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BACKGROUND: An accelerated epidemiological transition, spurred by economic development and urbanization, has led to a rapid transformation of the disease spectrum. However, this transition has resulted in a divergent change in the burden of infectious diseases between urban and rural areas. The objective of our study was to evaluate the long-term urban-rural disparities in infectious diseases among children, adolescents, and youths in China, while also examining the specific diseases driving these disparities. METHODS AND FINDINGS: This observational study examined data on 43 notifiable infectious diseases from 8,442,956 cases from individuals aged 4 to 24 years, with 4,487,043 cases in urban areas and 3,955,913 in rural areas. The data from 2013 to 2021 were obtained from China's Notifiable Infectious Disease Surveillance System. The 43 infectious diseases were categorized into 7 categories: vaccine-preventable, bacterial, gastrointestinal and enterovirus, sexually transmitted and bloodborne, vectorborne, zoonotic, and quarantinable diseases. The calculation of infectious disease incidence was stratified by urban and rural areas. We used the index of incidence rate ratio (IRR), calculated by dividing the urban incidence rate by the rural incidence rate for each disease category, to assess the urban-rural disparity. During the nine-year study period, most notifiable infectious diseases in both urban and rural areas exhibited either a decreased or stable pattern. However, a significant and progressively widening urban-rural disparity in notifiable infectious diseases was observed. Children, adolescents, and youths in urban areas experienced a higher average yearly incidence compared to their rural counterparts, with rates of 439 per 100,000 compared to 211 per 100,000, respectively (IRR: 2.078, 95% CI [2.075, 2.081]; p < 0.001). From 2013 to 2021, this disparity was primarily driven by higher incidences of pertussis (IRR: 1.782, 95% CI [1.705, 1.862]; p < 0.001) and seasonal influenza (IRR: 3.213, 95% CI [3.205, 3.220]; p < 0.001) among vaccine-preventable diseases, tuberculosis (IRR: 1.011, 95% CI [1.006, 1.015]; p < 0.001), and scarlet fever (IRR: 2.942, 95% CI [2.918, 2.966]; p < 0.001) among bacterial diseases, infectious diarrhea (IRR: 1.932, 95% CI [1.924, 1.939]; p < 0.001), and hand, foot, and mouth disease (IRR: 2.501, 95% CI [2.491, 2.510]; p < 0.001) among gastrointestinal and enterovirus diseases, dengue (IRR: 11.952, 95% CI [11.313, 12.628]; p < 0.001) among vectorborne diseases, and 4 sexually transmitted and bloodborne diseases (syphilis: IRR 1.743, 95% CI [1.731, 1.755], p < 0.001; gonorrhea: IRR 2.658, 95% CI [2.635, 2.682], p < 0.001; HIV/AIDS: IRR 2.269, 95% CI [2.239, 2.299], p < 0.001; hepatitis C: IRR 1.540, 95% CI [1.506, 1.575], p < 0.001), but was partially offset by lower incidences of most zoonotic and quarantinable diseases in urban areas (for example, brucellosis among zoonotic: IRR 0.516, 95% CI [0.498, 0.534], p < 0.001; hemorrhagic fever among quarantinable: IRR 0.930, 95% CI [0.881, 0.981], p = 0.008). Additionally, the overall urban-rural disparity was particularly pronounced in the middle (IRR: 1.704, 95% CI [1.699, 1.708]; p < 0.001) and northeastern regions (IRR: 1.713, 95% CI [1.700, 1.726]; p < 0.001) of China. A primary limitation of our study is that the incidence was calculated based on annual average population data without accounting for population mobility. CONCLUSIONS: A significant urban-rural disparity in notifiable infectious diseases among children, adolescents, and youths was evident from our study. The burden in urban areas exceeded that in rural areas by more than 2-fold, and this gap appears to be widening, particularly influenced by tuberculosis, scarlet fever, infectious diarrhea, and typhus. These findings underscore the urgent need for interventions to mitigate infectious diseases and address the growing urban-rural disparity.
