Sotorasib in KRAS p.G12C-Mutated Advanced Pancreatic Cancer.

BACKGROUND: KRAS p.G12C mutation occurs in approximately 1 to 2% of pancreatic cancers. The safety and efficacy of sotorasib, a KRAS G12C inhibitor, in previously treated patients with KRAS p.G12C-mutated pancreatic cancer are unknown. METHODS: We conducted a single-group, phase 1-2 trial to assess the safety and efficacy of sotorasib treatment in patients with KRAS p.G12C-mutated pancreatic cancer who had received at least one previous systemic therapy. The primary objective of phase 1 was to assess safety and to identify the recommended dose for phase 2. In phase 2, patients received sotorasib at a dose of 960 mg orally once daily. The primary end point for phase 2 was a centrally confirmed objective response (defined as a complete or partial response). Efficacy end points were assessed in the pooled population from both phases and included objective response, duration of response, time to objective response, disease control (defined as an objective response or stable disease), progression-free survival, and overall survival. Safety was also assessed. RESULTS: The pooled population from phases 1 and 2 consisted of 38 patients, all of whom had metastatic disease at enrollment and had previously received chemotherapy. At baseline, patients had received a median of 2 lines (range, 1 to 8) of therapy previously. All 38 patients received sotorasib in the trial. A total of 8 patients had a centrally confirmed objective response (21%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 10 to 37). The median progression-free survival was 4.0 months (95% CI, 2.8 to 5.6), and the median overall survival was 6.9 months (95% CI, 5.0 to 9.1). Treatment-related adverse events of any grade were reported in 16 patients (42%); 6 patients (16%) had grade 3 adverse events. No treatment-related adverse events were fatal or led to treatment discontinuation. CONCLUSIONS: Sotorasib showed anticancer activity and had an acceptable safety profile in patients with KRAS p.G12C-mutated advanced pancreatic cancer who had received previous treatment. (Funded by Amgen and others; CodeBreaK 100 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03600883.).

Preoperative Treatment of Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Pelvic radiation plus sensitizing chemotherapy with a fluoropyrimidine (chemoradiotherapy) before surgery is standard care for locally advanced rectal cancer in North America. Whether neoadjuvant chemotherapy with fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin (FOLFOX) can be used in lieu of chemoradiotherapy is uncertain. METHODS: We conducted a multicenter, unblinded, noninferiority, randomized trial of neoadjuvant FOLFOX (with chemoradiotherapy given only if the primary tumor decreased in size by <20% or if FOLFOX was discontinued because of side effects) as compared with chemoradiotherapy. Adults with rectal cancer that had been clinically staged as T2 node-positive, T3 node-negative, or T3 node-positive who were candidates for sphincter-sparing surgery were eligible to participate. The primary end point was disease-free survival. Noninferiority would be claimed if the upper limit of the two-sided 90.2% confidence interval of the hazard ratio for disease recurrence or death did not exceed 1.29. Secondary end points included overall survival, local recurrence (in a time-to-event analysis), complete pathological resection, complete response, and toxic effects. RESULTS: From June 2012 through December 2018, a total of 1194 patients underwent randomization and 1128 started treatment; among those who started treatment, 585 were in the FOLFOX group and 543 in the chemoradiotherapy group. At a median follow-up of 58 months, FOLFOX was noninferior to chemoradiotherapy for disease-free survival (hazard ratio for disease recurrence or death, 0.92; 90.2% confidence interval [CI], 0.74 to 1.14; P = 0.005 for noninferiority). Five-year disease-free survival was 80.8% (95% CI, 77.9 to 83.7) in the FOLFOX group and 78.6% (95% CI, 75.4 to 81.8) in the chemoradiotherapy group. The groups were similar with respect to overall survival (hazard ratio for death, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.74 to 1.44) and local recurrence (hazard ratio, 1.18; 95% CI, 0.44 to 3.16). In the FOLFOX group, 53 patients (9.1%) received preoperative chemoradiotherapy and 8 (1.4%) received postoperative chemoradiotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with locally advanced rectal cancer who were eligible for sphincter-sparing surgery, preoperative FOLFOX was noninferior to preoperative chemoradiotherapy with respect to disease-free survival. (Funded by the National Cancer Institute; PROSPECT ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01515787.).

SWOG 1609 cohort 48: anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 for advanced gallbladder cancer.

