Emayella augustorita, New Member of Pasteurellaceae, Isolated from Blood Cultures of Septic Patient.

We report discovery of a new bacterial genus and species of the family Pasteurellaceae by using phylogenetic and metabolic analysis. The bacterium, Emayella augustorita, was isolated from blood cultures of a patient in France diagnosed with an adenocarcinoma of the intestines and who was treated with a biliary prosthesis placement.

Cardiac stereotactic radiation therapy for refractory ventricular arrhythmias in patients with left ventricular assist devices.

Left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation is an established treatment for patients with advanced heart failure refractory to medical therapy. However, the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) is high in this population, both in the acute and delayed phases after implantation. About one-third of patients implanted with an LVAD will experience sustained VAs, predisposing these patients to worse outcomes and complicating patient management. The combination of pre-existing myocardial substrate and complex electrical remodeling after LVAD implantation account for the high incidence of VAs observed in this population. LVAD patients presenting VAs refractory to antiarrhythmic therapy and catheter ablation procedures are not rare. In such patients, treatment options are extremely limited. Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) is a technique that delivers precise and high doses of radiation to highly defined targets, reducing exposure to adjacent normal tissue. Cardiac SBRT has recently emerged as a promising alternative with a growing number of case series reporting the effectiveness of the technique in reducing the VA burden in patients with arrhythmias refractory to conventional therapies. The safety profile of cardiac SBRT also appears favorable, even though the current clinical experience remains limited. The use of cardiac SBRT for the treatment of refractory VAs in patients implanted with an LVAD are even more scarce. This review summarizes the clinical experience of cardiac SBRT in LVAD patients and describes technical considerations related to the implementation of the SBRT procedure in the presence of an LVAD.

Right Ventriculoarterial Coupling Surrogates and Long-Term Survival in LVAD Recipients: Results of the ASSIST-ICD Multicentric Registry.

BACKGROUND: Prediction of outcomes remains an unmet need in candidates for LVADs. The development of right-heart failure portends an excess in mortality rates, but imaging parameters of right ventricular systolic function have failed to demonstrate a prognostic role. By integrating pulmonary pressure, right ventriculoarterial coupling could fill this gap. METHODS: The ASSIST-ICD registry was used to test right ventriculoarterial coupling as a surrogate parameter at implantation for the prediction of all-cause mortality. RESULTS: The ratio of the tricuspid annular-plane systolic excursion over the estimated systolic pulmonary pressure (TAPSE/sPAP) was not associated with long-term survival in univariate analysis (P = 0.89), nor was the pulmonary artery pulsatility index (PAPi) (P = 0.13). Conversely, the ratio of the right atrial pressure over the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (RAP/PCWP) was associated with all-cause mortality (P < 0.01). After taking tricuspid regurgitation severity, LVAD indication, LVAD model, age, blood urea nitrogen levels, and pulmonary vascular resistance into account, RAP/PCWP remained associated with survival (HR 1.35 [1.10 - 1.65]; P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Among pre-implant RVAC surrogates, only RAP/PCWP was associated with long-term all-cause mortality in LVAD recipients. This association was independent of established risk factors.

Incidence and predictors of pacemaker implantation at follow-up after reversible high-degree sinus node dysfunction or atrioventricular block.

BACKGROUND: A pacemaker implantation is not indicated in cases of reversible high-degree symptomatic sinus node dysfunction (SND) and atrioventricular block (AVB). However, it remains uncertain whether these reversible automaticity/conduction disorders may recur in some patients at follow-up, in the absence of reversible cause. This retrospective study aimed to determine the incidence and predictive factors of permanent pacemaker (PPM) implantation at follow-up and after reversible high-degree SND/AVB. METHODS: Based on medical electronic files codes, we identified patients who were hospitalized in our cardiac intensive care unit between January 2003 and December 2020 due to reversible high-degree SND/AVB and who were discharged from the hospital alive and without PPM implantation. Acute myocardial infarction and post-cardiac surgery patients were excluded. We categorized the patients according to the need for PPM at follow-up due to non-reversible high-degree SND/AVB. RESULTS: Of the 93 patients included, 26 patients (28%) were readmitted for PPM implantation at follow-up after hospital discharge. Among baseline characteristics, compared with patients who did not have high-degree SND/AVB recurrence, those who had subsequent PPM implantation had less frequent previous hypertension (70% vs. 46%, p = .031). Regarding the initial causes of reversible SND/AVB, isolated hyperkalemia was found more often in the patients readmitted for PPM (19% vs. 3% vs. p = .017). Moreover, recurrence of high-degree SND/AVB was significantly associated with the presence of intraventricular conduction disorders (either bundle branch block or left bundle branch hemiblock) on ECG at discharge (36% in patients without PPM vs. 68% in PPM patients, p = .012). CONCLUSION: Almost one third of the patients discharged alive from the hospital after a reversible high-degree SND/AVB needed a pacemaker implantation at follow-up. Complete bundle branch block or left bundle branch hemiblock on discharge ECG after recovery of atrioventricular conduction and/or sinus automaticity was associated with a greater risk of recurrence leading to pacemaker implantation.