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Doenças Transmissíveis , Escarlatina , Tuberculose , Criança , Adolescente , Humanos , Doenças Transmissíveis/epidemiologia , China/epidemiologia , DiarreiaRESUMO
To investigate the progress of disparities in human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS), gonorrhea, and syphilis among children and adolescents aged 6-22 years in China during 2013-2021. A total of 614 325 cases data were extracted from the Chinese Information System for Infectious Diseases Control and Prevention during 2013-2021. Puberty health education data were drew from the Student Health Surveillance in 2021. Disparity patterns and average annual percentage changes (AAPCs) in sexually transmitted infections (STIs) incidence or new cases in China were examined using descriptive statistics and joinpoint regression. The incidence across 345 cities was stratified by gross domestic product (GDP). Between 2013 and 2021, there were 614 325 reported cases of HIV/AIDS, gonorrhea, and syphilis among children and adolescents aged 6-22, with an annual average incidence of 24.0967 per 100 000. The expansion of HIV/AIDS has halted, yet the surge in gonorrhea and syphilis remains notably pronounced. The ratio of male to female AIDS incidence increased from 2.75 (2.60, 2.90) to 7.13 (6.68, 7.62), but that of syphilis changed from 0.33 (0.32, 0.34) to 0.56 (0.55, 0.57). Students and out-of-school individuals aged 13-15 experienced a notably high increase in STI cases, surpassing other age groups, with an average annual percentage increase of 29.2% and 26.3%, respectively. Nonstudents consistently had a higher incidence rate than students, with an IRR reaching 31.80 (31.24, 32.37) in 2021. A noticeable clustering pattern of new cases emerged in the southeastern region of the Heihe-Tengchong line, extending inland from the coastal areas. Districts and counties with lower rates of puberty sexual health education tended to have higher average STI incidence rates. At the prefecture and city levels, there was a noticeable upward trend on average STI incidence rates in cities with per capita GDPs. Strategies to address those disparities include promoting equitable health education, and widespread sexual health education, particularly in areas with limited access to education and experiencing rapid economic development. The effectiveness of sexual health education intervention needs to be further evaluated in well-designed studies.
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Gonorreia , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis , Humanos , Adolescente , Masculino , Feminino , China/epidemiologia , Incidência , Criança , Adulto Jovem , Gonorreia/epidemiologia , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis/epidemiologia , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Sífilis/epidemiologia , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/epidemiologia , Monitoramento EpidemiológicoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) has beneficial physiological effects, such as the promoting of intestinal peristalsis, the improving of intestinal flora, and the absorbing of some harmful substances. Okara, a byproduct of soybean processing, is a potential source of IDF. But the larger particle size and poor water solubility of okara IDF have adverse effects on sensory properties and functional characteristics. Therefore, we used an emerging type of physical method is electron beam irradiation (EBI) to modify okara, and investigated that the effects of EBI doses on the structure and functional properties of okara IDF. RESULTS: It was found that the electron beam treatment damaged the crystalline structure of IDF. Observation of the surface of EBI-treated IDF revealed a loose and porous morphology rather than the typical smooth structure. At a dose of 6 kGy, a smallest particle size and largest specific surface area of IDF was obtained, and these factors increased the apparent viscosity of an IDF dispersion. The water holding capacity, swelling capacity and the oil holding capacity upon irradiation at 6 kGy increased 74.13%, 84.76% and 41.62%, respectively. In addition, the capacity for adsorption of cholesterol, sodium cholate, glucose and nitrite ion were improved after electron beam treatment. CONCLUSION: The modified okara IDF showed improved particle sizes and hydration properties, and these changes correlated with an improvement to the rough taste of IDF and improvements to the texture and storage period upon supplementation into food. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Fibras na Dieta , Elétrons , Glycine max/química , Adsorção , ÁguaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: To quantitatively assess the impact of the onset-to-diagnosis interval (ODI) on severity and death for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. METHODS: This retrospective study was conducted based on the data on COVID-19 cases of China over the age of 40 years reported through China's National Notifiable Infectious Disease Surveillance System from February 5, 2020 to October 8, 2020. The impacts of ODI on severe rate (SR) and case fatality rate (CFR) were evaluated at individual and population levels, which was further disaggregated by sex, age and geographic origin. RESULTS: As the rapid decline of ODI from around 40 days in early January to < 3 days in early March, both CFR and SR of COVID-19 largely dropped below 5% in China. After adjusting for age, sex, and region, an effect of ODI on SR was observed with the highest OR of 2.95 (95% CI 2.37â3.66) at Day 10-11 and attributable fraction (AF) of 29.1% (95% CI 22.2â36.1%) at Day 8-9. However, little effect of ODI on CFR was observed. Moreover, discrepancy of effect magnitude was found, showing a greater effect from ODI on SR among patients of male sex, younger age, and those cases in Wuhan. CONCLUSION: The ODI was significantly associated with the severity of COVID-19, highlighting the importance of timely diagnosis, especially for patients who were confirmed to gain increased benefit from early diagnosis to some extent.