INTRODUCTION: Most patients with advanced gallbladder cancer are treated with multiagent chemotherapy. Immune checkpoint inhibitors offer the possibility of a durable response with less toxicity. This prospective, multicenter, open-label study was designed to evaluate the anticancer activity of nivolumab plus ipilimumab in patients with advanced gallbladder cancer. METHODS: Nineteen patients with advanced gallbladder cancer refractory to ≥1 previous therapy received nivolumab 240 mg intravenously every 2 weeks and ipilimumab 1 mg/kg intravenously every 6 weeks until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. The primary end point was confirmed radiographic overall response rate (ORR) (complete response [CR] + partial response [PR] confirmed on subsequent scan); secondary end points included unconfirmed overall response, clinical benefit rate (confirmed and unconfirmed responses + stable disease >6 months), progression-free survival, overall survival, and toxicity. RESULTS: The confirmed ORR was 16% (CR, n = 1 [5%]; PR, n = 2 [11%]); all were microsatellite stable, and the confirmed CR had undetectable programmed death-ligand 1 by immunohistochemistry. The unconfirmed ORR and clinical benefit rates were both 32%. The median duration of response was 14.8 months (range, 4-35.1+ months). The 6-month progression-free survival was 26% (95% CI, 12-55). The median overall survival was 7.0 months (95% CI, 3.9-19.1). The most common toxicities were fatigue (32%), anemia (26%), and anorexia (26%). Aspartate aminotransferase elevation was the most common grade 3/4 toxicity (11%). There was 1 possibly related death (sepsis with attendant hepatic failure). CONCLUSIONS: Ipilimumab plus nivolumab was well tolerated and showed modest efficacy with durable responses in previously treated patients with advanced gallbladder cancer. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT02834013 (ClincialTrials.gov). PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY: This prospective study assessed the efficacy and safety of nivolumab plus ipilimumab in 19 patients with advanced gallbladder cancer refractory to previous therapy. The combination demonstrated modest efficacy with a 16% confirmed overall response rate, durable responses, and manageable toxicities, suggesting potential benefits for this challenging patient population.

A point-of-care pilot randomized intervention to connect patients with cancer-induced financial toxicity to telehealth financial counseling.

PURPOSE: Elevated costs of cancer treatment can result in economic and psychological "financial toxicity" distress. This pilot study assessed the feasibility of a point-of-care intervention to connect adult patients with cancer-induced financial toxicity to telehealth-delivered financial counseling. METHODS: We conducted a three-armed parallel randomized pilot study, allocating newly referred patients with cancer and financial toxicity to individual, group accredited telehealth financial counseling, or usual care with educational material (1:1:1). We assessed the feasibility of recruitment, randomization, retention, baseline and post-intervention COmprehensive Score for Financial Toxicity (COST), and Telehealth Usability Questionnaire (TUQ) scores. RESULTS: Of 382 patients screened, 121 were eligible and enrolled. 58 (48%) completed the intervention (9 individual, 9 group counseling, 40 educational booklet). 29 completed follow-up surveys: 45% female, 17% African American, 79% white, 7% Hispanic, 55% 45-64 years old, 31% over 64, 34% lived in rural areas, 24% had cancer stage I, 21% II, 7% III, 31% IV. Baseline characteristics were balanced across arms, retention status, surveys completion. Mean (SD) COST was 12.4 (6.1) at baseline and 16.0 (8.4) post-intervention. Mean (SD) COST score differences were 6.3 (11.6) after individual counseling, 5.8 (8.5) after group counseling, and 2.5 (6.4) after usual care. Mean TUQ score among nine counseling participants was 5.5 (0.9) over 7.0. Non-parametric comparisons were not statistically meaningful. CONCLUSION: Recruitment and randomization were feasible, while study retention presented challenges. Nine participants reported good usability and satisfaction with telehealth counseling. Larger-scale trials focused on improving participation, retention, and impact of financial counseling among patients with cancer are justified.

Alliance for clinical trials in Oncology (Alliance) trial A022101/NRG-GI009: a pragmatic randomized phase III trial evaluating total ablative therapy for patients with limited metastatic colorectal cancer: evaluating radiation, ablation, and surgery (ERASur).

