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1.
Cell ; 184(10): 2618-2632.e17, 2021 05 13.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33836156

RESUMO

The ongoing pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is currently affecting millions of lives worldwide. Large retrospective studies indicate that an elevated level of inflammatory cytokines and pro-inflammatory factors are associated with both increased disease severity and mortality. Here, using multidimensional epigenetic, transcriptional, in vitro, and in vivo analyses, we report that topoisomerase 1 (TOP1) inhibition suppresses lethal inflammation induced by SARS-CoV-2. Therapeutic treatment with two doses of topotecan (TPT), an FDA-approved TOP1 inhibitor, suppresses infection-induced inflammation in hamsters. TPT treatment as late as 4 days post-infection reduces morbidity and rescues mortality in a transgenic mouse model. These results support the potential of TOP1 inhibition as an effective host-directed therapy against severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. TPT and its derivatives are inexpensive clinical-grade inhibitors available in most countries. Clinical trials are needed to evaluate the efficacy of repurposing TOP1 inhibitors for severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in humans.


Assuntos
Tratamento Farmacológico da COVID-19 , DNA Topoisomerases Tipo I/metabolismo , SARS-CoV-2/metabolismo , Inibidores da Topoisomerase I/farmacologia , Topotecan/farmacologia , Animais , COVID-19/enzimologia , COVID-19/patologia , Chlorocebus aethiops , Humanos , Inflamação/tratamento farmacológico , Inflamação/enzimologia , Inflamação/patologia , Inflamação/virologia , Mesocricetus , Camundongos , Camundongos Transgênicos , Células THP-1 , Células Vero
2.
Nature ; 2024 Sep 25.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39321846

RESUMO

In March 2024, highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 infections in dairy cows were first reported from Texas, USA1. Rapid dissemination to more than 190 farms in 13 states followed2. Here, we provide results of two independent clade 2.3.4.4b experimental infection studies evaluating (i) oronasal susceptibility and transmission in calves to a US H5N1 bovine isolate genotype B3.13 (H5N1 B3.13) and (ii) susceptibility of lactating cows following direct mammary gland inoculation of either H5N1 B3.13 or a current EU H5N1 wild bird isolate genotype euDG (H5N1 euDG). Inoculation of the calves resulted in moderate nasal replication and shedding with no severe clinical signs or transmission to sentinel calves. In dairy cows, infection resulted in no nasal shedding, but severe acute mammary gland infection with necrotizing mastitis and high fever was observed for both H5N1 isolates. Milk production was rapidly and drastically reduced and the physical condition of the cows was severely compromised. Virus titers in milk rapidly peaked at 108 TCID50/mL, but systemic infection did not ensue. Notably, adaptive mutation PB2 E627K emerged after intramammary replication of H5N1 euDG. Our data suggest that in addition to H5N1 B3.13, other HPAIV H5N1 strains have the potential to replicate in the udder of cows and that milk and milking procedures, rather than respiratory spread, are likely the primary routes of H5N1 transmission between cattle.

3.
Virus Genes ; 60(5): 517-527, 2024 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39008139

RESUMO

The recent expansion of HPAIV H5N1 infections in terrestrial mammals in the Americas, most recently including the outbreak in dairy cattle, emphasizes the critical need for better epidemiological monitoring of zoonotic diseases. In this work, we detected, isolated, and characterized the HPAIV H5N1 from environmental swab samples collected from a dairy farm in the state of Kansas, USA. Genomic sequencing of these samples uncovered two distinctive substitutions in the PB2 (E249G) and NS1 (R21Q) genes which are rare and absent in recent 2024 isolates of H5N1 circulating in the mammalian and avian species. Additionally, approximately 1.7% of the sequence reads indicated a PB2 (E627K) substitution, commonly associated with virus adaptation to mammalian hosts. Phylogenetic analyses of the PB2 and NS genes demonstrated more genetic identity between this environmental isolate and the 2024 human isolate (A/Texas/37/2024) of H5N1. Conversely, HA and NA gene analyses revealed a closer relationship between our isolate and those found in other dairy cattle with almost 100% identity, sharing a common phylogenetic subtree. These findings underscore the rapid evolutionary progression of HPAIV H5N1 among dairy cattle and reinforces the need for more epidemiological monitoring which can be done using environmental sampling.