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COVID-19 , Adulto , COVID-19/diagnóstico , Teste para COVID-19 , China/epidemiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Estudos Retrospectivos , SARS-CoV-2RESUMO
BACKGROUND: The emulsifying, antioxidant and foaming properties of soy protein isolate hydrolysates (SPH) can be improved by the addition of gum arabic (GA). We investigated the effects of different hydrolysis conditions on the complexation of SPH and GA, and the effects of the complex on the properties of emulsions. RESULTS: Fluorescence spectroscopy showed that the addition of GA had a stronger effect on bromelain and pepsin hydrolysates than trypsin hydrolysate, and therefore had a higher binding constant (KA ) and a larger number of binding sites (n). The addition of GA could also improve protein solubility and emulsifying ability. The emulsions prepared with complexes, especially the complex of GA and SPH obtained by pepsin hydrolysis for 3 h, had a high absolute charge value, uniform particle size distribution, stable morphology, and good storage stability. After storage, the emulsification index (CI) of the emulsion only increased to 23.08%; its 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity was 24.37 ± 1.22% and its 2,2'-Azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS+ ) free radical scavenging activity was largely retained. CONCLUSION: During long-term storage, pepsin-treated protein (especially protein treated for 3 h) and GA can form a stable emulsion with antioxidant properties. This work provides new ideas for the development of natural and safe emulsifiers that have antioxidant properties and can be stored long-term and used in the food industry. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Acacia , Goma Arábica , Antioxidantes , Emulsões/química , Radicais Livres , Goma Arábica/química , Hidrólise , Pepsina A , Hidrolisados de Proteína/química , Proteínas de Soja , Água/químicaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The relative contributions of asymptomatic, presymptomatic, and symptomatic transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 have not been clearly measured, although control measures may differ in response to the risk of spread posed by different types of cases. METHODS: We collected detailed information on transmission events and symptom status based on laboratory-confirmed patient data and contact tracing data from 4 provinces and 1 municipality in China. We estimated the variation in risk of transmission over time and the severity of secondary infections by symptomatic status of the infector. RESULTS: There were 393 symptomatic index cases with 3136 close contacts and 185 asymptomatic index cases with 1078 close contacts included in the study. The secondary attack rates among close contacts of symptomatic and asymptomatic index cases were 4.1% (128 of 3136) and 1.1% (12 of 1078), respectively, corresponding to a higher transmission risk from symptomatic cases than from asymptomatic cases (odds ratio, 3.79; 95% confidence interval, 2.06-6.95). Approximately 25% (32 of 128) and 50% (6 of 12) of the infected close contacts were asymptomatic from symptomatic and asymptomatic index cases, respectively, while more than one third (38%) of the infections in the close contacts of symptomatic cases were attributable to exposure to the index cases before symptom onset. CONCLUSIONS: Asymptomatic and presymptomatic transmissions play an important role in spreading infection, although asymptomatic cases pose a lower risk of transmission than symptomatic cases. Early case detection and effective test-and-trace measures are important to reduce transmission.
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COVID-19 , SARS-CoV-2 , China/epidemiologia , Busca de Comunicante , Humanos , IncidênciaRESUMO
C13-dipeptides that did not gel on their own were found to form hydrogels when combined with mixtures (coassembly). At pH = 4.6, by mixing negatively charged C13-WD (C13-WD2- and/or C13-WD-) with C13-KW or C13-YK, where the side chain of K carried positive charge, two composite hydrogels with different mechanical properties were formed. The gels exhibited various fiber structures that would account for their individual functionalities. According to molecular dynamics computer simulations, the composite systems formed spherical micelles through hydrophobic interactions that further aggregate to form gels through electrostatic interactions. The electrostatic repulsions between C13-WD molecules were interfered by insertions of C13-KW or C13-YK molecules, which result in gel formation in the composite systems. The results of computer simulations well explained the experimental observations, which provided new insights into the design and selection strategies for peptide gelators.