Integron detection for prediction of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole susceptibility in children with Enterobacterales urinary tract infections.

OBJECTIVES: In some countries, third-generation cephalosporins (3GCs) serve as first-line therapy in children with urinary tract infections (UTIs). However, their use may contribute to the emergence of antibiotic resistance, notably among Gram-negative bacteria (GNB). Integrons are bacterial genetic elements involved in antibiotic resistance in GNB. Their absence is associated with >97% susceptibility to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole in adults infected with GNB. The objective of this study was to examine the value of integron detection directly from urine samples as a predictive marker of resistance to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole in children with GNB-related UTIs. METHODS: Children admitted to the Limoges University Hospital's paediatric emergency department between February 2018 and March 2019 with a suspicion of UTI were eligible for the study. Only confirmed cases presenting a positive urine culture with unique GNB were retained for further study analyses. Integrons were detected directly from urines using real-time PCR. RESULTS: The data of 72 patients were analysed and integrons were detected in 15 urine samples. The negative predictive value of integron detection for resistance to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole was 100% as all of the GNB (all were Enterobacterales) isolated from patients with no integrons detected in their urine samples were susceptible to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. CONCLUSIONS: The detection of integrons in cases of paediatric patients with suspected UTI could help limit 3GC empirical use and empower an empirical first-line strategy better tailored to the needs of each patient.

Efficacy and safety of the new TightRail™ mechanical sheath for transvenous lead extraction: Results of a French multicenter study.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to assess the safety and efficacy of the TightRail™ sheath for pacemaker/defibrillator transvenous lead extraction (TLE). METHODS: Multicenter observational study including patients who underwent a TLE with the TightRail™ sheath in five French university hospitals from September 2014 to January 2020. RESULTS: Two hundred and twenty-five patients (76% males, 71 ± 12 years) underwent a TLE procedure with the TightRail™. A total of 438 leads were extracted using the TightRail™, and the mean age of the extracted leads was 128 ± 85 months; of these, 344 (79%) were pacing leads and 94 (21%) were implantable cardioverter defibrillator leads. The overall clinical success of the extraction procedures was 93%. Overall, 410 of the 438 leads (95%) were extracted (complete or incomplete removal). After multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression model, we found that lead age (odds ratio [OR], 95% confidence interval [CI] for a 1 year increase: 1.11 [1.07-1.15], p < .001) and number of leads extracted (OR, 95% CI: 2.09 [1.50-2.96], p < .001) were the two independent factors associated with complete lead removal failure. Finally, there were 7 (3%) cases of major complications but no per-procedural death. CONCLUSION: This is the first large-scale survey assessing the efficacy and safety profile of the Tightrail™ mechanical sheath. The clinical success rate was 93%, and the lead removal failure was dependent on the age and number of leads. We show a satisfactory safety profile in this cohort of patients from primarily low-volume centers with older leads.

Routine use of 16S rRNA PCR and subsequent sequencing from blood samples in septic shock: about two case reports of Capnocytophaga canimorsus infection in immunocompetent patients.