BACKGROUND: For patients with liver-confined metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC), local therapy of isolated metastases has been associated with long-term progression-free and overall survival (OS). However, for patients with more advanced mCRC, including those with extrahepatic disease, the efficacy of local therapy is less clear although increasingly being used in clinical practice. Prospective studies to clarify the role of metastatic-directed therapies in patients with mCRC are needed. METHODS: The Evaluating Radiation, Ablation, and Surgery (ERASur) A022101/NRG-GI009 trial is a randomized, National Cancer Institute-sponsored phase III study evaluating if the addition of metastatic-directed therapy to standard of care systemic therapy improves OS in patients with newly diagnosed limited mCRC. Eligible patients require a pathologic diagnosis of CRC, have BRAF wild-type and microsatellite stable disease, and have 4 or fewer sites of metastatic disease identified on baseline imaging. Liver-only metastatic disease is not permitted. All metastatic lesions must be amenable to total ablative therapy (TAT), which includes surgical resection, microwave ablation, and/or stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy (SABR) with SABR required for at least one lesion. Patients without overt disease progression after 16-26 weeks of first-line systemic therapy will be randomized 1:1 to continuation of systemic therapy with or without TAT. The trial activated through the Cancer Trials Support Unit on January 10, 2023. The primary endpoint is OS. Secondary endpoints include event-free survival, adverse events profile, and time to local recurrence with exploratory biomarker analyses. This study requires a total of 346 evaluable patients to provide 80% power with a one-sided alpha of 0.05 to detect an improvement in OS from a median of 26 months in the control arm to 37 months in the experimental arm with a hazard ratio of 0.7. The trial uses a group sequential design with two interim analyses for futility. DISCUSSION: The ERASur trial employs a pragmatic interventional design to test the efficacy and safety of adding multimodality TAT to standard of care systemic therapy in patients with limited mCRC. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT05673148, registered December 21, 2022.

Identifying social determinants of health from clinical narratives: A study of performance, documentation ratio, and potential bias.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a natural language processing (NLP) package to extract social determinants of health (SDoH) from clinical narratives, examine the bias among race and gender groups, test the generalizability of extracting SDoH for different disease groups, and examine population-level extraction ratio. METHODS: We developed SDoH corpora using clinical notes identified at the University of Florida (UF) Health. We systematically compared 7 transformer-based large language models (LLMs) and developed an open-source package - SODA (i.e., SOcial DeterminAnts) to facilitate SDoH extraction from clinical narratives. We examined the performance and potential bias of SODA for different race and gender groups, tested the generalizability of SODA using two disease domains including cancer and opioid use, and explored strategies for improvement. We applied SODA to extract 19 categories of SDoH from the breast (n = 7,971), lung (n = 11,804), and colorectal cancer (n = 6,240) cohorts to assess patient-level extraction ratio and examine the differences among race and gender groups. RESULTS: We developed an SDoH corpus using 629 clinical notes of cancer patients with annotations of 13,193 SDoH concepts/attributes from 19 categories of SDoH, and another cross-disease validation corpus using 200 notes from opioid use patients with 4,342 SDoH concepts/attributes. We compared 7 transformer models and the GatorTron model achieved the best mean average strict/lenient F1 scores of 0.9122 and 0.9367 for SDoH concept extraction and 0.9584 and 0.9593 for linking attributes to SDoH concepts. There is a small performance gap (∼4%) between Males and Females, but a large performance gap (>16 %) among race groups. The performance dropped when we applied the cancer SDoH model to the opioid cohort; fine-tuning using a smaller opioid SDoH corpus improved the performance. The extraction ratio varied in the three cancer cohorts, in which 10 SDoH could be extracted from over 70 % of cancer patients, but 9 SDoH could be extracted from less than 70 % of cancer patients. Individuals from the White and Black groups have a higher extraction ratio than other minority race groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our SODA package achieved good performance in extracting 19 categories of SDoH from clinical narratives. The SODA package with pre-trained transformer models is available at https://github.com/uf-hobi-informatics-lab/SODA_Docker.

Antimicrobial resistance pattern in aerobic bacteria isolated from endotracheal aspirate in ventilator-associated pneumonia: Ten years observation from a tertiary care hospital.