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Dipeptídeos , Hidrogéis , Interações Hidrofóbicas e Hidrofílicas , Peptídeos , Eletricidade EstáticaRESUMO
We compared the epidemiology of hepatitis A and hepatitis E cases in China from 1990-2014 to better inform policy and prevention efforts. The incidence of hepatitis A cases declined dramatically, while hepatitis E incidence increased. During 2004-2014, hepatitis E mortality rates surpassed those of hepatitis A.
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Brucellosis, a zoonotic disease, was made statutorily notifiable in China in 1955. We analyzed the incidence and spatial-temporal distribution of human brucellosis during 1955-2014 in China using notifiable surveillance data: aggregated data for 1955-2003 and individual case data for 2004-2014. A total of 513,034 brucellosis cases were recorded, of which 99.3% were reported in northern China during 1955-2014, and 69.1% (258, 462/374, 141) occurred during February-July in 1990-2014. Incidence remained high during 1955-1978 (interquartile range 0.42-1.0 cases/100,000 residents), then decreased dramatically in 1979-1994. However, brucellosis has reemerged since 1995 (interquartile range 0.11-0.23 in 1995-2003 and 1.48-2.89 in 2004-2014); the historical high occurred in 2014, and the affected area expanded from northern pastureland provinces to the adjacent grassland and agricultural areas, then to southern coastal and southwestern areas. Control strategies in China should be adjusted to account for these changes by adopting a One Health approach.
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Brucelose/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Distribuição por Idade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Animais , Brucelose/história , Brucelose/microbiologia , Brucelose/transmissão , Criança , Pré-Escolar , China/epidemiologia , Notificação de Doenças , Reservatórios de Doenças , Feminino , Mapeamento Geográfico , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Incidência , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Vigilância da População , Estações do Ano , Análise Espaço-Temporal , Adulto Jovem , Zoonoses/epidemiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Dengue has been a notifiable disease in China since 1 September 1989. Cases have been reported each year during the past 25 years of dramatic socio-economic changes in China, and reached a historical high in 2014. This study describes the changing epidemiology of dengue in China during this period, to identify high-risk areas and seasons and to inform dengue prevention and control activities. METHODS: We describe the incidence and distribution of dengue in mainland China using notifiable surveillance data from 1990-2014, which includes classification of imported and indigenous cases from 2005-2014. RESULTS: From 1990-2014, 69,321 cases of dengue including 11 deaths were reported in mainland China, equating to 2.2 cases per one million residents. The highest number was recorded in 2014 (47,056 cases). The number of provinces affected has increased, from a median of three provinces per year (range: 1 to 5 provinces) during 1990-2000 to a median of 14.5 provinces per year (range: 5 to 26 provinces) during 2001-2014. During 2005-2014, imported cases were reported almost every month and 28 provinces (90.3%) were affected. However, 99.8% of indigenous cases occurred between July and November. The regions reporting indigenous cases have expanded from the coastal provinces of southern China and provinces adjacent to Southeast Asia to the central part of China. Dengue virus serotypes 1, 2, 3, and 4 were all detected from 2009-2014. CONCLUSIONS: In China, the area affected by dengue has expanded since 2000 and the incidence has increased steadily since 2012, for both imported and indigenous dengue. Surveillance and control strategies should be adjusted to account for these changes, and further research should explore the drivers of these trends.
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Dengue/epidemiologia , Adulto , China/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Incidência , MasculinoRESUMO
In this study, vitamins C and E were simultaneously encapsulated in water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsion-filled sodium alginate (SA) hydrogel beads, as well as the effects of SA concentrations (0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0%) on the structures and lipolysis the of hydrogel beads were investigated. With increasing SA concentration, the beads showed larger sizes, denser structures and better textures. The droplets tightly penetrated the gel network at high SA concentrations. Digestion behavior revealed the disintegrated intramolecular structure at low SA concentrations. The beads with 0.5% SA were fragmented, losing the initial shape during digestion in the intestinal fluid. Additionally, lipid phases were released as W/O/W and O/W emulsion droplets after digestion. However, the high SA concentration-containing beads exhibited a well-preserved morphological structure after digestion, and the release profiles of lipid phase were mainly O/W emulsion droplets. Furthermore, vitamins C and E encapsulated in the beads exhibited high bioaccessibility (vitamin C: 90.20% and vitamin E: 95.19%).
