Anti-4-1BB immunotherapy enhances systemic immune effects of radiotherapy to induce B and T cell-dependent anti-tumor immune activation and improve tumor control at unirradiated sites.

Radiation therapy (RT) can prime and boost systemic anti-tumor effects via STING activation, resulting in enhanced tumor antigen presentation and antigen recognition by T cells. It is increasingly recognized that optimal anti-tumor immune responses benefit from coordinated cellular (T cell) and humoral (B cell) responses. However, the nature and functional relevance of the RT-induced immune response are controversial, beyond STING signaling, and agonistic interventions are lacking. Here, we show that B and CD4+ T cell accumulation at tumor beds in response to RT precedes the arrival of CD8+ T cells, and both cell types are absolutely required for abrogated tumor growth in non-irradiated tumors. Further, RT induces increased expression of 4-1BB (CD137) in both T and B cells; both in preclinical models and in a cohort of patients with small cell lung cancer treated with thoracic RT. Accordingly, the combination of RT and anti-41BB therapy leads to increased immune cell infiltration in the tumor microenvironment and significant abscopal effects. Thus, 4-1BB therapy enhances radiation-induced tumor-specific immune responses via coordinated B and T cell responses, thereby preventing malignant progression at unirradiated tumor sites. These findings provide a rationale for combining RT and 4-1bb therapy in future clinical trials.

Generalizability and Diagnostic Performance of AI Models for Thyroid US.

Background Artificial intelligence (AI) models have improved US assessment of thyroid nodules; however, the lack of generalizability limits the application of these models. Purpose To develop AI models for segmentation and classification of thyroid nodules in US using diverse data sets from nationwide hospitals and multiple vendors, and to measure the impact of the AI models on diagnostic performance. Materials and Methods This retrospective study included consecutive patients with pathologically confirmed thyroid nodules who underwent US using equipment from 12 vendors at 208 hospitals across China from November 2017 to January 2019. The detection, segmentation, and classification models were developed based on the subset or complete set of images. Model performance was evaluated by precision and recall, Dice coefficient, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) analyses. Three scenarios (diagnosis without AI assistance, with freestyle AI assistance, and with rule-based AI assistance) were compared with three senior and three junior radiologists to optimize incorporation of AI into clinical practice. Results A total of 10 023 patients (median age, 46 years [IQR 37-55 years]; 7669 female) were included. The detection, segmentation, and classification models had an average precision, Dice coefficient, and AUC of 0.98 (95% CI: 0.96, 0.99), 0.86 (95% CI: 0.86, 0.87), and 0.90 (95% CI: 0.88, 0.92), respectively. The segmentation model trained on the nationwide data and classification model trained on the mixed vendor data exhibited the best performance, with a Dice coefficient of 0.91 (95% CI: 0.90, 0.91) and AUC of 0.98 (95% CI: 0.97, 1.00), respectively. The AI model outperformed all senior and junior radiologists (P < .05 for all comparisons), and the diagnostic accuracies of all radiologists were improved (P < .05 for all comparisons) with rule-based AI assistance. Conclusion Thyroid US AI models developed from diverse data sets had high diagnostic performance among the Chinese population. Rule-based AI assistance improved the performance of radiologists in thyroid cancer diagnosis. © RSNA, 2023 Supplemental material is available for this article.

Antifungal Mechanism of Phenazine-1-Carboxylic Acid against Pestalotiopsis kenyana.

Pestalotiopsis sp. is an important class of plant pathogenic fungi that can infect a variety of crops. We have proved the pathogenicity of P. kenyana on bayberry leaves and caused bayberry blight. Phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA) has the characteristics of high efficiency, low toxicity, and environmental friendliness, which can prevent fungal diseases on a variety of crops. In this study, the effect of PCA on the morphological, physiological, and molecular characteristics of P. kenyana has been investigated, and the potential antifungal mechanism of PCA against P. kenyana was also explored. We applied PCA on P. kenyana in vitro and in vivo to determine its inhibitory effect on PCA. It was found that PCA was highly efficient against P. kenyana, with EC50 around 2.32 µg/mL, and the in vivo effect was 57% at 14 µg/mL. The mechanism of PCA was preliminarily explored by transcriptomics technology. The results showed that after the treatment of PCA, 3613 differential genes were found, focusing on redox processes and various metabolic pathways. In addition, it can also cause mycelial development malformation, damage cell membranes, reduce mitochondrial membrane potential, and increase ROS levels. This result expanded the potential agricultural application of PCA and revealed the possible mechanism against P. kenyana.

