Swimming Training Does Not Affect the Recovery of Femoral Midshaft Structural and Mechanical Properties in Growing Diabetic Rats Treated with Insulin.

BACKGROUND: The effects of swimming training associated with insulin treatment on the cortical bone health in young rats with severe type 1 diabetes remain unclear, although there is evidence of such effects on the cancellous bone. This study examined the effects of swimming training combined with insulin therapy on the femoral midshaft structural and mechanical properties in growing rats with type 1 diabetes. METHODS: Male Wistar rats were divided into six groups (n = 10): control sedentary, control exercise, diabetic sedentary, diabetic exercise, diabetic sedentary plus insulin and diabetic exercise plus insulin. Diabetic rats received an injection (60 mg/kg body weight) of streptozotocin (STZ). Exercised animals underwent a swimming program for eight weeks. RESULTS: Diabetes induced by STZ decreased the bone mineral content (BMC) and density (BMD), and cortical thickness and maximum load and tenacity in the femoral midshaft. Insulin treatment partially counteracted the damages induced by diabetes on BMC, BMD and cortical thickness and tenacity. Swimming training did not affect the femoral structural and mechanical properties in diabetic rats. The combination of treatments did not potentiate the insulin effects. In conclusion, swimming training does not affect the benefits of insulin treatment on the femoral midshaft structural and mechanical properties in growing rats with severe type 1 diabetes.

Swimming training potentiates the recovery of femoral neck strength in young diabetic rats under insulin therapy.

OBJECTIVE: To test whether swimming training benefits femoral neck strength in young diabetic rats under insulin therapy. METHODS: A total of 60 male Wistar rats (age: 40 days) were divided equally into the following six groups: control sedentary, control exercise, diabetic sedentary, diabetic exercise, diabetic sedentary plus insulin and diabetic exercise plus insulin. Diabetes was induced with a unique intraperitoneal injection (60 mg/kg body weight) of streptozotocin. Seven days after the injection and after 12 hours of fasting, the animals with blood glucose levels ≥300 mg/dL were considered diabetic. Seven days after the induction of diabetes, the animals in the exercise groups were subjected to progressive swimming training (final week: 90 min/day; 5 days/week; 5% load) for eight weeks. The animals in the insulin groups received a daily dose of insulin (2-4 U/day) for the same period. RESULTS: Severe streptozotocin-induced diabetes reduced the structural properties of the femoral neck (trabecular bone volume, trabecular thickness and collagen fiber content). The femoral neck mechanical properties (maximum load and tenacity) were also impaired in the diabetic rats. Insulin therapy partially reversed the damage induced by diabetes on the structural properties of the bone and mitigated the reductions in the mechanical properties of the bone. The combination of therapies further increased the femoral neck trabecular bone volume (∼30%), trabecular thickness (∼24%), collagen type I (∼19%) and type III (∼13%) fiber contents, maximum load (∼25%) and tenacity (∼14%). CONCLUSIONS: Eight weeks of swimming training potentiates the recovery of femoral neck strength in young rats with severe streptozotocin-induced diabetes under insulin therapy.

Swimming training attenuates the morphological reorganization of the myocardium and local inflammation in the left ventricle of growing rats with untreated experimental diabetes.

