consist of squamous-cell carcinoma and sarcomatous stroma. An observation in which contrary to the cases described earlier, the tumour consisted not of two, but of three tumour components, is discussed.

[Microphagal system in inflammatory and infectious processes]. / Mikrofagal'naia sistema pri vospalitel'no-infektsionnykh protsessakh.

The information accrued by now concerning disorders in polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) and the system of serum factors determining leukotaxis and PMNL bactericidal properties in inflammatory-infectious processes (IIP) of various origin is presented. Generalization of the available information suggests that IIPs develop not in the highest manifestations of the PMNL system phagocytic properties but not infrequently in the presence of its deficiency. The structurally-functionally undisturbed PMNL system favours good health. Disorders in the PMNL system are the structural-functional equivalent of clinical concepts: "reduced defence capacities of the host", "reduced nonspecific antibacterial resistance", etc. Sepsis is characterized by extreme disorders in the PMNL system.

[Healing patterns of wounds inflicted by a carbon dioxide laser]. / O putiakh zazhivleniia ran, nanesennykh uglekislotnym lazerom.

The problems concerning the wound healing by first intention and by second intention are discussed, on the instance of the wounds caused by a carbon dioxide laser. The authors claim that the cell system responsible for the resorption of necrotic tissues in the absence of purulent processes, i.e. absence of polynuclear leukocytes, is the system of mono- and multinuclear macrophages. The phase of leukocytic lysis of the necrotic tissues may be lacking during healing.

[Principles of the morphofunctional classification of granulocyte deficiencies]. / Printsipy morfofunktsional'noi klassifikatsii granulotsitarnykh defitsitov.

On the basis of qualitative and quantitative indexes of the plasmatic-cellular system of neutrophilic leukocyte /NL/ a classification of granulocytic deficiencies /GD/ is developed, 4 forms of GD are distinguished: agranulocytosis, granulocytasthenia, myeloproliferative conditions and inflammatory leukocytosis. As a clinicomorphological criterium of GD a triad is suggested that includes a tissue necrosis, microbism and inflammatory infiltration. Functional failure typical for every form of GD has it sown features.

[Ultrastructural manifestations of the membrane activity of neutrophilic leukocytes]. / Ul'trastrukturnye proiavleniia membrannoi aktivnosti neitrofil'nykh leikotsitov.

Phagocytic function of neutrophils is associated with activation of cell membranes. Neutrophil membranous activity is considered for patients with inflammatory and purulent diseases. It appeared not uniform and served the basis for division the neutrophils into three groups. Group I neutrophils are inactive, being not involved in phagocytosis, but bearing bactericidal potential; their membranes are stable. Group II neutrophils show moderate activity, phagocytizing and inactivating bacteria; phagocytosis proceeds without cell destruction. Group III neutrophils cause membranes hyperactivation with resultant dysfunction of phagocytes, phagocytosis involves both bacteria and surrounding protein substrates, immature phagosomes and vacuoles are produced, membranes are unstable. With aggravation of the inflammation and suppuration, the number of blood hyperactivated neutrophils increases.

[Structural bases of the decrease in nonspecific antibacterial resistance of the body, related to the functioning of the neutrophil system]. / O strukturnykh osnovakh snizheniia nespetsificheskoi antibakterial'noi rezistentnosti organizma, sviazannoi s fuktsioinirovaniem sistemy neitrofil'nykh leikotsitov.

Light optic and ultrastructural examinations of neutrophilic phagocytosis in patients with phlegmons in test system revealed morphological changes in the cells. The changes were proposed by the authors to be regarded as a criterion for assessing the antibacterial resistance of the body. Moreover, a unique approach was developed to the overall assessment of phagocytic indices, providing characterization of two neutrophilic performance types: balanced and extensive. When neutrophils begin to function extensively, this may be considered as a reflection of their relative functional inadequacy.

[Endotoxin and the polymorphonuclear leukocyte system]. / Endotoksin i sistema polimorfonoiadernogo leikotsita.

