RESUMO
Does competition affect moral behavior? This fundamental question has been debated among leading scholars for centuries, and more recently, it has been tested in experimental studies yielding a body of rather inconclusive empirical evidence. A potential source of ambivalent empirical results on the same hypothesis is design heterogeneity-variation in true effect sizes across various reasonable experimental research protocols. To provide further evidence on whether competition affects moral behavior and to examine whether the generalizability of a single experimental study is jeopardized by design heterogeneity, we invited independent research teams to contribute experimental designs to a crowd-sourced project. In a large-scale online data collection, 18,123 experimental participants were randomly allocated to 45 randomly selected experimental designs out of 95 submitted designs. We find a small adverse effect of competition on moral behavior in a meta-analysis of the pooled data. The crowd-sourced design of our study allows for a clean identification and estimation of the variation in effect sizes above and beyond what could be expected due to sampling variance. We find substantial design heterogeneity-estimated to be about 1.6 times as large as the average standard error of effect size estimates of the 45 research designs-indicating that the informativeness and generalizability of results based on a single experimental design are limited. Drawing strong conclusions about the underlying hypotheses in the presence of substantive design heterogeneity requires moving toward much larger data collections on various experimental designs testing the same hypothesis.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Depression literacy has received extensive attention within mental health research. It has been studied by different social groups and professions in Western and non-Western cultures. The importance of this topic stems from the fact that depression literacy is strongly related to attitudes toward people who are diagnosed with depression, the tendency to stigmatize this mental disorder, and to the propensity to undertake help-seeking behaviors. Therefore, understanding and promoting depression literacy is crucial in contemporary mental health prevention and promotion. We propose a new two-factorial tool measuring beliefs about depression. This 14-item self-report measure captures how people vary across two dimensions of beliefs about depression-depression literacy and misconceptions about depression. METHODS: In ten studies with a total sample of over 4,600 participants from three countries, we demonstrated the two-factorial structure of the Depression Literacy and Misconceptions Scale (DepSter) in Polish (Studies 1 and 2), American (Study 4), and British (Study 5) samples. We showed measurement equivalence for the Polish and English versions of the scale (Study 3). Furthermore, we tested the discriminant meaning of the two dimensions of beliefs about depression analyzing its association with health literacy, mental health literacy, and prejudice toward people with mental illness (Study 4), depression literacy and depression stigma (Study 5), empathetic concerns (Study 7), social dominance orientation (Study 8), and the Big Five personality traits (Study 9). We also investigated whether individuals with formal education in psychology and direct or indirect experience with depression demonstrate a higher level of depression literacy and a lower level of misconceptions about depression (Study 6). Our measure showed high stability for two dimensions of beliefs about depression (Study 10), in both its Polish and English versions, with the measurement conducted after three weeks and three months. DISCUSSION: We conclude that the proposed approach to beliefs about depression capturing both depression literacy and misconceptions about depression measured with the DepSter scale can easily be applied in clinical and social settings, especially in studies concerning the perception of those diagnosed with depression.
Assuntos
Letramento em Saúde , Transtornos Psicóticos , Humanos , Depressão/psicologia , Saúde Mental , Estigma Social , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em SaúdeRESUMO
Despite the fact that age is associated with higher religiosity, the aging European population has experienced a noticeable religiosity decline over recent decades. This study aimed to explain this paradox and to link it to an intergenerational shift in the pattern of values (as conceptualized by Shalom Schwartz). We conducted extended mediation analyses on the relationships between generational affiliation and the level of personal religiosity via human values in two studies (European Social Survey round 7, N = 29,775; and European Social Survey rounds 1-9, N = 224,314). Our results confirm a pronounced trend of religiosity decline and explain this process by changes in personal values. In particular, Europe's generational increase in openness to change values explains religiosity decline above and beyond the effect of people's developmental age. We conclude that the perspective of human values provides a significant rationale for further research on religiosity, in relation to both past and future generations of Europeans.
RESUMO
In three studies, we document the validity of the Polish version of the Emotional Style Questionnaire (ESQ)-a 24-item self-report measure that captures how people vary across six dimensions that make up a healthy emotional life. Study 1 provides support for the proposed factorial structure of the Polish version of the scale and gender measurement invariance, demonstrates the similarity of the Polish and English versions of the scale, and reveals the excellent test-retest reliability of the scale across an interval of two months. Study 2 confirms the adequacy of the factorial structure in another sample, shows that the construct validity for each of the six subscales is similar to that of the original scale, and documents the age measurement invariance of the scale. Finally, in Study 3, we investigate measurement invariance across Polish and American samples and demonstrate that Poles are characterized by lower scores on healthy emotionality and its dimensions compared to Americans. We conclude that the Polish version of the ESQ is a psychometrically valid and easily implementable measurement tool that can be applied in research settings to measure healthy emotionality and its components. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12144-022-03323-4.