Background and Aims: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a nosocomial infection associated with high morbidity and mortality. This study was undertaken to monitor the trend of the demographical details, comorbid conditions, bacterial etiological agents, and their antibiogram causing VAP in adults in the year 2008, 2013 and 2018. Material and Methods: A retrospective study conducted at the Department of Microbiology, Hospital Infection control and Quality Control at a tertiary care teaching hospital. All the adult patients with more than 48 h of the mechanical ventilator with endotracheal intubation with Clinical Pulmonary infection Score >6 with suspicion of VAP were included in the study at a difference of 5 years, i.e., 2008, 2013, and 2018. Results: A total of 338 patients were included in the study, of which males accounted for more than two-third of the patients studied. Nearly 45% of the patients belonged to geriatric (>60 years) age group. The most common comorbid conditions were chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Among the gram-negative isolates, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter species, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the most common. There is an emergence of resistance to most commonly administered antimicrobial agents like aminoglycosides, levofloxacin, piperacillin/tazobactum, and carbapenems during the study period. Conclusion: This is a ten-year study on the antibiotic resistance pattern of organisms causing VAP. As far as the authors are aware, this is the first study addressing the pattern of change in drug resistance in the organisms causing VAP over a decade. The emergence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) MDR pathogens, especially in intensive care unit (ICU), is a great concern for the intensivist and infection control physicians. Preventive measures need to be undertaken to control the spread of these pathogens to the patients in the ICU.

Reversible CO2 Capture and On-Demand Release by an Acidity-Matched Organic Photoswitch.

Separation of carbon dioxide (CO2) from point sources or directly from the atmosphere can contribute crucially to climate change mitigation plans in the coming decades. A fundamental practical limitation for the current strategies is the considerable energy cost required to regenerate the sorbent and release the captured CO2 for storage or utilization. A directly photochemically driven system that demonstrates efficient passive capture and on-demand CO2 release triggered by sunlight as the sole external stimulus would provide an attractive alternative. However, little is known about the thermodynamic requirements for such a process or mechanisms for modulating the stability of CO2-derived dissolved species by using photoinduced metastable states. Here, we show that an organic photoswitchable molecule of precisely tuned effective acidity can repeatedly capture and release a near-stoichiometric quantity of CO2 according to dark-light cycles. The CO2-derived species rests as a solvent-separated ion pair, and key aspects of its excited-state dynamics that regulate the photorelease efficiency are characterized by transient absorption spectroscopy. The thermodynamic and kinetic concepts established herein will serve as guiding principles for the development of viable solar-powered negative emission technologies.

First-in-human study of oleclumab, a potent, selective anti-CD73 monoclonal antibody, alone or in combination with durvalumab in patients with advanced solid tumors.

BACKGROUND: CD73 upregulation in tumors leads to local immunosuppression. This phase I, first-in-human study evaluated oleclumab (MEDI9447), an anti-CD73 human IgG1λ monoclonal antibody, alone or with durvalumab in patients with advanced colorectal cancer (CRC), pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), or epidermal growth factor receptor-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS: Patients received oleclumab 5-40 mg/kg (dose-escalation) or 40 mg/kg (dose-expansion) intravenously every 2 weeks (Q2W), alone (escalation only) or with durvalumab 10 mg/kg intravenously Q2W. RESULTS: 192 patients were enrolled, 66 during escalation and 126 (42 CRC, 42 PDAC, 42 NSCLC) during expansion. No dose-limiting toxicities occurred during escalation. In the monotherapy and combination therapy escalation cohorts, treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs) occurred in 55 and 54%, respectively, the most common being fatigue (17 and 25%). In the CRC, PDAC, and NSCLC expansion cohorts, 60, 57, and 45% of patients had TRAEs, respectively; the most common were fatigue (15%), diarrhea (9%), and rash (7%). Free soluble CD73 and CD73 expression on peripheral T cells and tumor cells showed sustained decreases, accompanied by reduced CD73 enzymatic activity in tumor cells. Objective response rate during escalation was 0%. Response rates in the CRC, PDAC, and NSCLC expansion cohorts were 2.4% (1 complete response [CR]), 4.8% (1 CR, 1 partial response [PR]), and 9.5% (4 PRs), respectively; 6-month progression-free survival rates were 5.4, 13.2, and 16.0%. CONCLUSIONS: Oleclumab ± durvalumab had a manageable safety profile, with pharmacodynamic activity reflecting oleclumab's mechanism of action. Evidence of antitumor activity was observed in tumor types that are generally immunotherapy resistant. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT02503774; date of registration, July 17, 2015.