Due to its cell pool autoturnover, gram-negative intestinal microflora releasing the biologically active agent lipopolysaccharide may cause portal and systemic endotoxemias. Lipopolysaccharide may function in the activation of the polymorphonuclear leukocyte system and in complex antibacterial homeostatic processes, and, in some situations be the initiating factor in the development of various organ pathology, which is mediated by hyperactivated granulocytes.

[Changes in the gastroduodenal system in chronic nonspecific lung diseases]. / Izmeneniia gastroduodenal'noi sistemy pri khronicheskikh nespetsificheskikh zabolevaniiakh legkikh.

Chronic non-specific pulmonary diseases are frequently followed by the development of inflammatory-degenerative and erosive-ulcerative processes in the mucous membrane of the stomach and duodenum. The literature date are presented on the frequency of combination of these conditions, the attempt is made to assess their link from the viewpoint of pathogenesis. Disturbances of respiratory lung function and hypoxia as well as non-respiratory metabolic functions of the pulmonary tissue are regarded as etiological factors of pathological processes in the gastro-duodenal area.

[Healing characteristics of wounds produced by various surgical instruments]. / Osobennosti zazhivleniia ran, nanesennykh raznymi khirurgicheskimi instrumentami.

Healing of liver wounds after marginal resection of the liver by CO2 laser of permanent action, scalpel and electric knife were studied. Considerable differences in the course of wound healing were observed. Wounds produced by laser heal without inflammatory infiltration of the abjacent tissues and within a shorter period of time.

[Neutrophilic leukocyte reaction in the course of diffuse purulent peritonitis]. / Osobennosti reaktsii neitrofil'nykh leikotsitov na étapakh razvitiia razlitogo gnoinogo peritonita.

Peritoneum biopsies from patients with various stages of peritonitis were studied electron microscopically. As distinct from the widespread opinion of a significant phagocytic activity of neutrophil leucocytes in early peritonitis this activity was not found. The authors consider this as a cause of peritonitis progression and fatality of the disease in the absence of surgical treatment. Phagocytic activity is restored after the elimination of the causative factors, i.e. after the sanative operation.

[Acute respiratory distress syndrome in endotoxic shock]. / Ostryi respiratornyi distress-sindrom pri éndotoksinovom shoke.

Large amounts of lipopolysaccharides released in blood after death of Gram-negative bacteria are responsible for endotoxinemia and endotoxic shock. Endotoxin is eliminated from the body via different routes including the lungs. One of the mechanisms of lipopolysaccharides transport to the lungs, which respond with acute distress syndrome, is their transfer by polymorphonuclear leukocytes.

[Functional activity of neutrophilic leukocytes of the blood in patients with phlegmons of the maxillofacial area]. / O funktsional'noi aktivnosti neitrofil'nykh leikotsitov krovi bol'nykh flegmonami cheliustno-litsevoi oblasti.

Phagocytic capacities of segmented and rod neutrophils were examined in in vitro studies of whole blood samples taken at weekly intervals from 32 patients with mild to severe phlegmons of odontogenic origin; 25 blood donors served as controls. The ability of neutrophils to take up and digest bacteria was found to be less marked the more severe the disease although the number of actively phagocytizing cells was increased. In some cases of purulent inflammation, though, the neutrophils showed a higher bactericidal potential as compared to the controls. During recovery, the phagocytic function of neutrophils improved, approaching (but never reaching) the normal level by the time of full clinical recovery. At the light-microscopic level, neutrophils from phlegmon-affected patients displayed cytoplasmic granulation and vacuolation of a degree that correlated with the severity of the disease.

[Blood neutrophilic leukocytes in patients with suppurative-septic diseases]. / O sostoianii neitrofil'nykh leikotsitov krovi bol'nykh gnoino-septicheskimi zabolevaniiami.

Neutrophil leucocytes of patients with sepsis, purulent inflammatory processes clinically close to sepsis and those of healthy persons were studied electron-microscopically. Leucocytes with degranulation due to the release of their content into the circulation were found in purulent-inflammatory diseases. Leucocytes with pronounced degranulation, areas with cytoplasma lysis and extracellular organelles (lipid droplets, primary and secondary granules with clear-cut membrane borders and content of granules without membrane borders) were observed in sepsis.