Covalently Linked Hexakis(m-Phenylene Ethynylene) Macrocycles as Molecular Nanotubes.

The construction of nanotubular structures with non-deformable inner pores is of both fundamental and practical significance. Herein we report a strategy for creating molecular nanotubes with defined lengths. Macrocyclic (MC) units based on shape-persistent hexakis(m-phenylene ethynylene) (m-PE) macrocycle MC-1, which are known to stack into hydrogen-bonded tubular assemblies, are tethered by oligo(ß-alanine) linkers to give tubular stacks MC-2 and MC-4 that have two and four MC units, respectively. The covalently linked MC units in MC-2 and MC-4 undergo face-to-face stacking through intramolecular non-covalent interactions that further results in the helical stacks of these compounds. Oligomer MC-4 can form potassium and proton channels across lipid bilayers, with the channels being open continuously for over 60 seconds, which is among the longest open durations for synthetic ion channels and indicates that the thermodynamic stability of the self-assembling channels can be drastically enhanced by reducing the number of molecular components involved. This study demonstrates that covalently tethering shape-persistent macrocyclic units is a feasible and reliable approach for building molecular nanotubes that otherwise are difficult to create de novo. The extraordinarily long lifetimes of the ion channels formed by MC-2 and MC-4 suggest the likelihood of constructing the next-generation synthetic ion channels with unprecedented stability.

Cavity-containing aromatic oligoamide foldamers and macrocycles: progress and future perspectives.

As a major class of foldamers, aromatic oligoamide foldamers have attracted intense interest. The rigidity of aromatic residues and amide linkages allows the development of foldamers with readily predictable, stable conformations. Aromatic oligoamide foldamers having backbones fully constrained by intramolecular hydrogen bonds have attracted wide attention. Depending on their lengths, such foldamers adopt crescent or helical conformations with highly negative inner cavities. Cyclizing the backbone of the aromatic oligoamides affords the corresponding macrocycles which are characterised by persistent shapes and non-deformable inner cavities. With their defined, inner cavities, such aromatic oligoamide foldamers and macrocycles have served as hosts for cationic and polar guests, and as transmembrane channels for transporting ions and molecules. Recent synthetic progress resulted in the construction of multi-turn hollow helices that offer three-dimensional inner pores with adjustable depth. Reducing the number of backbone-constraining hydrogen bonds leads to oligoamides which, with their partially constrained backbones, undergo either solvent- or guest-dependent folding. One class of such aromatic olgioamide foldamders, which offer multiple backbone amide NH groups as hydrogen-bond donors, are designed to bind anions with adjustable affinities.

Effects of Thoracic Paravertebral Blockon Inflammatory Response, Stress Response, Hemodynamics and Anesthesia Resuscitation inGallbladder Carcinoma.

The study aimed to explore the effects of the ultrasound-guided thoracic paravertebral block (TPVB) on the inflammatory response, stress response, hemodynamics and anesthesia resuscitation in gallbladder carcinoma. Eighty gallbladder carcinoma patients undergoing open cholecystectomy in Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital from February 2016 to April 2019 were selected and divided into observation group (n=40) and control group (n=40) using a random number table. All patients underwent open cholecystectomy under general anesthesia and tracheal intubation. Patient-controlled intravenous analgesia was adopted after the operation in the control group, while right TPVB was performed before general anesthesia in the observation group. The changes in inflammatory factors and oxidative stress factors were compared between the two groups, the anesthesia resuscitation indexes, and the changes in the bispectral index (BIS) and Ramsay score during anesthesia resuscitation were recorded, and the changes in the hemodynamic indexes in perianesthesia and anesthesia resuscitation-related complications were analyzed. At 15 min after anesthesia, the observation group had lower levels of inflammatory factors high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) (p<0.05), malondialdehyde (MDA) (p<0.05) and a higher level of superoxide dismutase (SOD) (p<0.05) than the control group. The anesthesia resuscitation time was shorter in the observation group than that in the control group (p<0.05). At 10 min, 20 min and 30 min after anesthesia, both BIS and Ramsay scores were significantly higher in the observation group than those in the control group (p<0.05). Moreover, the proportion of circulatory function-related complications and anesthesia resuscitation-related complications were lower in the observation group than that in the control group (p<0.05). The NRS score in the observation group was lower than that in the control group after anesthesia (p<0.05). TPVB in perianesthesia for gallbladder carcinoma patients can effectively lower the body's inflammatory and stress responses, promote anesthesia resuscitation, reduce complications in perianesthesia, and relieve postoperative pain.

