Non B Cell-Derived Immunoglobulins in Lung Epithelial Cells and Lung Cancer.

As the locus for air exchange, lung tissue is perpetually exposed to a significant quantity of foreign pathogens. Consequently, lung has developed a refined and intricate immune system. Beyond their physical and chemical barrier roles, lung epithelial cells can contribute to immune defence through the expression of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and other pattern recognition receptors, along with the secretion of cytokines. Emerging evidence demonstrates that lung epithelial cells can generate and secrete immunoglobulins (Igs), including IgM, IgA, or IgG, thus performing antibody function. Moreover, malignantly transformed lung epithelial cells have been discovered to produce high levels of Ig, predominantly IgG, which do not fulfill the role of antibodies, but instead carries out tumour-promoting activity. Structural analysis has indicated that the biological activity of IgG produced by lung cancer cells differs from that of Igs produced by normal lung epithelial cells due to the unique glycosylation modification. Specifically, the sialylated IgG (SIA-IgG), characterised by a non-traditional N-glycosylation modification at the Asn162 site of Igγ CH1, is highly expressed in tumour stem cells. It has been demonstrated that SIA-IgG relies on this unique sialylation modification to promote tumorigenesis, metastasis, and immune evasion. Current results have proven that the Ig produced by lung epithelial cells has multifaceted biological activities, including immune defence functions under physiological conditions, while acquiring tumour-promoting activity during malignant transformation. These insights possess potential for the diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer as novel biomarkers and targets.

A method for nonlinear electric-thermal coupling calculations of bushings based on unbiased gradient-free smooth domains.

High-voltage dry-type bushings, serving as the crucial junctions in DC power transmission, represent equipment with the highest failure rate on the DC primary side, underscoring the critical importance of monitoring their condition. Presently, numerical simulation methods are commonly employed to assess the internal state of bushings. However, due to limitations in the efficiency of multi-physics field computations, the guidance provided by numerical simulation results in the field of power equipment condition assessment is relatively weak. This paper focuses on solving the electrical-thermal coupling in high-voltage dry-type bushings. Addressing the most widely used tetrahedral mesh in numerical computations, we propose an efficient solution method based on the concept of "smooth domains." This method involves partitioning the volume centroids of the elements into multiple smooth domains within the computational domain. Electric and thermal conduction matrix calculations occur within these smooth domains, rather than within the grid or element interiors. This approach eliminates the need for traditional element mapping and complex volume integration. To demonstrate the effectiveness of this method, we use high-voltage dry-type bushings as a case study, comparing the performance of our approach with traditional finite element algorithms. We verify the algorithm's computational efficiency and apply it to the analysis of typical temperature anomalies in bushings, further illustrating its suitability for electrical equipment condition assessment.