Diabetic cardiomyopathy is associated with cardiac remodeling, myocardial dysfunction, low-grade inflammation, and reduced cardiac adiponectin in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Alternatively, physical exercise is an important strategy for the management of diabetes. This study aimed to investigate the influence of low-intensity swimming training in cardiac cytokines, structural remodeling, and cardiomyocyte contractile dysfunction in growing rats with untreated experimental DM. Thirty-day-old male Wistar rats were divided into four groups (n=14, per group): sedentary control (SC), exercised control (EC), sedentary diabetic (SD), and exercised diabetic (ED). Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin (60 mg kg(-1), i.p.). Animals from exercised groups swam (5 days/week, 90 min/day, loading up to 5% body weight around the animal's chest) for 8 weeks. The left ventricle (LV) was removed for molecular, morphological, and cardiomyocyte mechanical analysis. Diabetic animals presented cardiac remodeling with myocardial histoarchitectural disorganization, fibrosis, and necrosis. The capillary density was lower in diabetic animals. LV cardiomyocytes from diabetic animals exhibited more prolonged time to the peak of contraction and time to half relaxation than those from control animals. The cardiac levels of interleukin 10, nitric oxide, and total and high molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin were significantly decreased in diabetic animals. Exercise training reduced the level of TNF-α, increased capillary density, and attenuated the histopathological parameters assessed in diabetic rats. In conclusion, the cardiac structural remodeling coexists with reduced levels of total and HMW adiponectin, inflammation, and cardiomyocyte contractility dysfunction in experimental DM. More important, low-intensity swimming training attenuates part of these pathological changes, indicating the beneficial role for exercise in untreated T1DM.

Swimming training potentiates the recovery of femoral neck strength in young diabetic rats under insulin therapy

OBJECTIVE: To test whether swimming training benefits femoral neck strength in young diabetic rats under insulin therapy. METHODS: A total of 60 male Wistar rats (age: 40 days) were divided equally into the following six groups: control sedentary, control exercise, diabetic sedentary, diabetic exercise, diabetic sedentary plus insulin and diabetic exercise plus insulin. Diabetes was induced with a unique intraperitoneal injection (60 mg/kg body weight) of streptozotocin. Seven days after the injection and after 12 hours of fasting, the animals with blood glucose levels ≥300 mg/dL were considered diabetic. Seven days after the induction of diabetes, the animals in the exercise groups were subjected to progressive swimming training (final week: 90 min/day; 5 days/week; 5% load) for eight weeks. The animals in the insulin groups received a daily dose of insulin (2-4 U/day) for the same period. RESULTS: Severe streptozotocin-induced diabetes reduced the structural properties of the femoral neck (trabecular bone volume, trabecular thickness and collagen fiber content). The femoral neck mechanical properties (maximum load and tenacity) were also impaired in the diabetic rats. Insulin therapy partially reversed the damage induced by diabetes on the structural properties of the bone and mitigated the reductions in the mechanical properties of the bone. The combination of therapies further increased the femoral neck trabecular bone volume (∼30%), trabecular thickness (∼24%), collagen type I (∼19%) and type III (∼13%) fiber contents, maximum load (∼25%) and tenacity (∼14%). CONCLUSIONS: Eight weeks of swimming training potentiates the recovery of femoral neck strength in young rats with severe streptozotocin-induced diabetes under insulin therapy.

Efeitos da suplementação com creatina e cafeína sobre a força de fratura óssea em ratos submetidos a exercício de saltos verticais / Effects of creatine and caffeine supplementation on the bone breaking force in rats subjected to vertical jumping exercise

Este estudo investigou se a suplementação com creatina e cafeína, isoladamente ou combinadas, interfere na força de fratura óssea em ratos jovens exercitados. Os ratos foram divididos aleatoriamente em oito grupos: sedentários placebo, exercitado placebo, sedentário creatina, exercitado creatina, sedentário cafeína, exercitado cafeína, sedentário creatina + cafeína e treinado creatina + cafeína. Os grupos suplementados receberam creatina (carga: 0,430g/kg de peso corporal, por sete dias; e manutenção: 0,143g/kg, por 35 dias), cafeína (10mg/100g de peso corporal, por 35 dias) ou creatina+cafeína. Os grupos exercitados executaram saltos verticais na água (4x10 saltos com 1 minuto de intervalo entre séries, 5 dias/sem) por seis semanas. A ingestão de cafeína reduziu a espessura, o peso e a força de fratura do fêmur dos ratos, independentemente do exercício. A cafeína e a creatina+cafeína aumentaram a excreção urinária de cálcio. O exercício de saltos elevou a força de fratura, independentemente da suplementação, mas não alterou o peso e as dimensões do fêmur dos animais.