Ultra-Tight Host-Guest Binding with Exceptionally Strong Positive Cooperativity.

Cooperativity plays a critical role in self-assembly and molecular recognition. A rigid aromatic oligoamide macrocycle with a cyclodirectional backbone binds with DABCO-based cationic guests in a 2 : 1 ratio in high affinities (Ktotal ≈1013  M-2 ) in the highly polar DMF. The host-guest binding also exhibits exceptionally strong positive cooperativity quantified by interaction factors α that are among the largest for synthetic host-guest systems. The unusually strong positive cooperativity, revealed by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and fully corroborated by mass spectrometry, NMR and computational studies, is driven by guest-induced stacking of the macrocycles and stabilization from the alkyl end chains of the guests, interactions that appear upon binding the second macrocycle. With its tight binding driven by extraordinary positive cooperativity, this host-guest system provides a tunable platform for studying molecular interactions and for constructing stable supramolecular assemblies.

Structural Insights into gp16 ATPase in the Bacteriophage ϕ29 DNA Packaging Motor.

Biological motors, ubiquitous in living systems, convert chemical energy into different kinds of mechanical motions critical to cellular functions. Gene product 16 (gp16) in bacteriophage ϕ29 is among the most powerful biomotors known, which adopts a multisubunit ring-shaped structure and hydrolyzes ATP to package double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) into a preformed procapsid. Here we report the crystal structure of the C-terminal domain of gp16 (gp16-CTD). Structure-based alignment and molecular dynamics simulations revealed an essential binding surface of gp16-CTD for prohead RNA, a unique component of the motor complex. Furthermore, our simulations highlighted a dynamic interplay between the N-terminal domain and the CTD of gp16, which may play a role in driving movement of DNA into the procapsid. Lastly, we assembled an atomic structural model of the complete ϕ29 dsDNA packaging motor complex by integrating structural and experimental data from multiple sources. Collectively, our findings provided a refined inchworm-revolution model for dsDNA translocation in bacteriophage ϕ29 and suggested how the individual domains of gp16 work together to power such translocation.

An unnatural tripeptide structure containing intramolecular double H-bonds mimics a turn hairpin conformation.

A series of unnatural tripeptides, each consisting of two aromatic γ-amino acid residues and an ϖ-amino acid residue, are designed to probe their folding into hairpin conformations. The ϖ-amino acid residues, with aliphatic or aromatic spacers of different sizes, serve as the loop of the hairpins. Studies based on one-dimensional (1D) 1H NMR performed at different concentrations, solvent polarity, and temperature, along with 2D-NMR studies, demonstrated that the doubly H-bonded aromatic γ-amino acid residues play important roles in driving these tripeptides into the hairpin conformation. The loop based on 5-aminovaleric acid, which offers a four-carbon (CH2)4 spacer, enhanced the stability of the corresponding hairpin, while loops having a shorter, a longer and a more rigid spacer disfavored the formation of the hairpins. Results from computational studies are in good agreement with the experimental observations. Furthermore, the crystal structure of peptide 1b revealed the expected hairpin conformation in the solid state. This turn motif, which contains H-bonded aromatic γ-amino acid residues as the core unit and an ϖ-amino acid residue serving as the loop, provides a new platform that can be used to obtain a variety of turn conformations by incorporating diverse amino acids into the loops.

Ghrelin promotes midbrain neural stem cells differentiation to dopaminergic neurons through Wnt/ß-catenin pathway.

Ghrelin plays a neuroprotective role in the process of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons degeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD). However, it still largely unknown whether ghrelin could affect the midbrain neural stem cells (mbNSCs) from which DAergic neurons are originated. In the present study, we observed that ghrelin enhanced mbNSCs proliferation, and promoted neuronal differentiation especially DAergic neuron differentiation both in vitro and ex vivo. The messenger RNA levels of Wnt1, Wnt3a, and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor were increased in response to the ghrelin treatment. Results showed that Wnt/ß-catenin pathway was relevant to this DAergic neuron differentiation induced by ghrelin. Our finding gave a new evidence that ghrelin may enable clinical therapies for PD by its neurogenesis role.