BACKGROUND: Capnocytophaga canimorsus infection happens frequently in immunosuppressed patients with reported domestic animal bites. Clinical presentation ranges from simple cellulitis to fulminant septic shock with disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, with an overall mortality of 30%. Conventional blood culture is often negative as this is a slow-growing pathogen. Nevertheless, the increasing use of 16S rRNA gene amplification and Sanger sequencing allows a much more rapid diagnostic confirmation. We present two case reports where 16S rRNA gene sequencing helped to diagnose Capnocytophaga canimorsus infection. CASE PRESENTATION: Case 1: A 53-year-old man with a history of non-cirrhotic chronic alcohol consumption was admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) for septic shock and disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC) of unknown origin. Blood cultures remained negative and a 16S rRNA PCR was performed leading to the identification of Capnocytophaga Canimorsus on day 4. Targeted antibiotic therapy with ceftriaxone for 14 days lead to overall recovery. Afterwards, the patient recalled a dog bite 2 days before hospitalization with a punctiform necrotic wound localized on a finger, which was not obvious at admission. Case 2: A 38-year-old man arrived to the emergency department for acute alcohol intoxication and history of a dog bite 2 days before. At admission, septic shock with purpura fulminans was diagnosed and required ICU hospitalization, invasive mechanical ventilation, vasopressor support and renal replacement therapy due to the rapid clinical deterioration. In the context of septic shock with purpura fulminans, DIC and recent dog bite, the diagnosis of Capnocytophaga canimorsus septic shock was suspected, and early confirmed by 16S rRNA PCR coupled to Sanger sequencing on day 2. Blood cultures became only positive for Capnocytophaga canimorsus 5 days after admission. Ceftriaxone alone was infused for 10 days in total, and the patient was discharged from the ICU on day 25. CONCLUSIONS: 16S rRNA gene PCR proves an important diagnostic tool when facing a sepsis of unknown origin. In these two cases of septic shock related to Capnocytophaga canimorsus, initial blood cultures remained negative at 24 h, whereas the diagnosis was achieved by 16S rRNA PCR sequencing performed from blood samples obtained at admission.

Implantable cardiac defibrillator leads dysfunction after LVAD implantation.

BACKGROUND: Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) lead dysfunction has been reported after left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation in limited single-center studies. We aimed at describing and characterizing the incidence of ICD lead parameters dysfunction after LVAD implantation. METHODS: Among the 652 patients enrolled in the ASSIST-ICD study, only patients with an ICD prior to LVAD were included (n = 401). ICD lead parameters dysfunction following LVAD implantation is defined as follows: (a) >50% decrease in sensing threshold, (b) pacing lead impedance increase/decrease by >100Ω, and (c) >50% increase in pacing threshold. RESULTS: One hundred twenty-two patients with an ICD prior to LVAD had available ICD interrogation reports prior and after LVAD. A total of 67 (55%) patients exhibited at least one significant lead dysfunction: 17 (15%) exhibited >50% decrease in right ventricular (RV) sensing, 51 (42%) had >100 Ω increase/decrease in RV pacing impedance, and 24 (20%) experienced >50% increase in RV pacing threshold. A total of 52 patients experienced ventricular arrhythmia during follow-up and all were successfully detected and treated by the device. All lead dysfunction could be managed conservatively. CONCLUSION: More than 50% of LVAD-recipients may experience >1 significant change in lead parameters but none had severe clinical consequences.

Risk factors and prognostic impact of left ventricular assist device-associated infections.

BACKGROUND: Left ventricular assist device (LVAD)-associated infections may be life-threatening and impact patients' outcome. We aimed to identify the characteristics, risk factors, and prognosis of LVAD-associated infections. METHODS: Patients included in the ASSIST-ICD study (19 centers) were enrolled. The main outcome was the occurrence of LVAD-associated infection (driveline infection, pocket infection, or pump/cannula infection) during follow-up. RESULTS: Of the 652 patients enrolled, 201 (30.1%) presented a total of 248 LVAD infections diagnosed 6.5 months after implantation, including 171 (26.2%), 51 (7.8%), and 26 (4.0%) percutaneous driveline infection, pocket infection, or pump/cannula infection, respectively. Patients with infections were aged 58.7 years, and most received HeartMate II (82.1%) or HeartWare (13.4%). Most patients (62%) had implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) before LVAD, and 104 (16.0%) had ICD implantation, extraction, or replacement after the LVAD surgery. Main pathogens found among the 248 infections were Staphylococcus aureus (n = 113' 45.4%), Enterobacteriaceae (n = 61; 24.6%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 34; 13.7%), coagulase-negative staphylococci (n = 13; 5.2%), and Candida species (n = 13; 5.2%). In multivariable analysis, HeartMate II (subhazard ratio, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.03 to 2.36; P = .031) and ICD-related procedures post-LVAD (subhazard ratio, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.03-1.98; P = .031) were significantly associated with LVAD infections. Infections had no detrimental impact on survival. CONCLUSIONS: Left ventricular assist device-associated infections affect one-third of LVAD recipients, mostly related to skin pathogens and gram-negative bacilli, with increased risk with HeartMate II as compared with HeartWare, and in patients who required ICD-related procedures post-LVAD. This is a plea to better select patients needing ICD implantation/replacement after LVAD implantation.