Colorectal cancer screening completion by patients due or overdue for screening after reminders: a retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: Patient and clinician reminders were implemented as part of an adherence improvement project at University of Florida (UF) Internal Medicine Clinics. We sought to assess colorectal cancer (CRC) screening completion rates among patients not up-to-date with screening following distribution of reminders and to identify characteristics correlated with screening outcomes. METHODS: Retrospective chart review was performed for patients not up-to-date with CRC screening for whom at least one reminder (patient and/or clinician) was issued in June 2018. The primary endpoint, the completion of a CRC screening test, is characterized as the ratio of completed screening tests to the number of patients not up-to-date with screening. All analyses were performed using R 4.0 software. RESULTS: Of the 926 patients included, 403 (44%; 95% CI, 0.40-0.47) completed a CRC screening test within 24 months following a reminder. Family history of CRC (relative risk (RR) 1.33; P = 0.007), flu immunization within two years of the reminder (RR 1.23; P = 0.019), and receiving a patient reminder either alone (RR 1.62; P < 0.001) or in combination with a clinician reminder (RR 1.55; P = 0.006) were positively associated with CRC screening completion. Reporting being divorced, separated, or widowed was negatively associated with screening completion (RR 0.70; P = 0.004). CONCLUSION: Reminders, in particular patient reminders, seem to be an effective method to enhance screening among patients not up-to-date with CRC screening. This study suggests that reminder efforts should be focused at the level of the patients and provides insight on target populations for practical interventions to further increase CRC screening adherence.

Same-day discharge robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy: feasibility, safety and patient experience.

OBJECTIVES: To report a single centre's experience of the feasibility, safety and patient acceptability of same-day discharge robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy (RALP). SUBJECTS/PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between June 2015 and December 2021, a total of 180 pre-selected consecutive patients underwent RALP with the intention to discharge on the same day as surgery. Cases were performed by two surgeons. An enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) programme was used. The feasibility of same-day discharge was analysed, along with the complication rate, oncological outcomes, and postoperative patient experience. RESULTS: Of 180 patients, 169 (93.8%) were successfully discharged on the same day as surgery. The median (range) age was 63 ( 44-74) years. The median (range) console time was 97 (61-256) min and blood loss was 200 (20-800) mL. The resection specimen pathology results were: pT2 69.4%, pT3a 24.4% and pT3b 6.5%. With regard to Gleason Grade Group (GGG), 25.9% had GGG 1, 65.7% had GGG 2-3 and 8.4% had GGG 4-5 disease. Positive surgical margins were present in 25 cases (14.7%), 18 (15.5%) of which occurred in pT2 cases, and seven (13.4%) in pT3 cases. There were no early (<90 days) biochemical relapses (defined as prostate-specific antigen level >0.2 ng/mL). The 30-day readmission rate was 3%. A total of 13 early (0-30 days) complications were observed, five of which were Clavien-Dindo grade ≥3, however, none of these would have been avoided had the patient remained in hospital on the first postoperative night. Of 121 consecutive patients, 107 (88%) returned a satisfaction questionnaire, and 92% of responders stated they preferred recovery at home, with 94% stating they felt ready to go home. CONCLUSION: Robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy combined with an ERAS programme allows patients to be safely discharged home on the same day of their surgery. This is a feasible option, well-liked by patients, with morbidity and oncological outcomes similar to non-day-case or 23 h stay RALP.

Florida-California Cancer Research, Education and Engagement (CaRE2) Health Equity Center: Structure, Innovations, and Initial Outcomes.

INTRODUCTION: The Florida-California Cancer Research, Education, and Engagement (CaRE2) Health Equity Center is a triad partnership committed to increasing institutional capacity for cancer disparity research, the diversity of the cancer workforce, and community empowerment. This article provides an overview of the structure, process innovations, and initial outcomes from the first 4 years of the CaRE2 triad partnership. METHODS: CaRE2 serves diverse populations in Florida and California using a "molecule to the community and back" model. We prioritize research on the complex intersection of biological, environmental, and social determinants health, working together with scientific and health disparities communities, sharing expertise across institutions, bidirectional training, and community outreach. Partnership progress and outcomes were assessed using mixed methods and four Program Steering Committee meetings. RESULTS: Research capacity was increased through development of a Living Repository of 81 cancer model systems from minority patients for novel cancer drug development. CaRE2 funded 15 scientific projects resulting in 38 publications. Workforce diversity entailed supporting 94 cancer trainees (92 URM) and 34 ESIs (32 URM) who coauthored 313 CaRE2-related publications and received 48 grants. Community empowerment was promoted via outreaching to more than 3000 individuals, training 145 community cancer advocates (including 28 Community Scientist Advocates), and publishing 10 community reports. CaRE2 members and trainees together have published 639 articles, received 61 grants, and 57 awards. CONCLUSION: The CaRE2 partnership has achieved its initial aims. Infrastructure for translational cancer research was expanded at one partner institution, and cancer disparities research was expanded at the two cancer centers.