Assuntos
Fazendas , Virus da Influenza A Subtipo H5N1 , Filogenia , Animais , Bovinos , Virus da Influenza A Subtipo H5N1/genética , Virus da Influenza A Subtipo H5N1/isolamento & purificação , Virus da Influenza A Subtipo H5N1/patogenicidade , Virus da Influenza A Subtipo H5N1/classificação , Kansas , Humanos , Indústria de Laticínios , Doenças dos Bovinos/virologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia
4.
Arch Virol ; 164(2): 359-370, 2019 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30367292

RESUMO

In this study, an alphavirus vector platform was used to deliver replicon particles (RPs) expressing African swine fever virus (ASFV) antigens to swine. Alphavirus RPs expressing ASFV p30 (RP-30), p54 (RP-54) or pHA-72 (RP-sHA-p72) antigens were constructed and tested for expression in Vero cells and for immunogenicity in pigs. RP-30 showed the highest expression in Vero cells and was the most immunogenic in pigs, followed by RP-54 and RP-sHA-p72. Pigs primed with two doses of the RP-30 construct were then boosted with a naturally attenuated ASFV isolate, OURT88/3. Mapping of p30 identified an immunodominant region within the amino acid residues 111-130. However, the principal effect of the prime-boost was enhanced recognition of an epitope covered by the peptide sequence 61-110. The results suggest that a strategy incorporating priming with a vector-expressed antigen followed by boosting with an attenuated live virus may broaden the recognition of ASFV epitopes.


Assuntos
Vírus da Febre Suína Africana/imunologia , Febre Suína Africana/imunologia , Antígenos Virais/imunologia , Vacinas Virais/imunologia , Febre Suína Africana/prevenção & controle , Febre Suína Africana/virologia , Vírus da Febre Suína Africana/genética , Alphavirus/genética , Alphavirus/metabolismo , Animais , Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , Antígenos Virais/administração & dosagem , Antígenos Virais/genética , Chlorocebus aethiops , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Expressão Gênica , Imunização Secundária , Epitopos Imunodominantes/administração & dosagem , Epitopos Imunodominantes/genética , Epitopos Imunodominantes/imunologia , Suínos , Células Vero , Vacinas Virais/administração & dosagem
5.
Virus Genes ; 55(1): 1-11, 2019 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30426314

RESUMO

Rift Valley fever phlebovirus (RVFV) is a mosquito-transmitted pathogen endemic to sub-Saharan Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. RVFV is a threat to both animal and human health and has costly economic consequences mainly related to livestock production and trade. Competent hosts and vectors for RVFV are widespread, existing outside of endemic countries including the USA. Thus, the possibility of RVFV spreading to the USA or other countries worldwide is of significant concern. RVFV (genus Phlebovirus) is comprised of an enveloped virion containing a three-segmented, negative-stranded RNA genome that is able to undergo genetic reassortment. Reassortment has the potential to produce viruses that are more pathogenic, easily transmissible, and that have wider vector or host range. This is especially concerning because of the wide use of live attenuated vaccine strains throughout endemic countries. This review focuses on the molecular aspects of RVFV, genetic diversity of RVFV strains, and RVFV reassortment.


Assuntos
Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes/epidemiologia , Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes/virologia , Vírus Reordenados , Febre do Vale de Rift/epidemiologia , Febre do Vale de Rift/virologia , Vírus da Febre do Vale do Rift/classificação , Vírus da Febre do Vale do Rift/genética , Animais , Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes/transmissão , Variação Genética , Genoma Viral , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno , Humanos , Estágios do Ciclo de Vida , RNA Viral , Febre do Vale de Rift/transmissão , Vírus da Febre do Vale do Rift/patogenicidade , Virulência , Replicação Viral
6.
Viruses ; 16(9)2024 Sep 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39339927

RESUMO

The recent incursion of highly pathogenic influenza viruses into dairy cattle opens new insights for influenza virus ecology and its interspecies transmission and may have a significant impact on public health and agriculture. The aim of this study was to determine the stability of a bovine highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus isolate in the milk byproduct lactose and to evaluate two inactivation methods using industrial procedures. The bovine isolate of the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus was stable for 14 days in a concentrated lactose solution under refrigerated conditions. Heat or citric acid treatments successfully inactivated the virus in lactose. This study highlights the persistence of HPAIV in lactose and its efficient inactivation under industrial standards.