Emergence and Within-Host Genetic Evolution of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Resistant to Linezolid in a Cystic Fibrosis Patient.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection has increased in recent years among cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. Linezolid (LZD) is one of the antistaphylococcal antibiotics widely used in this context. Although LZD resistance is rare, it has been described as often associated with long-term treatments. Thirteen MRSA strains isolated over 5 years from one CF patient were studied for LZD resistance emergence and subjected to whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Resistance emerged after three 15-day LZD therapeutic regimens over 4 months. It was associated with the mutation of G to T at position 2576 (G2576T) in all 5 rrl copies, along with a very high MIC (>256 mg/liter) and a strong increase in the generation time. Resistant strains isolated during the ensuing LZD therapeutic regimens and until 13 months after LZD stopped harbored only 3 or 4 mutated rrl copies, associated with lower MICs (8 to 32 mg/liter) and low to moderate generation time increases. Despite these differences, whole-genome sequencing allowed us to determine that all isolates, including the susceptible one isolated before LZD treatment, belonged to the same lineage. In conclusion, LZD resistance can emerge rapidly in CF patients and persist without linezolid selective pressure in colonizing MRSA strains belonging to the same lineage.

High rate of recurrence at long-term follow-up after new-onset atrial fibrillation during acute myocardial infarction.

Aims: Silent and symptomatic atrial fibrillation (AF) are common during acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and associated with higher in-hospital and 1-year mortality. Are silent and symptomatic AF associated with higher rates of AF recurrence after hospitalization for AMI? Methods and results: All consecutive patients admitted for AMI between January 2012 and August 2015 were prospectively analysed by continuous electrocardiogram monitoring <48 h after admission. Silent AF was defined as asymptomatic episodes lasting at least 30 s. The population was divided into three groups: no-AF, silent AF, and symptomatic AF. Altogether, 1621 patients were included in the prospective study and discharged alive from hospital. After excluding those with previous AF, permanent AF since the AMI and coronary artery bypass grafting surgeries and those lost to follow-up, 1282 remained. During the AMI, 1058 patients (83%) had a persistent sinus rhythm (SR), 168 (13%) had silent AF, and 55 (4%) had symptomatic AF. After a median follow-up of 1037 days (interquartile range 583-1342), new AF episodes were recorded in 59 patients (6%) of the SR group, 21 (13%) in the silent AF group, and 13 (24%) in the symptomatic AF group (P < 0.001). After Cox multivariate analysis, AF during AMI, indexed left atrial volume, age, and creatinine at discharge were identified as independent risk factors of AF after AMI. Conclusion: The results of our large-scale study suggest that patients experiencing paroxysmal new-onset AF (silent or symptomatic) during AMI are at higher risk of AF at follow-up. Our data raise the question of implementing anticoagulation therapy following these brief and often neglected episodes.

Incremental predictive value of mean platelet volume/platelet count ratio in in-hospital stroke after acute myocardial infarction.

Stroke is a serious complication after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and is associated with an increased risk of death. Though the pathophysiological mechanisms are not exactly known, increased inflammation and platelet reactivity could play an important role in the occurrence of stroke during AMI. We aimed to investigate the relationship between both mean platelet volume (MPV), a parameter of platelet function, and C-reactive protein (CRP) and the occurrence of in-hospital ischemic stroke (IHS) after AMI. Data were obtained from a French regional survey for AMI that included 5976 patients admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) between 2001 and 2010. Patients were divided into two groups according to the occurrence of IHS. MPV, platelet count (PC), and CRP were routinely measured at admission to the ICU; 99 (1.6%) IHSs were recorded during hospitalization after admission for AMI. In multivariate analysis, IHS was independently associated with a history of stroke (OR: 1.99%, CI: 1.1-3.49, p = 0.01), impaired left ventricular ejection fraction <40% (OR: 1.88, 95% CI: 1.20-2.94, p = 0.006), impaired renal function (OR: 1.94, 95% CI: 1.27-2.95, p = 0.002), CRP > 10 mg/l (OR: 2.19, 95% CI: 1.44-3.33, p < 0.001), and MPV/PC ratio (OR: 1.04, 95% CI: 1.01-1.08, p = 0.023). Compared with the first to fourth quintiles, the last quintile of the MPV/PC ratio was associated with higher rates of IHS on survival curve analysis (p = 0.014). At hospital admission, a high MPV/PC ratio and a high level of CRP might help to identify patients at increased risk of IHS. Moreover, these results provide new insights into the potential role played by increased inflammation and platelet reactivity in the occurrence of stroke after AMI.