RESUMO
People can get most of their needs broadly satisfied in two ways: by close communal ties and by dealings with people in the marketplace. These modes of relating-termed communal and market-often necessitate qualitatively different motives, behaviors, and mind-sets. We reasoned that activating market mode would produce behaviors consistent with it and impair behaviors consistent with communal mode. In a series of experiments, money-the market-mode cue-was presented to Polish children ages 3 to 6. We measured communal behavior by prosocial helpfulness and generosity and measured market behavior by performance and effort. Results showed that handling money (compared with other objects) increased laborious effort and reduced helpfulness and generosity. The effects of money primes were not due to the children's mood, liking for money, or task engagement. This work is the first to demonstrate that young children tacitly understand market mode and also understand that money is a cue to shift into it.
Assuntos
Comportamento Infantil/psicologia , Sinais (Psicologia) , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Humanos , Características de Residência , Comportamento Social , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
Research has shown that hungry individuals are more impulsive, impatient, and prone to make indulgent food choices compared to their satiated counterparts. However, the literature is still mixed, with some studies showing such results while others fail to demonstrate hunger effects on consumers' choice behavior. The current cross-sectional study (N = 461) sought to address these inconsistencies by examining whether the link between hunger and people's propensity to make indulgent (vs. virtuous) food choices is moderated by their healthy eating concerns. Our findings revealed a weak but significant association between participants' self-reported hunger levels and their likelihood of making indulgent rather than virtuous food choices (e.g., preferring a chocolate cake instead of a fruit salad). Importantly, this effect was moderated by their healthy eating concerns, such that the link between hunger and choice likelihood of indulgent food options only emerged among participants who scored lower, but not higher, in healthy eating concerns. We also replicated these results in a robustness check that focused on the extent to which participants indicated having a healthy lifestyle (e.g., exercising regularly), with a similar moderating influence of this factor. Together, these findings shed light on the importance of considering certain boundary conditions for establishing a link between hunger and consumers' food choices, thus adding nuance to the growing body of hunger-related literature. The results emphasize the importance of ensuring the availability of healthier snack options in environments wherein foods and beverages can be consumed, particularly at times when consumers tend to be hungry, to promote healthier eating habits.
RESUMO
The multidimensional etiology of pain may explain the beneficial effects of regular physical activity, as evidenced by increased pain tolerance. Physically active people find it easier to exert themselves, which enables them to increase their physical activity, which in turn leads to a reduction in pain. However, no study investigated the physical activity and exercise tests as modulators of pain sensitivity in pregnant women. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the changes in pain perception in pregnant women during pregnancy, with a particular interest in the effects of maximal progressive exercise test (CPET) and self-performed physical activity (PA). Thirty-one women with an uncomplicated singleton pregnancy (aged 23-41 years; M = 31.29, SD = 4.18) were invited to participate in pain sensitivity measurements before and after CPET twice during pregnancy (with an 8-week break). We found that pregnant women had a significantly lower pain threshold after a maximal exercise test than before, regardless of whether the test was performed in the second or third trimester of pregnancy. This effect was most pronounced in women with low levels of physical activity. Second, women with high physical activity had higher pain tolerance than women with moderate and low physical activity. In addition, physical activity levels predicted changes in pain tolerance over the course of pregnancy, with negative changes in women with low physical activity and positive changes in women with moderate physical activity. Finally, these associations were not reflected in differences in the subjective pain experience.
Assuntos
Teste de Esforço , Exercício Físico , Limiar da Dor , Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Adulto , Limiar da Dor/fisiologia , Teste de Esforço/métodos , Adulto Jovem , Exercício Físico/fisiologia , Medição da Dor/métodos , Dor/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
Total hip and knee replacements are the most common orthopedic procedures performed due to osteoarthritis. Pain is an intrinsic symptom accompanying osteoarthritis, persisting long before surgery, and continuing during the preoperative and postoperative periods. Appropriate pain management after surgery determines the comfort, duration, and cost of hospitalization, as well as the effectiveness of postoperative rehabilitation. Individual differences in pain perception and tolerance in orthopedic patients remain an important research topic. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the predictors of analgesic requirements (morphine, acetaminophen, and ketoprofen), including individual pain threshold and tolerance, body mass index (BMI), diabetes, and beliefs about pain control in patients undergoing elective hip or knee arthroplasty using a multilevel regression model (N = 147, 85 women, 62 men, 107 after hip replacement, and 40 after knee replacement). Results: Higher pain tolerance was associated with a lower dose of morphine per kg after surgery. Patients undergoing hip surgery received a lower dose of ketoprofen than patients undergoing knee surgery. The more the patient believed in personal pain control, the stronger the negative relationship between pain tolerance and morphine requirement. The lowest doses were given to patients with the highest pain tolerance and the greatest belief in personal control. Factors such as belief in pain control and pain tolerance should be considered in comprehensive postoperative pain management in orthopedic patients to reduce opioid doses and, thus, side effects.