Assuntos
Virus da Influenza A Subtipo H5N1 , Lactose , Leite , Inativação de Vírus , Lactose/farmacologia , Animais , Bovinos , Leite/virologia , Virus da Influenza A Subtipo H5N1/efeitos dos fármacos , Temperatura Alta , Ácido Cítrico/farmacologia
7.
bioRxiv ; 2024 Aug 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39185164

RESUMO

A bovine isolate of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus was stable for 14 days in a concentrated lactose solution at under refrigerated conditions. Heat or citric acid treatments successfully inactivated viruses in lactose. This study highlights the persistence of HPAIV in lactose and its efficient inactivation under industrial standards.

8.
Animals (Basel) ; 14(19)2024 Sep 30.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39409778

RESUMO

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for COVID-19, has been found to infect various domestic and wild animal species. In this study, convenience serum samples from 575 bison, 180 elk, and 147 samples from various wildlife species collected between 2020 and 2023 from several regions in the United States were analyzed for the presence of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies. Two commercial ELISA assays based on the inhibition of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (sVNT) or the nucleocapsid protein (N-ELISA) of SARS-CoV-2 were used. Positive samples from the sVNT were additionally evaluated using a conventional virus neutralization test (VNT). Our results indicated that 1.2% of bison, 2.2% of elk, and 4.1% of the other wildlife species serum samples were seropositive in the sVNT, whereas 4.2% of bison, 3.3% of elk, and 1.4% of the other captive wildlife species serum samples tested positive by the N-ELISA. Among the sVNT serum samples, two samples from bison, one sample from elk, and five serum samples from other wildlife species (one cheetah, one gorilla, two lions, and one hippopotamus) had neutralizing antibody titers in the VNT, indicating these species are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. These findings highlight the importance of broad surveillance efforts for the effective monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 in non-human hosts.

9.
Front Vet Sci ; 11: 1425928, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39091398

RESUMO

African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious diseases in domestic pigs and wild boars with up to 100% mortality. ASF virus (ASFV) is a causative agent responsible for ASF and highly resistant in environments, which creates a significant challenge for the control and eradication of the virus. Despite the geographical expansion of ASFV and international movement of products to sustain the swine production system, there is limited knowledge on the use of environmental samples to perform surveillance to prevent the introduction of ASFV into ASFV-free areas and for control of transmission in affected areas. Therefore, this study aimed to develop and optimize sampling techniques for environmental samples for ASFV detection. The stainless steel surfaces were contaminated with ASFV-infected blood, swabbed using different devices, and then processed through different techniques. The environmental samples were processed and tested using qPCR analysis. The results showed that the use of pre-moistened gauze surgical sponges, sweeping pads, and sponge sticks resulted in increased sensitivity, when compared to either dry sampling devices or Dacron swab. In particular, the combination of the sponge stick and the commercial nucleic acid preservative supported the best detection of ASFV DNA on the clean stainless steel surfaces evaluated. Pre-incubation for the short period of time and centrifugation at low speed were sufficient to provide satisfactory diagnostic sensitivity of ASFV detection using qPCR for environmental samples. Our findings contribute to the development of techniques for environmental samples for ASFV surveillance to prevent the introduction and dissemination of ASFV.

10.
Emerg Microbes Infect ; 13(1): 2353292, 2024 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38712345

RESUMO

ABSTRACTRapid evolution of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) is driven by antigenic drift but also by reassortment, which might result in robust replication in and transmission to mammals. Recently, spillover of clade 2.3.4.4b HPAIV to mammals including humans, and their transmission between mammalian species has been reported. This study aimed to evaluate the pathogenicity and transmissibility of a mink-derived clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 HPAIV isolate from Spain in pigs. Experimental infection caused interstitial pneumonia with necrotizing bronchiolitis with high titers of virus present in the lower respiratory tract and 100% seroconversion. Infected pigs shed limited amount of virus, and importantly, there was no transmission to contact pigs. Notably, critical mammalian-like adaptations such as PB2-E627 K and HA-Q222L emerged at low frequencies in principal-infected pigs. It is concluded that pigs are highly susceptible to infection with the mink-derived clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 HPAIV and provide a favorable environment for HPAIV to acquire mammalian-like adaptations.