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Alginatos , Ácido Ascórbico , Digestão , Emulsões , Hidrogéis , Lipólise , Vitamina E , Alginatos/química , Vitamina E/química , Emulsões/química , Ácido Ascórbico/química , Hidrogéis/química , Composição de Medicamentos , Tamanho da Partícula , Portadores de Fármacos/química , HumanosRESUMO
Background: Studies have reported the adverse effects of cold events on influenza. However, the role of critical factors, such as characteristics of cold spells, and regional variations remain unresolved. Objective: We aimed to systematically evaluate the association between cold spells and influenza incidence in mainland China. Methods: This time series analysis used surveillance data of daily influenza from 325 sites in China in the 2014-2019 period. A total of 15 definitions of cold spells were adopted based on combinations of temperature thresholds and days of duration. A distributed lag linear model was used to estimate the short-term effects of cold spells on influenza incidence during the cool seasons (November to March), and we further explored the potential impact of cold spell characteristics (ie, intensity, duration, and timing during the season) on the estimated associations. Meta-regressions were used to evaluate the modification effect of city-level socioeconomic indicators. Results: The overall effect of cold spells on influenza incidence increased with the temperature threshold used to define cold spells, whereas the added effects were generally small and not statistically significant. The relative risk of influenza-associated with cold spells was 3.35 (95% CI 2.89-3.88), and the estimated effects were stronger during the middle period of cool seasons. The health effects of cold spells varied geographically and residents in Jiangnan region were vulnerable groups (relative risk 7.36, 95% CI 5.44-9.95). The overall effects of cold spells were positively correlated with the urban population density, population size, gross domestic product per capita, and urbanization rate, indicating a sterner response to cold spells in metropolises. Conclusions: Cold spells create a substantial health burden on seasonal influenza in China. Findings on regional and socioeconomic differences in the health effects of cold spells on seasonal influenza may be useful in formulating region-specific public health policies to address the hazardous effects of cold spells.
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Temperatura Baixa , Influenza Humana , Humanos , China/epidemiologia , Influenza Humana/epidemiologia , Temperatura Baixa/efeitos adversos , Incidência , Estações do AnoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Beyond the direct effect of COVID-19 infection on young people, the wider impact of the pandemic on other infectious diseases remains unknown. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to assess changes in the incidence and mortality of 42 notifiable infectious diseases during the pandemic among children and adolescents in China, compared with prepandemic levels. METHODS: The Notifiable Infectious Disease Surveillance System of China was used to detect new cases and fatalities among individuals aged 5-22 years across 42 notifiable infectious diseases spanning from 2018 to 2021. These infectious diseases were categorized into 5 groups: respiratory, gastrointestinal and enterovirus, sexually transmitted and blood-borne, zoonotic, and vector-borne diseases. Each year (2018-2021) was segmented into 4 phases: phase 1 (January 1-22), phase 2 (January 23-April 7), phase 3 (April 8-August 31), and phase 4 (September 1-December 31) according to the varying intensities of pandemic restrictive measures in 2020. Generalized linear models were applied to assess the change in the incidence and mortality within each disease category, using 2018 and 2019 as the reference. RESULTS: A total of 4,898,260 incident cases and 3701 deaths were included. The overall incidence of notifiable infectious diseases decreased sharply during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic (2020) compared with prepandemic levels (2018 and 2019), and then rebounded in 2021, particularly in South China. Across the past 4 years, the number of deaths steadily decreased. The incidence of diseases rebounded differentially by the pandemic phase. For instance, although seasonal influenza dominated respiratory diseases in 2019, it showed a substantial decline during the pandemic (percent change in phase 2 2020: 0.21, 95% CI 0.09-0.50), which persisted until 2021 (percent change in phase 4 2021: 1.02, 95% CI 0.74-1.41). The incidence of gastrointestinal and enterovirus diseases decreased by 33.6% during 2020 but rebounded by 56.9% in 2021, mainly driven by hand, foot, and mouth