Cutoff values of body fat composition to predict metabolic risk factors with normal waist circumference in Asian Indian population.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study is to see if visceral fat volume (VFV), subcutaneous fat volume (SFV), and visceral-subcutaneous fat ratio (VSR) can be used to detect metabolically obese normal weight individuals in Asian Indian population. METHODS: This is a single center prospective cross-sectional study and 80 cases having either hypertension, diabetes, or hyperlipidemia with normal waist circumference and 80 controls having normal metabolic parameters with normal waist circumference were evaluated. Visceral and subcutaneous fat volumes and visceral to subcutaneous fat ratios were determined by computed tomography (CT) at L4-L5 level with a slice thickness of 5 mm. RESULTS: Visceral fat volume, subcutaneous fat volume, and VSR are significantly higher in patients with metabolic risk factors as compared to those without risk factors. Volume of subcutaneous fat is significantly higher in females as compared to males. VSR is higher in males in our study. The cutoff values for VFV, SFV, and VSR to predict at least one metabolic syndrome are 8.5 cm3, 15.7 cm3, and 0.61 in males and 7.0 cm3, 16.5 cm3, and 0.44 in females. CONCLUSIONS: For individuals with normal waist circumference, VFV, SFV, and VSR can effectively predict the presence of one metabolic risk factor. KEY POINTS: • Visceral fat volume, subcutaneous fat volume, and visceral-subcutaneous fat ratio can predict individuals at risk of metabolic syndrome having normal waist circumference. • Higher VSR in Indian population is due to low reservoir of primary adipose tissue fat compartment which leads to diversion of adipocytes into the secondary adipose tissue fat compartment. • This data can be used as a screening tool in preventive radiology for identifying individuals at risk of developing metabolic syndrome.

A phase II study of neoadjuvant liposomal irinotecan with 5-FU and oxaliplatin (NALIRIFOX) in pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

For patients with localized pancreatic cancer with minimal vascular involvement, optimal survivability requires a multidisciplinary approach of surgical resection and systemic chemotherapy. FOLFIRINOX is a combination chemotherapy regimen that offers promising results in the perioperative and metastatic settings; however, it can cause significant adverse effects. Such toxicity can negatively impact some patients, resulting in chemotherapy discontinuation or surgical unsuitability. In an effort to reduce toxicities and optimize outcomes, this investigation explores the safety and feasibility of substituting liposomal irinotecan (nal-IRI) for nonliposomal irinotecan to improve tumor drug delivery and potentially reduce toxicity. This regimen, NALIRIFOX, has the potential to be both safer and more effective when administered in the preoperative setting.

For patients with pancreatic cancer with little to no cancer near the blood vessels, the best life expectancy usually requires surgery and chemotherapy. FOLFIRINOX is a chemotherapy medicine that offers promising results for both patients getting surgery and for patients with widespread disease. However, it can cause harmful side effects. The side effects can be so bad that the chemotherapy has to be stopped or that surgery is no longer possible. In order to reduce the harmful side effects and improve outcomes, this investigation looks into the safety and practicality of using a different version of one of the medicines. The different version hopes to improve drug delivery and reduce harmful side effects. This regimen, NALIRIFOX, can be safer and more effective in patients awaiting surgery. Clinical Trial Registration: UF-STO-PANC-004 (NCT03483038) (ClinicalTrials.gov).

National adoption of neoadjuvant chemotherapy: paradigm shift in the treatment of pancreatic cancer.

BACKGROUND: The historical standard of care in treating operable pancreatic cancer via upfront surgery has been challenged recently using a neoadjuvant approach. The aim of the study is to examine the national practice patterns in the management of pancreatic cancer with an emphasis on the trends of neoadjuvant systemic therapy use. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional time-series study using the National Cancer Database from 2006 to 2019. Patients who underwent resection for stage I-II pancreatic adenocarcinoma were selected. RESULTS: Overall, 25% of patients had neoadjuvant chemotherapy, 49% had surgery followed by adjuvant chemotherapy and 26% had surgery alone. The rate of neoadjuvant chemotherapy has increased from 11% in 2006 to 43% in 2019. There was a decrease in the rate of surgery followed by chemotherapy from 48% to 38%, and a decrease in the rate of surgery alone from 41% to 19%. The rate of radiation therapy use has decreased over time, as has the resection rate, while median overall survival has steadily improved over the years. CONCLUSIONS: In 2019, the rate of using neoadjuvant systemic therapy overtook the rate of surgery first followed by adjuvant systemic therapy, marking a pragmatic national shift in the clinical management of pancreatic cancer.