A left lateral accessory pathway unmasked by rivastigmine.

A 75-year-old woman was referred for advice regarding surface electrocardiographic modifications after the initiation of rivastigmine. In our patient, the baseline ECGs appeared perfectly normal. However, the initiation of a cholinesterase inhibitor unmasked a left lateral accessory pathway that had never been diagnosed before. Although cholinesterase inhibitors are known to increase vagal tone, the PR interval was shortened after rivastigmine administration, thus excluding this hypothesis to explain the appearance of the accessory pathway. Therefore, we hypothesized that cholinesterase inhibitors may have increased conduction velocity in the accessory pathway or in the atria.

Outbreak of Panton-Valentine Leukocidin-Associated Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Infection in a Rugby Team, France, 2010-2011.

Staphylococcus aureus strains that produce Panton-Valentine leukocidin are known to cause community infections. We describe an outbreak of skin abscesses caused by Panton-Valentine leukocidin-producing methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (clonal complex 121) in a professional rugby team in France during July 2010-February 2011. Eight team members were carriers; 7 had skin abscesses.

Clinical effectiveness of the systematic use of the GRACE scoring system (in addition to clinical assessment) for ischaemic outcomes and bleeding complications in the management of NSTEMI compared with clinical assessment alone: a prospective study.

UNLABELLED: We assessed the interest of systematically using the GRACE scoring system (in addition to clinical assessment) for in- hospital outcomes and bleeding complications in the management of NSTEMI compared with clinical assessments alone. Multicentre, randomized study that included 572 consecutive NSTEMI patients, randomized 1:1, into group A: clinical stratification alone and group B: clinical+ GRACE score stratification. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: in-hospital outcomes and bleeding complications. There was no significant difference between the two groups for baseline data or for in-hospital MACE. In multivariate analysis, only a GRACE >140 (OR: 3.5, 95 % CI: 1.8-6.6, p < 0.001) and PCI (OR: 0.55, 95 % CI: 0.3-1.0; p = 0.05) were independent predictors of in-hospital MACE. The sub-analysis of group B showed that 56 patients (20 %) were given a compliance score of 0, showing that diagnostic angiography was performed later than as recommended by the guidelines. Interestingly, 91 % had a GRACE score >140, and these patients were significantly older, and were more likely to have a history of diabetes, stroke and renal failure, together with symptoms of heart failure. After multivariate analysis, the independent predictors of a lack of compliance with guideline delays were a GRACE score >140 (OR: 9.2; CI: 4.2-20.3, p < 0.001) and secondary referral from a non-PCI cardiology department (OR: 2.7; CI: 1.4-5.2, p = 0.003). In a real-world setting of patients admitted with NSTEMI, the systematic use of the GRACE scoring system at admission in the PCI centre does not improve in-hospital outcomes and bleeding complications.

Contact-force local impedance algorithm to guide effective pulmonary vein isolation in AF patients: 1-year outcome from an international multicenter clinical setting.

BACKGROUND: The combination of highly localized impedance (LI) and contact force (CF) may improve tissue characterization and lesion prediction during radiofrequency (RF) pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). OBJECTIVE: We report the outcomes of our acute and long-term clinical evaluation of CF-LI-guided PVI in consecutive AF ablation cases from an international multicenter clinical setting. METHODS: Three hundred twenty-four consecutive patients from 20 European centers undergoing RF catheter ablation with the Stablepoint™ catheter were enrolled in the CHARISMA registry. Of these, 275 had a minimum follow-up of 1 year and were included in the primary analysis. RESULTS: The mean procedure duration was 115 ± 47 min, and the mean fluoroscopy time was 9.9 ± 6 min. At the end of the procedures, all PVs had been successfully isolated in all study patients. Minor complications were reported in 12 patients (4.4%). At 1 year, 36 (13.1%) patients had had an AF recurrence, and freedom from antiarrhythmic drugs and AF recurrence was achieved in 228 (82.9%) patients. The recurrence rate was higher in patients with persistent AF (21/116, 18.1%) than in those with paroxysmal AF (15/159, 9.4%; p = 0.0459). On multivariate logistic analysis adjusted for baseline confounders, only time > 6 months from first diagnosis of AF to ablation (HR = 2.93, 95%CI 1.03 to 8.36, p = 0.0459) was independently associated with recurrences. CONCLUSION: An ablation strategy for PVI guided by CF-LI technology proved safe and effective and resulted in a low recurrence rate of AF over 1-year follow-up, irrespective of the underlying AF type. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: Catheter Ablation of Arrhythmias with a High-Density Mapping System in Real-World Practice. (CHARISMA). URL: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ Identifier: NCT03793998.