RESUMO
In a series of five experiments, we provided evidence that evoking the market mindset negatively affects trust. We found that the market mindset reduces trust compared with the communal mindset (Experiment 1) and a neutral condition (Experiment 2). Next, we examined the psychological mechanisms behind the detrimental effect of the market mindset on trust and found that this effect was mediated by enhanced proportional thinking (Experiments 3 and 4) and reduced state empathy (Experiments 4 and 5). Finally, in a preregistered Experiment 5, we showed that these two psychological mechanisms are relatively independent.
Assuntos
Empatia , Confiança , Humanos , Confiança/psicologiaRESUMO
Prior research has demonstrated that adopting the market mindset hinders interpersonal trust. In the present work, we show that this effect is not universal, as trust can rise when people with the market mindset perceive the situation as resembling market-pricing principles. We start by showing that the Trust Game represents an interaction that people perceive as being more similar to market-pricing relationships rather than to communal-sharing relationships (pilot study; N = 114). In a series of three experiments, we then demonstrate that (a) compared to controls, participants with the market mindset make larger allocations in the Trust Game (Experiment 1; N = 131), (b) this effect is mediated by the motivation to use proportional thinking (preregistered Experiment 2; N = 581), and (c) compared to controls, people with the market mindset are more sensitive to proportions-their allocations in the Trust Game are significantly higher when multiplied by 4 compared to when multiplied by 2 (preregistered Experiment 3; N = 931). (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
RESUMO
One of the genes associated with pain perception is SCN9A, which encodes an α-subunit of the voltage gated sodium channel, NaV1.7, a crucial player in peripheral pain sensation. It has been suggested that a common missense polymorphism within SCN9A (rs6746030; G>A; R1150W) may affect nociception in the general population, but its effects of pain perception in athletes remain unknown. Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate the association between a polymorphism within SCN9A (rs6746030) and pain perception (pain threshold and pain tolerance) in the group of combat athletes (n = 214) and students (n = 92) who did not participate in sports at a professional level. Genotyping was carried out using TaqMan Real-Time PCR method. No significant differences were found between the SCN9A genotype distributions with respect to the pain threshold. However, the probability of having a high pain threshold was higher in the combat sports group than in the control group. The probability of having a decreased pain tolerance was higher in the carriers of the GA and AA genotype than in the homozygotes of the GG genotype. Moreover, the possibility of having a high pain threshold was higher in the combat athlete group than in the control group. The results of our study suggest that the SCN9A rs6746030 polymorphism may affect pain perception. However, the additional effect of the experimental group may suggest that pain tolerance is significantly modulated by other factors, such as the systematic exposure of the athletes' bodies to short-term high-intensity stimuli during training sessions.
Assuntos
Dor , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Humanos , Percepção da Dor , Limiar da Dor , Genótipo , Canal de Sódio Disparado por Voltagem NAV1.7/genéticaRESUMO
Consumers often use their food choices as an impression management strategy to signal desirable aspects about themselves to others, especially in public places like restaurants and cafeterias, where the presence of others can promote certain consumption choices and preference patterns. In mating contexts, people prefer gender-typical traits and characteristics in a potential partner. Food options can also be classified according to their gender typicality, with certain alternatives perceived as feminine (e.g., salad, seafood) and with other options perceived as more masculine (e.g., steak, burger). Drawing on impression management theories from the drinking and dining domain and literature on sex differences in human mate preferences, we present a high-powered experiment investigating whether consumers' preferences for masculine or feminine foods depend on the social setting in which the food consumption takes place: dining with an attractive date (mating) or meeting and eating with friends (non-mating). Participants (N = 162, 46.9% females, 53.1% males; age M = 41.8 years, SD = 14.5) were randomly assigned to one of the two experimental conditions (mating vs. non-mating) and were asked to indicate their food preferences for 15 dishes that differed markedly in perceived femininity/masculinity. Consistent with our theorizing, females (males) generally had a stronger preference for foods perceived as more feminine (masculine), thereby supporting the gender-typicality thesis at the aggregate level. Furthermore, females in the mating condition-but not females in the non-mating condition-reported significantly stronger preferences for more feminine food alternatives. However, in direct contrast to our theorizing, males preferred more masculine meals in the non-mating condition (i.e., when dining with friends), whereas this gender-typical tendency did not emerge in the mating condition (i.e., when dining with an attractive date). We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of these findings and present a set of fruitful avenues for future research.