disease (percent change in phase 3 2021: 1.28, 95% CI 1.17-1.41) and infectious diarrhea (percent change in phase 3 2020: 1.22, 95% CI 1.17-1.28). Sexually transmitted and blood-borne diseases were restrained during the first year of 2021 but rebounded quickly in 2021, mainly driven by syphilis (percent change in phase 3 2020: 1.31, 95% CI 1.23-1.40) and gonorrhea (percent change in phase 3 2020: 1.10, 95% CI 1.05-1.16). Zoonotic diseases were not dampened by the pandemic but continued to increase across the study period, mainly due to brucellosis (percent change in phase 2 2020: 0.94, 95% CI 0.75-1.16). Vector-borne diseases showed a continuous decline during 2020, dominated by hemorrhagic fever (percent change in phase 2 2020: 0.68, 95% CI 0.53-0.87), but rebounded in 2021. CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19 pandemic was associated with a marked decline in notifiable infectious diseases in Chinese children and adolescents. These effects were not sustained, with evidence of a rebound to prepandemic levels by late 2021. To effectively address the postpandemic resurgence of infectious diseases in children and adolescents, it will be essential to maintain disease surveillance and strengthen the implementation of various initiatives. These include extending immunization programs, prioritizing the management of sexually transmitted infections, continuing feasible nonpharmaceutical intervention projects, and effectively managing imported infections.
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COVID-19 , Humanos , COVID-19/epidemiologia , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , China/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Adulto Jovem , Incidência , Masculino , Doenças Transmissíveis/epidemiologia , Feminino , Pandemias , Notificação de Doenças/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
This study assesses the association of short-term exposure to PM2.5 (particles ≤2.5 µm) on infectious diseases among Chinese children and adolescents. Analyzing data from 507 cities (2008-2021) on 42 diseases, it focuses on PM2.5 components (black carbon (BC), ammonium (NH4+), inorganic nitrate (NO3-), organic matter (OM), and sulfate (SO42-)). PM2.5 constituents significantly associated with incidence. Sulfate showed the most substantial effect, increasing all-cause infectious disease risk by 2.72 % per interquartile range (IQR) increase. It was followed by BC (2.04 % increase), OM (1.70 %), NO3- (1.67 %), and NH4+ (0.79 %). Specifically, sulfate and BC had pronounced impacts on respiratory diseases, with sulfate linked to a 10.73 % increase in seasonal influenza risk and NO3- to a 16.39 % rise in tuberculosis. Exposure to PM2.5 also marginally increased risks for gastrointestinal, enterovirus, and vectorborne diseases like dengue (7.46 % increase with SO42-). Sexually transmitted and bloodborne diseases saw an approximate 6.26 % increase in incidence, with specific constituents linked to diseases like hepatitis C and syphilis. The study concludes that managing PM2.5 levels could substantially reduce infectious disease incidence, particularly in China's middle-northern regions. It highlights the necessity of stringent air quality standards and targeted disease prevention, aligning PM2.5 management with international guidelines for public health protection.
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Poluentes Atmosféricos , Cidades , Doenças Transmissíveis , Exposição Ambiental , Material Particulado , Humanos , Material Particulado/análise , China/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Criança , Doenças Transmissíveis/epidemiologia , Exposição Ambiental/estatística & dados numéricos , Poluentes Atmosféricos/análise , Poluição do Ar/estatística & dados numéricos , Estudos Cross-Over , Masculino , População do Leste AsiáticoRESUMO
This study aimed to explore the interaction mechanism between soybean lipophilic protein (LP) and vitamin B12 and the potential of LP as a vitamin B12 carrier. The results of spectroscopy indicated that the interaction between vitamin B12 and LP changed the conformation of LP and exposed hydrophobic groups largely. The results of molecular docking revealed that vitamin B12 interacted with LP through a hydrophobic pocket embedded on the surface of LP. With the enhancement of the interaction between LP and vitamin B12, the particle size of the LP-vitamin B12 complex gradually decreased to 588.31 nm and the absolute value of zeta potential gradually increased to 26.82 mV. Meanwhile, the LP-vitamin B12 complex showed excellent physicochemical properties and digestive characteristics. The present work enriched the means of vitamin B12 protection and provided a theoretical basis for applying the LP-vitamin B12 complex in food systems.