Insight into contact force local impedance technology for predicting effective pulmonary vein isolation.

Background: Highly localized impedance (LI) measurements during atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation have the potential to act as a reliable predictor of the durability of the lesions created. Objective: We aimed to collect data on the procedural parameters affecting LI-guided ablation in a large multicenter registry. Methods: A total of 212 consecutive patients enrolled in the CHARISMA registry and undergoing their first pulmonary vein (PV) isolation for paroxysmal and persistent AF were included. Results: In all, 13,891 radiofrequency (RF) applications of ≥3 s duration were assessed. The first-pass PV isolation rate was 93.3%. A total of 80 PV gaps were detected. At successful ablation spots, baseline LI and absolute LI drop were larger than at PV gap spots (161.4 ± 19â€…Ω vs. 153.0 ± 13 Ω, p < 0.0001 for baseline LI; 22.1 ± 9â€…Ω vs. 14.4 ± 5 Ω, p < 0.0001 for LI drop). On the basis of Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, the ideal LI drop, which predicted successful ablation, was >21â€…Ω at anterior sites and >18â€…Ω at posterior sites. There was a non-linear association between the magnitude of LI drop and contact-force (CF) (r = 0.14, 95% CI: 0.13-0.16, p < 0.0001) whereas both CF and LI drop were inversely related with delivery time (DT) (-0.22, -0.23 to -0.20, p < 0.0001 for CF; -0.27, -0.29 to -0.26, p < 0.0001 for LI drop). Conclusion: An LI drop >21â€…Ω at anterior sites and >18â€…Ω at posterior sites predicts successful ablation. A higher CF was associated with an increased likelihood of ideal LI drop. The combination of good CF and adequate LI drop allows a significant reduction in RF DT. Clinical trial registration: http://clinicaltrials.gov/, identifier: NCT03793998.

Dynamics of the digestive acquisition of bacterial carriage and integron presence by French preterm newborns according to maternal colonization: The DAIR3N multicentric study.

Objectives: The study aimed to describe the dynamics and risk factors of Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) acquisition in preterm infants. Methods: This prospective multicenter French study included mothers hospitalized for preterm delivery and their newborns, followed until hospital discharge. Maternal feces and vaginal fluids at delivery, and neonatal feces from birth to discharge were tested for cultivable GNB, potential acquired resistance, and integrons. The primary outcome was the acquisition of GNB and integrons in neonatal feces, and their dynamics, evaluated by survival analysis using the actuarial method. Risk factors were analyzed using Cox models. Results: Two hundred thirty-eight evaluable preterm dyads were included by five different centers over 16 months. GNB were isolated in 32.6% of vaginal samples, with 15.4% of strains producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) or hyperproducing cephalosporinase (HCase), and in 96.2% of maternal feces, with 7.8% ESBL-GNB or HCase-GNB. Integrons were detected in 40.2% of feces and 10.6% of GNB strains. The mean (SD) length of stay of newborns was 39.5 (15.9) days; 4 died in the hospital. At least one infection episode occurred in 36.1% of newborns. The acquisition of GNB and integrons was progressive from birth to discharge. At discharge, half of newborns had ESBL-GNB or HCase-GNB, independently favored by a premature rupture of membranes (Hazard Ratio (HR), 3.41, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.71; 6.81), and 25.6% had integrons (protective factor: multiple gestation, HR, 0.367, 95% CI, 0.195; 0.693). Conclusion: In preterm newborns, the acquisitions of GNB, including resistant ones, and integrons are progressive from birth to discharge. A premature rupture of membranes favored the colonization by ESBL-GNB or Hcase-GNB.

Multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis-confirmed emergence of a macrolide resistance-associated mutation in Mycoplasma pneumoniae during macrolide therapy for interstitial pneumonia in an immunocompromised child.

A child with Job's syndrome was treated for pneumonia due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae. A mixed population of wild-type bacteria and an A2059G mutant was detected during josamycin treatment failure. The same multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA) type (MLVA type I) was isolated before and after treatment failure. The child recovered after ciprofloxacin treatment.