This study investigated whether supplementation with high doses of creatine and caffeine, alone or in combination, affects the bone breaking force of exercised rats. Rats were randomly divided into 8 groups: Sedentary or Exercised (placebo, creatine, caffeine or creatine plus caffeine). The supplemented groups received creatine (load: 0.430 g/kg body weight, for 7 days; and maintenance: 0.143 g/kg for 35 days), caffeine (10 mg/100g body weight, for 35 days) or creatine plus caffeine. The exercised groups underwent a vertical jump training in water (4 sets of 10 jumps interspersed with 1 min resting intervals, 5 days/wk), for 6 weeks. Caffeine ingestion reduced the femur´s width, weight and breaking force, independently of exercise. Caffeine and creatine plus caffeine increased the urinary calcium excretion. Jumping exercise increased the bone breaking force independently of supplementation; nevertheless it did not change the weight and dimensions of the femur of the animals.

Efeitos do treinamento em natação abaixo do limiar de lactato sobre a expressão de proteínas de estresse (Hsp72) no miocárdio de ratos / Effects of swimming training below lactate threshold on the expression of stress proteins (hsp72) in the myocardium of rats

Os objetivos deste estudo foram testar se programas de natação com intensidades abaixo do limiar de lactato induzem a expressão de proteínas de estresse (Hsp72) no miocárdio de ratos e se a indução da expressão de Hsp72 é distinta nos ventrículos direito e esquerdo. Ratos Wistar foram alocados randomicamente em três grupos: controle (C, n = 8); natação sem sobrecarga (NSS, n = 8); e natação com sobrecarga - 3% do peso corporal (NCS, n = 8). Animais NSS e NCS nadaram 30 minutos/dia, cinco dias/semana, durante sete semanas. Após eutanásia, o coração foi removido, pesado e foram coletados fragmentos dos ventrículos direito (VD) e esquerdo (VE) para análise dos níveis de Hsp72. O peso relativo do coração não foi diferente (p=0,68) entre os grupos (C=4,52 ± 0,87; NSS= 4,54 ± 0,79; NCS=4,72 ± 0,16 mg/g). Os níveis de Hsp72 foram maiores no VE do grupo NCS do que no C (396,29 ± 11,91 vs. 321,04 ± 9,65 unidade arbitrária, respectivamente; p = 0,0006). Hsp72 no VE do grupo NCS foram maiores que no NSS (396,29 ± 11,91 vs. 339,43 ± 10,21 unidade arbitrária, respectivamente; p = 0,004). Não houve diferença de Hsp72 no VD entre os grupos (C=320,02 ± 10,35; NSS=321,53 ± 24,8; NCS=353,08 ± 23,44 unidade arbitrária; p = 0,47). Não houve diferença na expressão de Hsp72 entre VD e VE nos grupos (C, p=0,94; NSS, p=0,52; NCS, p=0,11). Concluiu-se que o programa de natação com intensidade abaixo do limiar de lactato (3% do peso corporal) induz a expressão de HSP 72 no miocárdio de ratos, especialmente no ventrículo esquerdo.