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Glycine max , Vitamina B 12 , Vitamina B 12/química , Glycine max/metabolismo , Proteínas de Soja , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Vitaminas , DigestãoRESUMO
In this study, a ternary conjugate was prepared by covalent bonding of protein, polysaccharide, and polyphenol via ultrasound and the Maillard reaction. Subsequently, the ß-carotene nanoemulsion was prepared with the soy protein isolate-(-)-epigallocatechin gallate-maltose (SPI-EGCG-maltose) conjugate as the emulsifiers via ultrasound. The SPI-EGCG-maltose conjugate showed superior solubility, emulsification and foaming properties at 4 h reaction time. Meanwhile, the retention rates of ß-carotene in the nanoemulsion after 30 d of storage, 8 h of light, and 55 °C of heat were >60%, >75%, and >60%, respectively. Furthermore, ultrasound treatment at 500 W for 10 min produced an inhibitory effect on the degradation of ß-carotene. This study indicates that the nanoemulsion based on the ternary conjugate can effectively inhibit the ß-carotene degradation by the external environment and prevent the oxidation and degradation of ß-carotene in the nanoemulsion.
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Maltose , Proteínas de Soja , beta Caroteno/química , Emulsificantes , Emulsões/química , Proteínas de Soja/química , Fenômenos QuímicosRESUMO
Functional factors show additive effects in the same nutraceutical food. In this study, a core-shell structure based on soy protein isolate (SPI) and pectin was constructed as a delivery system for vitamins C and E under neutral (pH 7.0) and acidic environment (pH 4.0). The SPI-vitamin-pectin complex formed at pH 4.0 showed larger particle size, higher turbidity, lower fluorescence intensity, and higher vitamin E encapsulation efficiency than those formed at pH 7.0. Also, the addition of vitamin C significantly enhanced the vitamin E encapsulation efficiency in the particles. Furthermore, the antioxidant properties of DPPH, ABTS, and hydroxyl radicals were increased by the addition of vitamin C, maximum values of 77%, 82%, and 65%, suggesting that vitamins C and E have additive antioxidant effects. These findings proposed a simple, structured protein-polysaccharide-based food-grade delivery system, which could serve as the basis for the design of products having multiple functional factors.
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Antioxidantes , Ácido Ascórbico , Pectinas/química , Proteínas de Soja/química , Vitamina E , VitaminasRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Acute diarrhea with fever can potentially represent a more severe form of the disease compared to non-febrile diarrhea. This study was to investigate the epidemiological characteristics and enteric pathogen composition of febrile-diarrheal patients, and to explore factors including pathogens associated with fever by age group. METHODS: A nationwide surveillance study of acute diarrheal patients of all ages was conducted in 217 sentinel hospitals from 31 provinces (autonomous regions or municipalities) in China between 2011 and 2020. Seventeen diarrhea-related pathogens, including seven viruses and ten bacteria, were investigated and their association with occurrence of fever symptoms was assessed using multivariate logistic analysis. RESULTS: A total of 146,296 patients with acute diarrhea (18.6% with fever) were tested. Th diarrheal children below 5 years had the highest frequency of fever (24.2%), and related to significantly higher prevalence of viral enteropathogens (40.2%) as compared with other age groups (P < 0.001). Within each age group, the febrile-diarrheal patients were associated with a significantly higher prevalence of bacterial pathogens than afebrile-diarrheal patients (all P < 0.01). There was discrepancy when each pathogen was compared, i.e., nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) was overrepresented in febrile vs non-febrile patients of all age groups, while the febrile vs non-febrile difference for diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) was only significant for adult groups. The multivariate analysis revealed significant association between fever and infection with rotavirus A among children [odds ratio (OR) = 1.60], for DEC in adult groups (OR = 1.64), for NTS in both children (OR = 2.95) and adults (OR = 3.59). CONCLUSIONS: There are significant discrepancy of the infected enteric pathogens in patients with acute diarrhea with fever between age groups, and it is valuable for priority detection of NTS and rotavirus A in patients with children < 5 years old and NTS and DEC in adult patients. The results may be useful in identifying dominant pathogen candidates for the application of diagnostic assays and prevention control.
