Adult skateboarding and motorized board injuries: A comparative analysis.

OBJECTIVES: Skateboarding and motorized boards are popular as a recreational activity and mode of transportation. Prior studies have investigated injury patterns from these activities in the pediatric population, but there is little data in the adult population. This study aims to investigate and compare the type and severity of injuries associated with skateboarding and motorized boards. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of injury data collected from the NIESS (National Electronic Injury Surveillance system) database, including cases of fractures involving skateboards or motorized boards from 2018 to 2022. Data collected was demographic information, injury characteristics (e.g., body region affected, injury type), environmental factors, mechanism of injury, and hospital treatment and disposition. Statistical analysis including chi-square and independent t-test were employed to determine significant differences in injury pattern. RESULTS: A total of 104,301 cases were included for analysis. 73.0 % of patients were male. 61.8 % of injuries were to the upper extremity. The most common fractures were of the wrist (20.2 %) and ankle (12.4 %). Patients injured on motorized boards were more likely to be older (40.0 ± 15.4 years) than those injured on skateboards (27.8 ± 9.8 years; p < 0.001). 13.9 % of fractures required hospital admission. Skateboard accidents were more likely to present with lower extremity fractures (p < 0.001), despite upper extremity injuries being the majority in both groups. There was a significant association between motorized board injuries and multiple fractures (p < 0.001, OR = 1.2), and hospital admission (p < 0.001, OR = 1.7). DISCUSSION: Our study shows a high prevalence of upper extremity injuries, regardless of board type. Motorized boards are associated with a higher risk of multiple fractures and hospital admission. Motorized boards likely have increased risk due to their ability to sustain elevated speeds.

The exocyst is required for photoreceptor ciliogenesis and retinal development.

We previously have shown that the highly conserved eight-protein exocyst trafficking complex is required for ciliogenesis in kidney tubule cells. We hypothesized here that ciliogenic programs are conserved across organs and species. To determine whether renal primary ciliogenic programs are conserved in the eye, and to characterize the function and mechanisms by which the exocyst regulates eye development in zebrafish, we focused on exoc5, a central component of the exocyst complex, by analyzing both exoc5 zebrafish mutants, and photoreceptor-specific Exoc5 knock-out mice. Two separate exoc5 mutant zebrafish lines phenocopied exoc5 morphants and, strikingly, exhibited a virtual absence of photoreceptors, along with abnormal retinal development and cell death. Because the zebrafish mutant was a global knockout, we also observed defects in several ciliated organs, including the brain (hydrocephalus), heart (cardiac edema), and kidney (disordered and shorter cilia). exoc5 knockout increased phosphorylation of the regulatory protein Mob1, consistent with Hippo pathway activation. exoc5 mutant zebrafish rescue with human EXOC5 mRNA completely reversed the mutant phenotype. We accomplished photoreceptor-specific knockout of Exoc5 with our Exoc5 fl/fl mouse line crossed with a rhodopsin-Cre driver line. In Exoc5 photoreceptor-specific knock-out mice, the photoreceptor outer segment structure was severely impaired at 4 weeks of age, although a full-field electroretinogram indicated a visual response was still present. However, by 6 weeks, visual responses were eliminated. In summary, we show that ciliogenesis programs are conserved in the kidneys and eyes of zebrafish and mice and that the exocyst is necessary for photoreceptor ciliogenesis and retinal development, most likely by trafficking cilia and outer-segment proteins.

American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Clinical Practice Guideline Case Report: Prevention of Surgical Site Infection After Major Extremity Trauma.

Major extremity fractures are serious limb injuries often including notable soft-tissue injury with possible injuries to the head, chest, or abdomen. High-energy traumatic fractures carry a high risk of surgical site infections even with use of systemic antibiotics and techniques in risk reduction. The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons released a clinical practice guideline in 2023 based on current literature on the prevention of surgical site infections after major extremity trauma. The case presented in this article is an example to demonstrate the clinical application of these guidelines.