Self-Assembly and Molecular Recognition in Water: Tubular Stacking and Guest-Templated Discrete Assembly of Water-Soluble, Shape-Persistent Macrocycles.

Supramolecular chemistry in aqueous media is an area with great fundamental and practical significance. To examine the role of multiple noncovalent interactions in controlled assembling and binding behavior in water, the self-association of five water-soluble hexakis(m-phenylene ethynylene) (m-PE) macrocycles, along with the molecular recognition behavior of the resultant assemblies, is investigated with UV-vis, fluorescence, CD, and NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and computational studies. In contrast to their different extents of self-aggregation in organic solvents, all five macrocycles remain aggregated in water at concentrations down to the micromolar (µM) range. CD spectroscopy reveals that 1-F6 and 1-H6, two macrocycles carrying chiral side chains and capable of H-bonded self-association, assemble into tubular stacks. The tubular stacks serve as supramolecular hosts in water, as exemplified by the interaction of macrocycles 1-H6 and 2-H6 and guests G1 through G4, each having a rod-like oligo(p-phenylene ethynylene) (p-PE) segment flanked by two hydrophilic chains. Fluorescence and 1H NMR spectroscopy revealed the formation of kinetically stable, discrete assemblies upon mixing 2-H6 and a guest. The binding stoichiometry, determined with fluorescence, 1H NMR, and ESI-MS, reveals that the discrete assemblies are novel pseudorotaxanes, each containing a pair of identical guest molecules encased by a tubular stack. The two guest molecules define the number of macrocyclic molecules that comprise the host, which curbs the "infinite" stack growth, resulting in a tubular stack with a cylindrical pore tailoring the length of the p-PE segment of the bound guests. Each complex is stabilized by the action of multiple noncovalent forces including aromatic stacking, side-chain H-bonding, and van der Waals interactions. Thus, the interplay of multiple noncovalent forces aligns the molecules of macrocycles 1 and 2 into tubular stacks with cylindrical inner pores that, upon binding rod-like guests, lead to tight, discrete, and well-ordered tubular assemblies that are unprecedented in water.

Coupling mixture reference models with DGT-perceived metal flux for deciphering the nonadditive effects of rare earth mixtures to wheat in soils.

The risk assessment of mixtures of rare earth elements (REEs) is hampered by a lack of fundamental understanding of their interactions in different soil types. Here, we assessed mixture interactions and toxicity to Triticum aestivum of Y and Ce in four different soils in relation to their bioavailability. Mixture toxicity was modelled by concentration addition (CA) and independent action (IA), in combination with different expressions of exposure: three equilibrium-based doses (total soil concentrations [M]tot, free ion activity in soil solution {M3+}, and the fraction (f) of metal ions bound to the biotic ligands (BLs)) and one kinetically controlled dose ([M]flux) metrics. Upon single exposure, REE toxicity was increasingly better described when using exposure expressions based on deepened understanding of their bioavailability: [M]flux > f > {M3+} > [M]tot. The mixture analyses based on [M]tot and {M3+} displayed deviations from additivity depending on the soil type. With the parameters derived from single exposures, the BLM approach gave better predictions of mixture toxicity (R2 ~ 0.70) than when using CA and IA based on either [M]tot or {M3+} (R2 < 0.64). About 30% of the variance in toxicity remained unexplained, challenging the view that the free metal ion is the main bioavailable form under the BLM framework based on thermodynamic equilibrium. Toxicity was best described when accounting for changes in the size of the labile metal pool by using a kinetically controlled dose metric (R2 ~ 0.80). This suggests that dynamic bioavailability analysis could provide a robust basis for modeling and reconciling the interplays and toxicity of metal mixtures in different soils.

Bioavailability and phytotoxicity of rare earth metals to Triticum aestivum under various exposure scenarios.