Assuntos
Virus da Influenza A Subtipo H5N1 , Vison , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae , Doenças dos Suínos , Animais , Vison/virologia , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/virologia , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/transmissão , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/veterinária , Suínos , Virus da Influenza A Subtipo H5N1/patogenicidade , Virus da Influenza A Subtipo H5N1/genética , Virus da Influenza A Subtipo H5N1/fisiologia , Virus da Influenza A Subtipo H5N1/isolamento & purificação , Doenças dos Suínos/virologia , Doenças dos Suínos/transmissão , Espanha , Proteínas Virais/genética , Proteínas Virais/metabolismo , Eliminação de Partículas Virais
11.
Emerg Microbes Infect ; 13(1): 2387449, 2024 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39083026

RESUMO

Proteolytic activation of the haemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein by host cellular proteases is pivotal for influenza A virus (IAV) infectivity. Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses possess the multibasic cleavage site of the HA which is cleaved by ubiquitous proteases, such as furin; in contrast, the monobasic HA motif is recognized and activated by trypsin-like proteases, such as the transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2). Here, we aimed to determine the effects of TMPRSS2 on the replication of pandemic H1N1 and H3N2 subtype IAVs in the natural host, the pig. The use of the CRISPR/Cas 9 system led to the establishment of homozygous gene edited (GE) TMPRSS2 knockout (KO) pigs. Delayed IAV replication was demonstrated in primary respiratory cells of KO pigs in vitro. IAV infection in vivo resulted in a significant reduction of virus shedding in the upper respiratory tract, and lower virus titers and pathological lesions in the lower respiratory tract of TMPRSS2 KO pigs as compared to wild-type pigs. Our findings support the commercial use of GE pigs to mitigate influenza A virus infection in pigs, as an alternative approach to prevent zoonotic influenza A transmissions from pigs to humans.


Assuntos
Sistemas CRISPR-Cas , Edição de Genes , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N2 , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae , Serina Endopeptidases , Doenças dos Suínos , Replicação Viral , Animais , Suínos , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/virologia , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/prevenção & controle , Serina Endopeptidases/genética , Serina Endopeptidases/metabolismo , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N2/genética , Doenças dos Suínos/virologia , Doenças dos Suínos/prevenção & controle , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1/genética , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1/fisiologia , Humanos , Eliminação de Partículas Virais , Vírus da Influenza A/genética , Vírus da Influenza A/fisiologia , Vírus da Influenza A/patogenicidade , Técnicas de Inativação de Genes
12.
Viruses ; 16(6)2024 May 30.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38932172

RESUMO

Rift Valley fever (RVF) in ungulates and humans is caused by a mosquito-borne RVF phlebovirus (RVFV). Live attenuated vaccines are used in livestock (sheep and cattle) to control RVF in endemic regions during outbreaks. The ability of two or more different RVFV strains to reassort when co-infecting a host cell is a significant veterinary and public health concern due to the potential emergence of newly reassorted viruses, since reassortment of RVFVs has been documented in nature and in experimental infection studies. Due to the very limited information regarding the frequency and dynamics of RVFV reassortment, we evaluated the efficiency of RVFV reassortment in sheep, a natural host for this zoonotic pathogen. Co-infection experiments were performed, first in vitro in sheep-derived cells, and subsequently in vivo in sheep. Two RVFV co-infection groups were evaluated: group I consisted of co-infection with two wild-type (WT) RVFV strains, Kenya 128B-15 (Ken06) and Saudi Arabia SA01-1322 (SA01), while group II consisted of co-infection with the live attenuated virus (LAV) vaccine strain MP-12 and a WT strain, Ken06. In the in vitro experiments, the virus supernatants were collected 24 h post-infection. In the in vivo experiments, clinical signs were monitored, and blood and tissues were collected at various time points up to nine days post-challenge for analyses. Cell culture supernatants and samples from sheep were processed, and plaque-isolated viruses were genotyped to determine reassortment frequency. Our results show that RVFV reassortment is more efficient in co-infected sheep-derived cells compared to co-infected sheep. In vitro, the reassortment frequencies reached 37.9% for the group I co-infected cells and 25.4% for the group II co-infected cells. In contrast, we detected just 1.7% reassortant viruses from group I sheep co-infected with the two WT strains, while no reassortants were detected from group II sheep co-infected with the WT and LAV strains. The results indicate that RVFV reassortment occurs at a lower frequency in vivo in sheep when compared to in vitro conditions in sheep-derived cells. Further studies are needed to better understand the implications of RVFV reassortment in relation to virulence and transmission dynamics in the host and the vector. The knowledge learned from these studies on reassortment is important for understanding the dynamics of RVFV evolution.