A Phase 3 Randomized Clinical Trial of Chemotherapy With or Without Algenpantucel-L (HyperAcute-Pancreas) Immunotherapy in Subjects With Borderline Resectable or Locally Advanced Unresectable Pancreatic Cancer.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the efficacy and safety of algenpantucel-L [HyperAcute-Pancreas algenpantucel-L (HAPa); IND# 12311] immunotherapy combined with standard of care (SOC) chemotherapy and chemoradiation to SOC chemotherapy and chemoradiation therapy alone in patients with borderline resectable or locally advanced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: To date, immunotherapy has not been shown to benefit patients with borderline resectable or locally advanced unresectable PDAC. HAPa is a cancer vaccine consisting of allogeneic pancreatic cancer cells engineered to express the murine α(1,3)GT gene. METHODS: A multicenter, phase 3, open label, randomized (1:1) trial of patients with borderline resectable or locally advanced unresectable PDAC. Patients received neoadjuvant SOC chemotherapy (FOLFIRINOX or gemcitabine/nab-paclitaxel) followed by chemoradiation (standard group) or the same standard neoadjuvant regimen combined with HAPa immunotherapy (experimental group). The primary outcome was overall survival. RESULTS: Between May 2013 and December 2015, 303 patients were randomized from 32 sites. Median (interquartile range) overall survival was 14.9 (12.2-17.8) months in the standard group (N = 158) and 14.3 (12.6-16.3) months in the experimental group (N = 145) [hazard ratio (HR) 1.02, 95% confidence intervals 0.66-1.58; P = 0.98]. Median progression-free survival was 13.4 months in the standard group and 12.4 months in the experimental group (HR 1.33, 95% confidence intervals 0.72-1.78; P = 0.59). Grade 3 or higher adverse events occurred in 105 of 140 patients (75%) in the standard group and in 115 of 142 patients (81%) in the experimental group (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Algenpantucel-L immunotherapy did not improve survival in patients with borderline resectable or locally advanced unresectable PDAC receiving SOC neoadjuvant chemotherapy and chemoradiation. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01836432.

Landscape-scale conservation mitigates the biodiversity loss of grassland birds.

The decline of biodiversity from anthropogenic landscape modification is among the most pressing conservation problems worldwide. In North America, long-term population declines have elevated the recovery of the grassland avifauna to among the highest conservationpriorities. Because the vast majority of grasslands of the Great Plains are privately owned, the recovery of these ecosystems and bird populations within them depend on landscape-scale conservation strategies that integrate social, economic, and biodiversity objectives. The Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) is a voluntary program for private agricultural producers administered by the United States Department of Agriculture that provides financial incentives to take cropland out of production and restore perennial grassland. We investigated spatial patterns of grassland availability and restoration to inform landscape-scale conservation for a comprehensive community of grassland birds in the Great Plains. The research objectives were to (1) determine how apparent habitat loss has affected spatial patterns of grassland bird biodiversity, (2) evaluate the effectiveness of CRP for offsetting the biodiversity declines of grassland birds, and (3) develop spatially explicit predictions to estimate the biodiversity benefit of adding CRP to landscapes impacted by habitat loss. We used the Integrated Monitoring in Bird Conservation Regions program to evaluate hypotheses for the effects of habitat loss and restoration on both the occupancy and species richness of grassland specialists within a continuum-modeling framework. We found the odds of community occupancy declined by 37% for every 1 SD decrease in grassland availability [loge (km2 )] and increased by 20% for every 1 SD increase in CRP land cover [loge (km2 )]. There was 17% turnover in species composition between intact grasslands and CRP landscapes, suggesting that grasslands restored by CRP retained considerable, but incomplete, representation of biodiversity in agricultural landscapes. Spatially explicit predictions indicated that absolute conservation outcomes were greatest at high latitudes in regions with high biodiversity, whereas the relative outcomes were greater at low latitudes in highly modified landscapes. By evaluating community-wide responses to landscape modification and CRP restoration at bioregional scales, our study fills key information gaps for developing collaborative strategies, and for balancing conservation of avian biodiversity and social well-being in the agricultural production landscapes of the Great Plains.