RESUMO
Background: Pain, a subjective sensation, poses a great challenge to the human body as a stressor. There is empirical evidence that moderate to intense physical activity increases pain tolerance and this may be critical during pregnancy for optimal pregnancy, fetal development, and delivery. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first study examining the changes in pain perception in pregnant women after a maximal progressive exercise test and after 8 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT). Methods: Thirty-five women with uncomplicated singleton pregnancies between 13 and 28 weeks of gestation participated in the study. The HIIT intervention was developed in accordance with the recommendations and available data on HIIT during pregnancy. The maximal progressive cardiopulmonary exercise test was performed on a cycle ergometer with an electronically controlled load. Pressure pain threshold and pressure pain tolerance were measured with an algometer. Results: We found significant effects of the maximal exercise test and high-intensity interval training, such that the pregnant women had higher pain tolerance after the maximal exercise test than before and after the high-intensity interval training than the baseline. Conclusion: Our results suggest that post-exercise analgesia may be important in pregnant women and that high-intensity interval training appears to be beneficial for pregnant women to improve their pain tolerance while being obstetrically safe. Increased pain tolerance before labor could lead to better management of pain during labor and in the postpartum and lactation periods. Increasing pregnant women's awareness of this issue can improve their wellbeing and provide more comfort during labor.
RESUMO
Recent research has pointed to cross-cultural differences with regard to preferences for the directions that societies should take in their development. From an individual's perspective, these directions might be understood as 'goals', i.e., internal representations of desired end states. To date, research on individual differences that determine preferences for such directions is scarce. However, people's motivational concerns, i.e., what they fundamentally value, may shape their views about the desired paths for their country's future. The role of such motivational concerns has been described by regulatory focus theory, which distinguishes between promotion concerns related to advancement needs and prevention concerns linked with security needs. The overall aim of this project is to map the different pathways of societal development with regulatory focus concerns. This will be achieved in two studies. In Study 1, a group concept mapping method will be employed, and leading psychologists will assess the extent to which various societal development goals represent promotion and prevention goals. Based on these ratings, a two-dimensional map of the goals will be created and presented to the same experts, who will be asked to create goal clusters based on their proximity with regard to promotion and prevention ratings. This study will reveal which societal development directions have promotion concerns that outweigh prevention concerns (and vice versa) and which are both high (or low) on these dimensions. This initial mapping will be corroborated in correlational Study 2 with representative samples from two countries differing in dominating regulatory orientations (Poland vs. USA). Here, the roles of individual promotion and prevention orientations in preferences for specific societal development directions will be evaluated. This project will provide new insights into the roles of individual motivational systems in preferences for goals that might be pursued in country development.
Assuntos
Militares , Humanos , Individualidade , Motivação , PolôniaRESUMO
People differ in the extent to which they express a need for sense-making (NSM), and these individual differences are important to understand in light of meaning-making processes. To quantify this important variable, we originally proposed a need for sense-making scale. We now propose a refined, similarly reliable short version of the scale (NSM-SF). The 7-item NSM-SF was validated across a series of four studies (combined N = 1,243). NSM-SF showed psychometric properties and correlations consistent with its longer forerunner. Additionally, results indicated that the need for sense-making was moderately positively related to the satisfaction of basic psychological needs (autonomy, relatedness and competence), and it related negatively to the frustration of these needs. The research offers a useful, brief tool for assessing the NSM construct and broadens our understanding of basic psychological motivations.