Assuntos
Vírus Reordenados , Febre do Vale de Rift , Vírus da Febre do Vale do Rift , Doenças dos Ovinos , Animais , Ovinos , Vírus da Febre do Vale do Rift/genética , Febre do Vale de Rift/virologia , Vírus Reordenados/genética , Doenças dos Ovinos/virologia , Coinfecção/virologia , Coinfecção/veterinária , Vacinas Atenuadas/genética , Vacinas Virais/imunologia , Vacinas Virais/genética , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue
13.
bioRxiv ; 2024 Jan 16.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38293027

RESUMO

Proteolytic activation of the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein by host cellular proteases is pivotal for influenza A virus (IAV) infectivity. Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses possess the multibasic cleavage site of the HA which is cleaved by ubiquitous proteases, such as furin; in contrast, the monobasic HA motif is recognized and activated by trypsin-like proteases, such as the transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2). Here, we aimed to determine the effects of TMPRSS2 on the replication of pandemic H1N1 and H3N2 subtype IAVs in the natural host, the pig. The use of the CRISPR/Cas 9 system led to the establishment of homozygous gene edited (GE) TMPRSS2 knockout (KO) pigs. Delayed IAV replication was demonstrated in primary respiratory cells of KO pigs in vitro. IAV infection in vivo resulted in significant reduction of virus shedding in the upper respiratory tract, and lower virus titers and pathological lesions in the lower respiratory tract of TMPRSS2 KO pigs as compared to WT pigs. Our findings could support the commercial use of GE pigs to minimize (i) the economic losses caused by IAV infection in pigs, and (ii) the emergence of novel IAVs with pandemic potential through genetic reassortment in the "mixing vessel", the pig.

14.
Microbiol Spectr ; 12(2): e0327023, 2024 Feb 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38230954

RESUMO

A wide range of animal species show variable susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2; however, host factors associated with varied susceptibility remain to be defined. Here, we examined whether susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 and virus tropism in different animal species are dependent on the expression and distribution of the virus receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and the host cell factor transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2). We cataloged the upper and lower respiratory tract of multiple animal species and humans in a tissue-specific manner and quantitatively evaluated the distribution and abundance of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 mRNA in situ. Our results show that: (i) ACE2 and TMPRSS2 mRNA are abundant in the conduction portion of the respiratory tract, (ii) ACE2 mRNA occurs at a lower abundance compared to TMPRSS2 mRNA, (iii) co-expression of ACE2-TMPRSS2 mRNAs is highest in those species with the highest susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection (i.e., cats, Syrian hamsters, and white-tailed deer), and (iv) expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 mRNA was not altered following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our results demonstrate that while specific regions of the respiratory tract are enriched in ACE2 and TMPRSS2 mRNAs in different animal species, this is only a partial determinant of susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection.IMPORTANCESARS-CoV-2 infects a wide array of domestic and wild animals, raising concerns regarding its evolutionary dynamics in animals and potential for spillback transmission of emerging variants to humans. Hence, SARS-CoV-2 infection in animals has significant public health relevance. Host factors determining animal susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 are vastly unknown, and their characterization is critical to further understand susceptibility and viral dynamics in animal populations and anticipate potential spillback transmission. Here, we quantitatively assessed the distribution and abundance of the two most important host factors, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and transmembrane serine protease 2, in the respiratory tract of various animal species and humans. Our results demonstrate that while specific regions of the respiratory tract are enriched in these two host factors, they are only partial determinants of susceptibility. Detailed analysis of additional host factors is critical for our understanding of the underlying mechanisms governing viral susceptibility and reservoir hosts.