Minimal Residual Disease-Directed Adjuvant Therapy for Patients With Early-Stage Colon Cancer: CIRCULATE-US.

BACKGROUND: The ability to detect circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), a novel surrogate for minimal residual disease (MRD) for patients with solid tumors, has significantly evolved over the past decade. Several studies have shown that ctDNA may provide clinical insight into the biological dynamics of MRD. The CIRCULATE-US (NRG-GI008; NCT05174169) trial will aim to address the role of ctDNA for risk stratification to intensify and deintensify adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with early-stage colon cancer. METHODS: CIRCULATE-US, a prospective phase 2/3 randomized trial, is investigating the molecular dynamics and prognostic role of ctDNA (evaluated by Natera's Signatera assay) for patients with resected colon cancer. Patients with negative postoperative ctDNA will be enrolled in cohort A and randomized to receive either immediate treatment with 5-fluorouracil and folinic acid or capecitabine plus oxaliplatin (FOLFOX6 or CAPEOX; Arm 1) or serial ctDNA surveillance with delayed adjuvant therapy (Arm 2). Patients randomized to Arm 2 with subsequent positive ctDNA results will be enrolled in cohort B for a second randomization to receive either FOLFOX6/CAPEOX (Arm 3) or 5-fluorouracil, folinic acid, oxaliplatin, and irinotecan (FOLFIRINOX; Arm 4) for 6 months. Patients with positive postoperative ctDNA results will be directly enrolled in cohort B and randomized to receive either FOLFOX6/CAPEOX (Arm 3) or FOLFIRINOX (Arm 4). Patients with stage II or stage IIIC colon cancer with positive ctDNA results (tested as standard of care with commercial testing) will be eligible for enrollment in cohort B. The primary end point for cohort A is time to positive ctDNA status for phase 2 and disease-free survival for phase 3 with a noninferiority design. The primary end point for cohort B is disease-free survival for both phase 2 and phase 3 with a superiority design. DISCUSSION: CIRCULATE-US will aim to understand postoperative ctDNA dynamics in early-stage colon cancer and will investigate escalation and de-escalation approaches by using ctDNA status as a surrogate for MRD status.

Atezolizumab plus tivozanib for immunologically cold tumor types: the IMMCO-1 trial.

Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy represents a significant advance in cancer care. The interaction between PD-1 and PD-L1 induces immune tolerance and the inhibition of this interaction is an effective treatment strategy for numerous malignancies. Despite its demonstrated potential, immunotherapy is not clinically effective in immunogenically 'cold' tumors such as pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer and neuroendocrine tumors. Through the inhibition of VEGF, it may be possible to potentiate the effect of immune checkpoint blockade in tumors that have traditionally shown a lack of clinical response to immunotherapy. This signal-seeking, single-arm, prospective clinical trial aims to determine the objective response of tivozanib and atezolizumab in advanced immunogenically cold solid tumors. Clinical Trial Registration: NCT05000294 (ClinicalTrials.gov).

Communicating risk to promote colorectal cancer screening: a multi-method study to test tailored versus targeted message strategies.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) screening rates are suboptimal, partly due to poor communication about CRC risk. More effective methods are needed to educate patients, but little research has examined best practices for communicating CRC risk. This multi-method study tests whether tailoring CRC risk information increases screening intentions. Participants (N = 738) were randomized with a 2:2:1 allocation to tailored, targeted, and control message conditions. The primary outcome was intention to screen for CRC (yes/no). Additional variables include perceived message relevance, perceived susceptibility to CRC, and free-text comments evaluating the intervention. A chi-square test determined differences in the proportion of participants who intended to complete CRC screening by condition. A logistic-based path analysis explored mediation. Free-text comments were analyzed using advanced topic modeling analysis. CRC screening intentions were highest in the tailored intervention and significantly greater than control (P = 0.006). The tailored message condition significantly increased message relevance compared with control (P = 0.027) and targeted conditions (P = 0.002). The tailored condition also increased susceptibility (P < 0.001) compared with control, which mediated the relationship between the tailored condition and intention to screen (b = 0.04, SE = 0.02, 95% confidence interval = 0.02, 0.09). The qualitative data reflect similar trends. The theoretical mechanisms and practical implications of tailoring health education materials about CRC risk are discussed.