It is a daunting challenge to predict toxicity and accumulation of rare earth metals (REMs) in different exposure scenarios (e.g., varying water chemistry and metal combinations). Herein, we investigated the toxicity and uptake of La and Ce in the presence of various levels of Ca, Mg, Na, K, and at different pH values, as well as the combined effects of La and Ce in wheat Triticum aestivum. Major cations (Ca2+ and Mg2+) significantly mitigated the toxicity and accumulation of La3+/Ce3+. Toxicity and uptake of La, Ce, and La-Ce mixtures could be well quantified by the multi-metal biotic ligand model (BLM) and by the Langmuir-type uptake model with the consideration of the competitive effects of Ca2+ and Mg2+, with more than 85.1% of variations explained. The derived binding constants of Ca, Mg, La, and Ce to wheat root were respectively 3.87, 3.59, 6.97, and 6.48 on the basis of toxicity data, and 3.23, 2.84, 6.07, and 5.27 on the basis of uptake data. The use of the alternative WHAM-Ftox approach, requiring fewer model parameters than the BLM but with similar Akaike information criterion (AIC) values, successfully predicted the toxicity and accumulation of La/Ce as well as toxicity of La-Ce mixtures, with at least 76.4% of variations explained. However, caution should be taken when using this approach to explain the uptake of La-Ce mixtures. Our results provided promising tools for delineating REMs toxicity/uptake in the presence of other toxicity-modifying factors or in mixture scenarios.

Healthy Operator 4.0: A Human Cyber-Physical System Architecture for Smart Workplaces.

Recent advances in technology have empowered the widespread application of cyber-physical systems in manufacturing and fostered the Industry 4.0 paradigm. In the factories of the future, it is possible that all items, including operators, will be equipped with integrated communication and data processing capabilities. Operators can become part of the smart manufacturing systems, and this fosters a paradigm shift from independent automated and human activities to Vhuman-cyber-physical systems (HCPSs). In this context, a Healthy Operator 4.0 (HO4.0) concept was proposed, based on a systemic view of the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) and wearable technology. For the implementation of this relatively new concept, we constructed a unified architecture to support the integration of different enabling technologies. We designed an implementation model to facilitate the practical application of this concept in industry. The main enabling technologies of the model are introduced afterward. In addition, a prototype system was developed, and relevant experiments were conducted to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed system architecture and the implementation framework, as well as some of the derived benefits.

Folding and Assembly of Short α, ß, γ-Hybrid Peptides: Minor Variations in Sequence and Drastic Differences in Higher-Level Structures.

Multilevel protein structures typically involve polypeptides of sufficient lengths. Here we report the folding and assembly of seven short tetrapeptides sharing the same types of α-, ß-, and aromatic γ-amino acid residues. These are two sets of hybrid peptides, with three members in one set and four in the other, having complementary hydrogen-bonding sequences that were hypothesized to pair into linear H-bonded duplexes. However, instead of undergoing the anticipated pairing, the initially examined three oligomers, 1 and 2a or 2b, differing only in their central αß hybrid dipeptide sequence, do not associate with each other and exhibit distinctly different folding behavior. Experiments based on NMR and mass spectrometry, along with computational studies and systematic inference, reveal that oligomer 1 folds into an expanded ß-turn containing an unusual hybrid α/ß-amino acid sequence composed of glycine and ß-alanine, two α- and ß-amino acid residues that are conformationally most flexible, and peptides 2a and 2b adopt a noncanonical, extended helical conformation and dimerize into double helices undergoing rapid conformational exchange or helix inversion. The different central dipeptide sequences, αß vs ßα, result in drastically different intramolecular H-bonding patterns that are responsible for the observed folding behavior of 1 and 2. The revealed turn and double helix have few natural or synthetic counterparts, and provide novel and unique folding prototypes based on which chiral α- and ß-amino acids are incorporated. The resultant derivatives 1a, 1b, 2c, and 2d follow the same folding and assembling behavior and demonstrate the generality of this system with the formation of expanded ß-turns and double helices with enhanced folding stabilities, hampered helix inversion, as well as defined and dominant helical sense. This work has demonstrated the unique capability of synthetic foldamers in generating structures with fascinating folding and assembling behavior. The revealed systems offer ample opportunity for further structural optimization and applications.

Alliin alleviates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by promoting autophagy.