Assuntos
COVID-19 , Cervos , Humanos , Animais , SARS-CoV-2 , Enzima de Conversão de Angiotensina 2 , Sistema Respiratório , RNA Mensageiro , Tropismo , Serina Endopeptidases
15.
Vaccines (Basel) ; 12(10)2024 Sep 30.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39460292

RESUMO

The African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes fatal disease in pigs and is currently spreading globally. Commercially safe vaccines are urgently required. Aiming to generate a novel live attenuated vaccine (LAV), a recombinant ASFV was generated by deleting the viral O174L (PolX) gene. However, during in vitro generation, an additional spontaneous deletion of genes belonging to the multigene families (MGF) occurred, creating a mixture of two viruses, namely, Arm-ΔPolX and Arm-ΔPolX-ΔMGF. This mixture was used to inoculate pigs in a low and high dose to assess the viral dynamics of both populations in vivo. Although the Arm-ΔPolX population was a much lower proportion of the inoculum, in the high-dose immunized animals, it was the only resulting viral population, while Arm-ΔPolX-ΔMGF only appeared in low-dose immunized animals, revealing the role of deleted MGFs in ASFV fitness in vivo. Furthermore, animals in the low-dose group survived inoculation, whereas animals in the high-dose group died, suggesting that the lack of MGF and PolX genes, and not the PolX gene alone, led to attenuation. The two recombinant viruses were individually isolated and inoculated into piglets, confirming this hypothesis. However, immunization with the Arm-ΔPolX-ΔMGF virus did not induce protection against challenge with the virulent parental ASFV strain. This study demonstrates that deletion of the PolX gene alone neither leads to attenuation nor induces an increased mutation rate in vivo.

16.
Emerg Microbes Infect ; 13(1): 2352434, 2024 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38712637

RESUMO

Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is a re-emerging zoonotic poxvirus responsible for producing skin lesions in humans. Endemic in sub-Saharan Africa, the 2022 outbreak with a clade IIb strain has resulted in ongoing sustained transmission of the virus worldwide. MPXV has a relatively wide host range, with infections reported in rodent and non-human primate species. However, the susceptibility of many domestic livestock species remains unknown. Here, we report on a susceptibility/transmission study in domestic pigs that were experimentally inoculated with a 2022 MPXV clade IIb isolate or served as sentinel contact control animals. Several principal-infected and sentinel contact control pigs developed minor lesions near the lips and nose starting at 12 through 18 days post-challenge (DPC). No virus was isolated and no viral DNA was detected from the lesions; however, MPXV antigen was detected by IHC in tissue from a pustule of a principal infected pig. Viral DNA and infectious virus were detected in nasal and oral swabs up to 14 DPC, with peak titers observed at 7 DPC. Viral DNA was also detected in nasal tissues or skin collected from two principal-infected animals at 7 DPC post-mortem. Furthermore, all principal-infected and sentinel control animals enrolled in the study seroconverted. In conclusion, we provide the first evidence that domestic pigs are susceptible to experimental MPXV infection and can transmit the virus to contact animals.


Assuntos
Monkeypox virus , Mpox , Doenças dos Suínos , Animais , Monkeypox virus/fisiologia , Monkeypox virus/patogenicidade , Monkeypox virus/genética , Suínos , Mpox/transmissão , Mpox/virologia , Mpox/veterinária , Doenças dos Suínos/virologia , Doenças dos Suínos/transmissão , DNA Viral/genética , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Humanos , Pele/virologia , Nariz/virologia
17.
Emerg Microbes Infect ; 13(1): 2281356, 2024 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37938158

RESUMO

Since emerging in late 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has repeatedly crossed the species barrier with natural infections reported in various domestic and wild animal species. The emergence and global spread of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) has expanded the range of susceptible host species. Previous experimental infection studies in cattle using Wuhan-like SARS-CoV-2 isolates suggested that cattle were not likely amplifying hosts for SARS-CoV-2. However, SARS-CoV-2 sero- and RNA-positive cattle have since been identified in Europe, India, and Africa. Here, we investigated the susceptibility and transmission of the Delta and Omicron SARS-CoV-2 VOCs in cattle. Eight Holstein calves were co-infected orally and intranasally with a mixed inoculum of SARS-CoV-2 VOCs Delta and Omicron BA.2. Twenty-four hours post-challenge, two sentinel calves were introduced to evaluate virus transmission. The co-infection resulted in a high proportion of calves shedding SARS-CoV-2 RNA at 1- and 2-days post-challenge (DPC). Extensive tissue distribution of SARS-CoV-2 RNA was observed at 3 and 7 DPC and infectious virus was recovered from two calves at 3 DPC. Next-generation sequencing revealed that only the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant was detected in clinical samples and tissues. Similar to previous experimental infection studies in cattle, we observed only limited seroconversion and no clear evidence of transmission to sentinel calves. Together, our findings suggest that cattle are more permissive to infection with SARS-CoV-2 Delta than Omicron BA.2 and Wuhan-like isolates but, in the absence of horizontal transmission, are not likely to be reservoir hosts for currently circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants.