Assuntos
Diarreia , Rotavirus , Criança , Adulto , Humanos , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Diarreia/microbiologia , China/epidemiologia , PrevalênciaRESUMO
Background: An accelerated epidemiological transition, economic development and urbanization have brought rapid reductions but a potential disparity in infectious diseases burdens in-school and out-of-school children, adolescents, and youths in China. This paper assesses the disparity in spectrum of infectious diseases between two groups, and described disparity's variation by age, year and province, and determined the priority diseases. Methods: A total of 7,912,274 new incident cases (6,159,021 in school and 1,753,253 out of school) aged 6-21 years across 43 notifiable infectious diseases have been collected based on China's Notifiable Infectious Disease Surveillance System from 2013 to 2021. All infectious diseases are categorized into seven categories: vaccine preventable, bacteria, gastrointestinal and enterovirus, sexually transmitted and bloodborne, vectorborne, zoonotic, and quarantinable diseases. We used the index of incidence rate ratio (IRR) of by specific disease, category, year, and age to assess the disparity between those out-of-school and in-school, and determine their separate priority diseases. Findings: From 2013 to 2021, a small disparity of notifiable infectious diseases existed with higher average yearly incidence for out-of-school children, adolescents, and youth than that in-school (327.601 v.s. 319.677 per 100,000, IRR = 1.025, 95%CI: 1.023-1.027, standardized IRR = 1.169, 95%CI: 1.155-1.183), and it gradually narrowed by surveillance years with IRR from 1.351 in 2013 to 1.015 in 2021 due to large decreased disparity in compulsory education stage group. Such disparity was mainly driven by sexually transmitted and bloodborne diseases, bacteria diseases, vectorborne diseases, quarantinable diseases and zoonotic diseases. However, vaccine preventable diseases, gastrointestinal and enterovirus diseases showed higher incidence of infectious diseases for those in-school than that out-of-school, particularly for seasonal influenza, mumps and hand-foot-and-mouth disease. Meanwhile, such disparity is obvious in most of ages and in eastern and coastal regions of China, and the narrowing trend is attributed to six categories diseases, except for sexually transmitted and bloodborne diseases with gradually widened disparity between two groups with surveillance years with IRR from 22.939 in 2013 to 23.291 in 2021 due to large disparity for those who have completed compulsory education. Interpretation: A huge achievement has been achieved in reducing the burden and disparity of infectious diseases between out-of-school and in-school children, adolescents, and youths in China, particularly for the compulsory education stage population. The priorities for the coming decades will be to extend successful strategies to a broad scope and promote education, particularly for the investment of social health resources and the improvement of personal health literacy in the non-compulsory education stage. This should involve extending the years of compulsory school, improving sex health education, strengthening monitoring, expanding immunization programs coverage and prioritizing the prevention and control of sexually transmitted diseases and tuberculosis among out-of-school population. Funding: National Natural Science Foundation of China and Beijing Natural Science Foundation.
RESUMO
The effects of the preparation method (mixing, chemical polymerization, or ultrasound treatment) on the structure and functional properties of soy protein isolate-(-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (SPI-EGCG) complexes were examined. The mixing treated SPI-EGCG samples (M-SE) were non-covalently linked, while the chemical polymerization and ultrasound treated SPI-EGCG samples (C-SE and U-SE, respectively) were bound covalently. The covalent binding of EGCG with protein improved the molecular weight and changed the structures of the SPI by decreasing the α-helix content. Moreover, U-SE samples had the lowest particle size (188.70 ± 33.40 nm), the highest zeta potential (-27.82 ± 0.53 mV), and the highest polyphenol binding rate (59.84 ± 2.34 %) compared with mixing and chemical polymerization-treated samples. Furthermore, adding EGCG enhanced the antioxidant activity of SPI and U-SE revealed the highest DPPH (84.84 ± 1.34 %) and ABTS (88.89 ± 1.23 %) values. In conclusion, the SPI-EGCG complexes prepared by ultrasound formed a more stable composite system with stronger antioxidant capacity, indicating that ultrasound technology may have potential applications in the preparation of protein-polyphenol complexes.