Alliin is an important organosulfur compound derived from garlic. In this study, the role of alliin in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury and its underlying mechanisms were investigated. Treatment with alliin significantly reduced the area at risk and the infarct area in a mouse model of I/R injury. Besides, compared with I/R group, the cardiac function was significantly improved in I/R + alliin group. Treatment with alliin attenuated hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) induced apoptosis of cardiomyocytes. The results of the following high throughput RNA-sequencing revealed that autophagy participates in the myocardial protection role of alliin. Treatment with alliin decreased apoptosis and increased the autophagy activity in vivo. Autophagic flux in primary mouse cardiomyocytes was monitored using mRFP-GFP-LC3 adenovirus, and the results indicated that alliin could increase the autophagic flux. Moreover, the myocardial protective effect of alliin could be reversed by administration of autophagy inhibitor 3-MA. In conclusion, all the results indicated that alliin alleviates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by promoting autophagy.

Artificial water channels: inspiration, progress, and challenges.

This article is based on the concluding remarks made in the Faraday Discussion Meeting on Artificial Water Channels.

Precise carbon isotopic ratio analyses of micro amounts of carbonate and non-carbonate in basalt using continuous-flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry.

RATIONALE: Continuous-flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry (CF-IRMS) is a specialized technique used to quickly analyze very small amounts of sample. We have used CF-IRMS to assess the influences of sample weight and relative carbon content on the accuracy and precision of the δ13 C values of micro amounts of carbonate and non-carbonate in silicate rocks. METHODS: The analytical work was performed on a Gasbench II (GB) sample preparation device and on an Elemental Analyzer (EA), which were both interfaced to CF-IRMS instruments. Potential silicate matrix effects on the carbon isotopic analyses were investigated by measuring mixtures of calibrated carbon reference materials and quartz powder. The calibration lines, established by the measured raw values and the known values of three reference materials mixed with quartz powder, were used to calibrate the δ13 C values of basalt samples from eastern China. RESULTS: The δ13 C values measured by GB-CF-IRMS of one national carbonate reference material, GBW04416, deviate slightly from the known value for approximately 20-70 µg of carbonate contained in 4.5-mL vials; the smaller the sample size, the lower the measured δ13 C values. External precision better than 0.1‰ (1σ, n = 26) is achieved at a signal intensity for mass 44 of between 868 and 1614 mV, corresponding to a sample weight of 30.8-50.2 µg, whereas it is reduced to 0.27‰ (1σ, n = 34) at a signal intensity between 519 and 1614 mV, corresponding to a sample weight of 21.1-50.2 µg. In the EA-CF-IRMS experiments for non-carbonate carbon, at high carbon concentration (greater than 800 ppm) and at optimum sample weights, the accuracy and precision are both better than 0.2‰. For carbon concentrations less than 500 ppm, the measured δ13 C values deviate from the average by up to -1.2‰ and the precision is 0.74‰. CONCLUSIONS: The measured δ13 C values decrease substantially at lower carbon concentration and higher sample weights, and poorer precision is obtained. Suggestions are made to measure repeatedly the same carbon concentration of sample and reference materials in order to obtain not only reproducible, but also accurate carbon isotope ratios.

Imaging nucleus viscosity and G-quadruplex DNA in living cells using a nucleus-targeting two-photon fluorescent probe.

A two-photon fluorescent probe, TP-2Bz, was designed and synthesized and it exhibited good targeting capabilities toward cell nuclei. In particular, TP-2Bz demonstrated a high selectivity to both G-quadruplex DNA and viscosity inside the nucleus with significant ratiometric enhancement in fluorescence, providing a specific, versatile imaging tool for analyzing the viscosity and G-quadruplex DNA in living cells.

The compositional, physicochemical and functional properties of germinated mung bean flour and its addition on quality of wheat flour noodle.

Despite sprouted grains have high nutritional and functional properties, their exploration in mung bean and application in traditional foods are limited. The effects of germination of mung bean for 12, 24, 36, 48, 60 and 72 h on compositional, physicochemical and functional properties of its flour were investigated. The effects of incorporation of germinated mung bean flour at different levels (0, 10, 20 and 30%) on noodles making properties of wheat flour were evaluated 0. The protein content increased while the amylose increased initially and then decreased with increase in germination time. Water absorption index, oil binding capacity and water retention capacity increased, while water soluble index initially increased and then decreased. The germinated mung bean flour became darker with increase in germination time. The protein bound to starch in noodlesed to increase in hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess, chewiness, resilience and cooking time of noodles. Additionally, the water absorption, cooking loss, adhesiveness and springiness of raw noodles and springiness, cohesiveness and chewiness of cooked noodles decreased with the addition of germinated flour.