Assuntos
COVID-19 , Coinfecção , Animais , Bovinos , COVID-19/veterinária , Coinfecção/veterinária , RNA Viral/genética , SARS-CoV-2/genética
18.
bioRxiv ; 2024 Aug 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39149352

RESUMO

In March 2024, highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 infections in dairy cows were first reported from Texas, USA. Rapid dissemination to more than 190 farms in 13 states followed. Here, we provide results of two independent clade 2.3.4.4b experimental infection studies evaluating (i) oronasal susceptibility and transmission in calves to a US H5N1 bovine isolate genotype B3.13 (H5N1 B3.13) and (ii) susceptibility of lactating cows following direct mammary gland inoculation of either H5N1 B3.13 or a current EU H5N1 wild bird isolate genotype euDG (H5N1 euDG). Inoculation of the calves resulted in moderate nasal replication and shedding with no severe clinical signs or transmission to sentinel calves. In dairy cows, infection resulted in no nasal shedding, but severe acute mammary gland infection with necrotizing mastitis and high fever was observed for both H5N1 genotypes/strains. Milk production was rapidly and drastically reduced and the physical condition of the cows was severely compromised. Virus titers in milk rapidly peaked at 108 TCID50/mL, but systemic infection did not ensue. Notably, adaptive mutation PB2 E627K emerged after intramammary replication of H5N1 euDG. Our data suggest that in addition to H5N1 B3.13, other HPAIV H5N1 strains have the potential to replicate in the udder of cows and that milk and milking procedures, rather than respiratory spread, are likely the primary routes of H5N1 transmission between cattle.

19.
Pathogens ; 12(3)2023 Feb 22.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36986286

RESUMO

The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has drastically changed our lives, from our personal freedoms and habits to public health and socioeconomics [...].

20.
Microbiol Spectr ; 11(1): e0330122, 2023 02 14.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36688691

RESUMO

SARS-CoV-2 is a zoonotic virus first identified in 2019, and has quickly spread worldwide. The virus is primarily transmitted through respiratory droplets from infected persons; however, the virus-laden excretions can contaminate surfaces which can serve as a potential source of infection. Since the beginning of the pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 has continued to evolve and accumulate mutations throughout its genome leading to the emergence of variants of concern (VOCs) which exhibit increased fitness, transmissibility, and/or virulence. However, the stability of SARS-CoV-2 VOCs in biological fluids has not been thoroughly investigated. The aim of this study was to determine and compare the stability of different SARS-CoV-2 strains in human biological fluids. Here, we demonstrate that the ancestral strain of the Wuhan-like lineage A was more stable than the Alpha VOC B.1.1.7, and the Beta VOC B.1.351 strains in human liquid nasal mucus and sputum. In contrast, there was no difference in stability among the three strains in dried biological fluids. Furthermore, we also show that the Omicron VOC B.1.1.529 strain was less stable than the ancestral Wuhan-like strain in liquid nasal mucus. These studies provide insight into the effect of the molecular evolution of SARS-CoV-2 on environmental virus stability, which is important information for the development of countermeasures against SARS-CoV-2. IMPORTANCE Genetic evolution of SARS-CoV-2 leads to the continuous emergence of novel virus variants, posing a significant concern to global public health. Five of these variants have been classified to date into variants of concern (VOCs); Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron. Previous studies investigated the stability of SARS-CoV-2 under various conditions, but there is a gap of knowledge on the survival of SARS-CoV-2 VOCs in human biological fluids which are clinically relevant. Here, we present evidence that Alpha, Beta, and Omicron VOCs were less stable than the ancestral Wuhan-like strain in human biological fluids. Our findings highlight the potential risk of contaminated human biological fluids in SARS-CoV-2 transmission and contribute to the development of countermeasures against SARS-CoV-2.


Assuntos
COVID-19 , Humanos , COVID-19/epidemiologia , SARS-CoV-2/genética , Evolução Molecular , Mutação
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