RESUMO
Methods for reliable evaluation of spinal cord (SC) injury in rats at short periods (2 and 24 h) after lesion were tested to characterize the mechanisms implicated in primary SC damage. We measured the physiological changes occurring after several procedures for producing SC injury, with particular emphasis on sensorimotor functions. Segmental and suprasegmental reflexes were tested in 39 male Wistar rats weighing 250-300 g divided into three control groups that were subjected to a) anesthesia, b) dissection of soft prevertebral tissue, and c) laminectomy of the vertebral segments between T10 and L1. In the lesion group the SC was completely transected, hemisected or subjected to vertebral compression. All animals were evaluated 2 and 24 h after the experimental procedure by the hind limb motility index, Bohlman motor score, open-field, hot-plate, tail flick, and paw compression tests. The locomotion scale proved to be less sensitive than the sensorimotor tests. A reduction in exploratory movements was detected in the animals 24 h after the procedures. The hot-plate was the most sensitive test for detecting sensorimotor deficiencies following light, moderate or severe SC injury. The most sensitive and simplest test of reflex function was the hot-plate. The hemisection model promoted reproducible moderate SC injury which allowed us to quantify the resulting behavior and analyze the evolution of the lesion and its consequences during the first 24 h after injury. We conclude that hemisection permitted the quantitation of behavioral responses for evaluation of the development of deficits after lesions. Hind limb evaluation scores and spontaneous exploration events provided a sensitive index of immediate injury effects after SC lesion at 2 and 24 h. Taken together, locomotion scales, open-field, and hot-plate tests represent reproducible, quantitatively sensitive methods for detecting functional deficiencies within short periods of time, indicating their potential for the study of cellular mechanisms of primary injury and repair after traumatic SC injury.
Assuntos
Comportamento Animal/fisiologia , Desempenho Psicomotor/fisiologia , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/fisiopatologia , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Laminectomia , Masculino , Exame Neurológico/métodos , Prognóstico , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Fatores de TempoAssuntos
Traumatismos Faciais/terapia , Traumatismo Múltiplo , Traumatismo Múltiplo/terapia , Traumatismos Faciais/enfermagem , Traumatismos Faciais/cirurgia , Humanos , Cuidados Intraoperatórios , Traumatismo Múltiplo/enfermagem , Traumatismo Múltiplo/cirurgia , Enfermagem de Centro Cirúrgico , Cuidados Pós-Operatórios , Cuidados Pré-OperatóriosRESUMO
Non-secure state operated psychiatric centers and community based providers of mental health services have witnessed an increase in their caseloads of defendants adjudicated not responsible for criminal activity as a result of mental disease or defect (NGRIs). NGRIs receiving services in these traditionally non-forensic settings are subject to continued court supervision by virtue of Court Orders of Conditions that are designed to assure that NGRIs receive services in a manner that is consistent with the public safety. Several characteristics of the current service delivery system often impede the ability to fulfill statutory mandates and the effective delivery of services to NGRIs. The authors provide an overview of the statutory provisions governing the care of NGRIs, discuss obstacles to the implementation of integrated services to NGRIs and propose a model for the development of an effective community based monitoring and treatment program.
Assuntos
Assistência ao Convalescente/legislação & jurisprudência , Assistência Ambulatorial/legislação & jurisprudência , Serviços Comunitários de Saúde Mental/legislação & jurisprudência , Defesa por Insanidade , Transtornos Mentais/reabilitação , Internação Compulsória de Doente Mental/legislação & jurisprudência , Humanos , Transtornos Mentais/psicologia , New York , Medidas de Segurança/legislação & jurisprudência , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Crotamine, a basic, myonecrotic, histamine-releasing neurotoxin, was isolated from Crotalus durissus terrificus venom. Carboxypeptidase A was shown to be activated by crotamine when acting upon N-carbobenzoxyglycil-L-phenylalanine. However the activity of carboxypeptidase B upon the substrate hippuryl-L-arginine was not enhanced by this toxin. Teh basic histamine releasers protamine and compound 48/80 also activated carboxypeptidase A. These three agents activated both alpha-chymotrypsin when acting upon acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester and also five snake venom phospholipase-like myotoxins acting upon egg yolk phosphatidylcholine. These findings suggest that the action of these agents during histamine release may involve the participation of specific intermediary hydrolases which, upon activation, would enhance their cytolytic effects on the sequence of events which lead to granule extrusion and histamine release from mast cells.
Assuntos
Venenos de Crotalídeos/farmacologia , Liberação de Histamina/efeitos dos fármacos , Fosfolipases A/metabolismo , Protaminas/farmacologia , p-Metoxi-N-metilfenetilamina/farmacologia , Carboxipeptidases/efeitos dos fármacos , Carboxipeptidases/metabolismo , Quimotripsina/efeitos dos fármacos , Quimotripsina/metabolismo , Fosfolipases A/efeitos dos fármacos , Venenos de Serpentes/farmacologiaRESUMO
Methods for reliable evaluation of spinal cord (SC) injury in rats at short periods (2 and 24 h) after lesion were tested to characterize the mechanisms implicated in primary SC damage. We measured the physiological changes occurring after several procedures for producing SC injury, with particular emphasis on sensorimotor functions. Segmental and suprasegmental reflexes were tested in 39 male Wistar rats weighing 250-300 g divided into three control groups that were subjected to a) anesthesia, b) dissection of soft prevertebral tissue, and c) laminectomy of the vertebral segments between T10 and L1. In the lesion group the SC was completely transected, hemisected or subjected to vertebral compression. All animals were evaluated 2 and 24 h after the experimental procedure by the hind limb motility index, Bohlman motor score, open-field, hot-plate, tail flick, and paw compression tests. The locomotion scale proved to be less sensitive than the sensorimotor tests. A reduction in exploratory movements was detected in the animals 24 h after the procedures. The hot-plate was the most sensitive test for detecting sensorimotor deficiencies following light, moderate or severe SC injury. The most sensitive and simplest test of reflex function was the hot-plate. The hemisection model promoted reproducible moderate SC injury which allowed us to quantify the resulting behavior and analyze the evolution of the lesion and its consequences during the first 24 h after injury. We conclude that hemisection permitted the quantitation of behavioral responses for evaluation of the development of deficits after lesions. Hind limb evaluation scores and spontaneous exploration events provided a sensitive index of immediate injury effects after SC lesion at 2 and 24 h. Taken together, locomotion scales, open-field, and hot-plate tests represent reproducible, quantitatively sensitive methods for detecting functional deficiencies within short periods of time, indicating their potential...