RESUMO
The aim of the study was to describe the characteristics and factors related to pain perception in pregnant women, such as optimism, personality traits, and fear of developing COVID-19 consequences. Sixty-six pregnant women aged 23 to 42 years participated in the study, and the comparison group consisted of n = 59 non-pregnant female students aged 19 to 23 years. Pressure pain threshold and pain tolerance were measured with an algometer. To assess psychological characteristics, the Life-Orientation Test-Revised was used to assess optimism, the Fear of COVID-19 Scale was used to assess COVID-19 anxiety, and the Ten-Item Personality Inventory was applied to assess personality traits in a five-factor model. The main results of the study showed that pain tolerance was significantly lower in both dominant and non-dominant hand pregnant women than in the comparison group. The studied pregnant women had higher scores for conscientiousness, fear of COVID-19, and optimism compared with the non-pregnant women. Regression analysis showed that the variability in pain perception among pregnant women could not be explained by individual differences in personality traits, optimism, and fear of COVID-19.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Parto , Gravidez , Feminino , Humanos , Estudos Transversais , Parto/psicologia , Limiar da Dor , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Gestantes/psicologia , Ansiedade/epidemiologia , Ansiedade/psicologia , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
Rooting our model in the compensatory control theory, we propose that one reason behind the prevalence of market relationships in modern society is that the fundamental need for orderliness makes them psychologically appealing because of the structure they provide. The initial study confirmed that market relationships are perceived as more structured than communal relationships. In 13 experiments (including 2 preregistered ones), we examined the causal relationship between personal control and preferences for market relationships. First, participants with a threatened sense of control preferred market over communal relationships and interpreted ambiguous social interactions as market-related. Second, the salience of market relationships triggered a sense of control and evoked internal explanations of various events. Finally, priming market relationships reduced the search for other compensatory control tools in the face of external threats. We also demonstrated that market relationships are appealing because of their structure, as perceiving ambiguous situations as market-related after threatening control was moderated by Personal Need for Structure, and the relation between market relationships and the sense of control was mediated by perceived structure. Finally, we tested boundary conditions of the above effects and provided evidence that people facing control threat tend to prefer market-oriented rules in relations with strangers rather than with those close to them, and that the relation between market relationships and sense of control is absent among securely attached individuals. We discuss why market relationships compensate for lack of control and refer to other disciplines to explain this phenomenon. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Assuntos
Interação Social , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Negociação , Adulto JovemRESUMO
When making financial decisions, people often use recommendations from professional advisors. However, before doing so, they must first recognize whether the experts to whom they turn for advice are competent and trustworthy. In the present article, we show that decision-makers ascribe greater authority to those financial advisors whose recommendations confirm their own opinions. We document that this confirmation effect in perceiving financial experts' authority holds for two financial products (investment accounts and health savings accounts) and three different cultures (United States, Poland, and the United Kingdom). Most importantly, we found that the effect might be due to three distinct psychological mechanisms: self-esteem, bias blind spot, and processing fluency. The results presented in this project indicate that receiving financial advice consistent with one's own beliefs (compared to advice inconsistent with those beliefs) is related to higher evaluations of one's own competence in finances, higher self-esteem, and perceiving advisors as less biased and with better processing fluency, which in turn lead to ascribing greater epistemic authority to financial experts. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Assuntos
Processos Grupais , Autoimagem , Viés , Humanos , Reino Unido , Estados UnidosRESUMO
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has reduced the sense of security of people in everyday life. The efforts of managers in the workplace to minimize the health risks and economic damage, however, can provide the employees with a greater sense of security. The aim of this study was to identify the types of workplace responses to the pandemic outbreak with respect to the characteristics of employees and their employers accomplishing the differences in subjective sense of workplace security before the pandemic and during the outbreak. Three hundred and thirty-seven Polish employees completed an online survey during the first 2 weeks of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020. Using the cluster analysis, we identified four subgroups of employees differing in their sense of workplace security, work-related psychological factors, and perceived management styles of their supervisors. Employees led by developers and executive managers sustained a high sense of work security and positive attitude to work, while those led by compromisers and deserter managers suffered from the highest drop of subjective security. In this study, we proposed how employees can be protected from overreactions and unnecessary panic in a time of global crisis by virtue of the psychological competences of their supervisors and employers.
RESUMO
In four studies, we document the development and validation of the Emotional Style Questionnaire (ESQ)-a 24-item self-report measure that captures how people vary across 6 dimensions that make up a healthy emotional life. These 6 dimensions (Outlook, Resilience, Social Intuition, Self-Awareness, Sensitivity to Context, and Attention) are based on a theoretical framework drawn from neuroscientific studies of emotion. Study 1 reports the development of the ESQ and provides initial support for the proposed factorial structure of the scale. Study 2 confirms the adequacy of the factorial structure in a second sample and establishes the construct validity of each of the 6 subscales. In Study 3, we test the relationship between the ESQ as a measure of healthy emotionality and various indicators of psychological and physical well-being. Finally, Study 4 investigates the test-retest reliability of the scale and reveals very good reliability across an interval of 4 weeks. We conclude that the ESQ is a psychometrically solid and easily implementable instrument that can be used to gauge healthy emotionality and its components in both clinical and research settings. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).