We tested whether swimming training regimes of different intensities bellow the anaerobic threshold induce expression of stress protein (Hsp72) in rat’s myocardium; and if the expression of Hsp72 differs between left and right ventricles. Wistar rats (6 weeks of age, body weight of ~ 261 g) were allocated into three groups: control (C, n = 8); unloaded swimming (NSS, n = 8); and loaded swimming - 3% body weight (NCS, n = 8). Animals from NSS and NCS swam 30 min/day, 5 days/week, during 7 days. At sacrifice the heart was removed and weighed. Fragments of right (RV) and left ventricles (LV) were harvested and the levels of Hsp72 determined. The heart weight to body weight ratio did not differ among C, NSS and NCS groups (4.52 ± 0.87; 4.54 ± 0.79; 4.72 ± 0.16 mg/g, respectively). The LV levels of Hsp72 were higher in NCS group than in C (396.29 ± 11.91 vs. 321.04 ± 9.65 arbitrary unit, respectively, p = 0.0006). The LV levels of Hsp72 were higher in NCS than in NSS (396.29 ± 11.91 vs. 339.43 ± 10.21 arbitrary unit, respectively; p = 0.004). There was no difference in RV levels of Hsp72 among groups (C=320.02 ± 10.35; NSS=321.53 ± 24.80; NCS=353.08 ± 23.44 arbitrary unit; p = 0.47). There was no difference in Hsp72 levels between RV and LV among groups (C, p=0.94; NSS, P=0.52; NCS, p=0.11). It was concluded that the swimming training program with intensity bellow the anaerobic threshold (3% body weight) induces expression of Hsp72 in the rat myocardium, especially in the left ventricle.

Suplementação com alta dosagem de cafeína não afeta resistência à fratura óssea em ratas submetidas a treinamento de saltos verticais / Supplementation with high dosage of caffeine do not affect bone breaking force in female rats submitted to a vertical jump training / Suplementación con alta cantidad de cafeína no afecta la resistencia sobre la fractura ósea en ratas sometidas al entrenamiento de saltos verticales

OBJETIVO: testar os efeitos de altas doses de cafeína na resistência óssea à fratura em ratas jovens submetidas a treinamento de saltos verticais. MÉTODOS: ratas jovens foram alocadas em 4 grupos (Fatorial 2 x 2, Cafeína e Exercício). Grupos Cafeína receberam 3 doses (10 mg/100 g m.c.)/semana. Grupos Exercício realizaram treino de saltos verticais na água, 5 sessões/semana, por 6 semanas. Avaliou-se o cálcio urinário, diâmetro, massa e resistência à fratura do fêmur. RESULTADOS: cafeína e exercício aumentaram a excreção de cálcio. Cafeína reduziu a massa femoral, mas não afetou sua resistência à fratura. Exercício aumentou o diâmetro e a resistência femoral à fratura. CONCLUSÃO: cafeína não prejudica a resistência óssea em ratas jovens enquanto saltos verticais fortalecem os ossos.

OBJECTIVE: to test the effects of high dosage of caffeine on the bone breaking force of young female rats submitted to vertical jumping training. METHODS: young female rats were divided into 4 groups (2 x 2 factorial, Caffeine and Exercise). Caffeine groups ingested 3 doses of caffeine (10 mg/100 g bw) weekly. Exercise groups performed vertical jumps in water, 5 days/week, for 6 weeks. Urinary calcium, femur's diameter, mass and breaking force were assessed. RESULTS: caffeine and exercise increased the loss of calcium. Caffeine increased diameter and reduced femur mass, but did not affect its breaking force. Exercise increased bone's diameter and bone breaking force. CONCLUSION: caffeine does not impair bone breaking force in young female rats while vertical jumping enhances bone strength.

OBJETIVO: testar los efectos de la suplementación con alta cantidad de cafeína sobre la resistencia ósea a la fractura en ratas jóvenes sometidas al entrenamiento de saltos verticales. MÉTODOS: ratas jóvenes fueron puestas en 4 grupos (Factorial 2 x 2, Cafeína e Ejercicio). Los grupos cafeína recibieron 3 dosis (10 mg/100 g p.c.) a la semana. Los grupos ejercicio realizaron saltos verticales dentro de la agua, 5 días/semana, durante 6 semanas. Se evaluaron el calcio urinario, el diámetro, masa y resistencia a la fractura del fémur. RESULTADOS: cafeína e ejercicio aumentaron la pérdida de calcio. Cafeína aumentó el diámetro además de disminuir la masa ósea, pero no afectó la resistencia ósea. Ejercicio aumentó el diámetro y la resistencia ósea. CONCLUSIÓN: cafeína no perjudica la resistencia ósea en ratas jóvenes pero saltos verticales fortalecen los huesos.