RESUMO
The prevalence of mosquito vector borne diseases and the resistance of mosquitoes to conventional pesticides have been of important public concern to the mosquito endemic countries. Present study was conducted to identify the native bio-larvicidal potential of the entomopathogenic nematodes; Steinernema siamkayai (KPR-4) Heterohabditis indica (KPR-8), Steinernema glaseri and Steinernema abbasi. The isolated nematodes were subsequently cultured and evaluated their larvicidal potential against the larvae of Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus. Among the tested four different nematode species, the S. abassi exerted the highest mortality against A. aegypti (97.33%), the H. indica (KPR-8) against A. stephensi (97.33%) and the S. siamkayai (KPR-4) against C. quinquefasciatus (98.67%). The maximal mosquito-larvicidal property of EPNs was found with the LC50 and LC90 values (IJs/larvae): S. abbasiâ¯=â¯12.47 & 54.35 on A. aegypti; H. indica KPR-8â¯=â¯19.88 & 66.81 on A. stephensi and S. siamkayai KPR-4â¯=â¯16.69 & 58.97 on C. quinquefasciatus, respectively. The presently generated data on the molecular and larvicidal characteristics of the entomopathogenic nematodes form an important baseline data that upon further research would lead to the development of eco-friendly mosquito-control agent.
Assuntos
Culicidae/parasitologia , Mosquitos Vetores/parasitologia , Rabditídios/fisiologia , Aedes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Aedes/parasitologia , Análise de Variância , Animais , Anopheles/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Anopheles/parasitologia , Sequência de Bases , Culex/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Culex/parasitologia , Culicidae/crescimento & desenvolvimento , DNA de Helmintos/química , DNA Ribossômico/química , Índia , Larva , Controle de Mosquitos/economia , Controle de Mosquitos/métodos , Mosquitos Vetores/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Controle Biológico de Vetores , Filogenia , Rabditídios/classificação , Rabditídios/genética , Rabditídios/isolamento & purificação , Solo/parasitologia , Strongyloidea/classificação , Strongyloidea/genética , Strongyloidea/isolamento & purificação , Strongyloidea/fisiologiaRESUMO
The present study pertains to two different (standard and adapted) extraction-procedures to extract bacterial extracellular metabolites from the cell-free supernatant (CFS) of S. bongori. Metabolites were extracted with the different polarity solvents using lyophilized-CFS mediated procedure, which revealed more number of compounds than standard procedure. The crude-extracts (CEs) were characterized using FTIR, HPLC and GC-MS analyses. The commonly presented compounds in standard (ME, EA & HE) and lyophilization-mediated extracts (LME, LEA & LHE) were identified through Heat-map analysis. Antibacterial assay: all CEs showed considerable activity on tested MTCC-strains, in which, LME and LEA were found preponderant. Larvicidal bioassay: LME resulted maximum mortality than other CEs on Culex-larvae. Zebrafish embryo-toxicity assay: except HE, all CEs exhibited toxicity at 100â¯ppm after 96 hpf. Brine shrimp-toxicity assay: ME, LME, EA and LEA have shown significant mortality after 24â¯h. With these observations, the adapted-extraction-procedure could form significance in the drug development process.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/isolamento & purificação , Artemia/efeitos dos fármacos , Embrião não Mamífero/efeitos dos fármacos , Inseticidas/isolamento & purificação , Mosquitos Vetores/efeitos dos fármacos , Salmonella/química , Peixe-Zebra , Animais , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/toxicidade , Bactérias/efeitos dos fármacos , Bactérias/patogenicidade , Culex/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Inseticidas/farmacologia , Inseticidas/toxicidade , Larva/efeitos dos fármacos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Salmonella/metabolismo , Testes de Toxicidade , Peixe-Zebra/embriologiaRESUMO
This study deals with the open pond (OP) pilot scale treatment of cassava effluent and enhancement of Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO) enzyme through CO2 utilization by the microalga, Acutodesmus obliquus RDS01. The cassava effluent treatment (ET) revealed maximum reduction of ammonia (96.8%), calcium (94.6%), chloride (95.2%), chlorine (98.5%), inorganic phosphate (94.6%), magnesium (96.8%), nitrate (96.89%), organic carbon (95.9%), organic phosphorus (96.3%), potassium (97.9%), sodium (97.1%), and sulfate (95.4%) on 15th day using A. obliquus. The microalga produced highest RuBisCO enzyme activity (90%), CO2 utilization efficiency (95%), biomass (8.9 gL-1), lipid (176.65 mg mL-1), carbohydrate (96.78 mg mL-1), biodiesel (4.1 mL g-1), and bioethanol (3.7 mL g-1) during OP treatment. The isolated RuBisCO gene (rbcL) was used to construct the protein model by homology modeling. The microalgal-lipid content was analyzed through thin layer chromatography, the biodiesel produced was analyzed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS). The bioethanol production was confirmed by high performance liquid chromatography and GCMS analyses. A. obliquus produced of 98.75% biodiesel and 96.83% bioethanol in the OP pilot scale treatment A. obliquus. Overall, the microalga A. obliquus could act as an effective CO2 capturing and bioremediation agent in the cassava ET, and also for the biodiesel and bioethanol can be produced.
Assuntos
Microalgas , Scenedesmus , Biodegradação Ambiental , Biocombustíveis , BiomassaRESUMO
The control of agricultural pests through eco-friendly nanopesticides is a challenge of crucial environmental importance nowadays. The current study was aimed to discover a novel biopesticides through Trichoderma viride mediated synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TDNPs). The main chemical and physical features of the TDNPs were assessed by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and size distribution and shape of the NPs studied through the scanning electron microscope (SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The extracellular synthesized nanoparticles were evaluated for their larvicidal, antifeedant and pupicidal activities against Helicoverpa armigera. TDNPs exhibited highest mortality rate on first (100%), second (100%) and third (92.34%), instar larvae of H. armigera at 100â¯ppm. The detoxifying enzymes such as, ß-glucosidase and carboxylesterase were reduced whereas glutathione S-transferase increased during the treatment of TDNPs against H. armigera at 100â¯ppm. No toxic effects were found on Eudrilus eugeniae filter paper and artificial soil assays treated with TDNPs at 100â¯ppm. However, cypermethrin was toxic to earthworms after 72â¯h treatment. Therefore, TDNPs could act as significant inhibitors on the development of H. armigera, although, no adverse effect was found on earthworms.
Assuntos
Lepidópteros/efeitos dos fármacos , Nanopartículas , Praguicidas/farmacologia , Titânio/química , Trichoderma/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Carboxilesterase/metabolismo , Comportamento Alimentar/efeitos dos fármacos , Glutationa Transferase/metabolismo , Controle de Insetos/métodos , Larva/efeitos dos fármacos , Lepidópteros/enzimologia , Lepidópteros/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Lepidópteros/fisiologia , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão , Controle Biológico de Vetores/métodos , Espectrometria por Raios X , Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier , Difração de Raios X , beta-Glucosidase/metabolismoRESUMO
Anticancer therapies have been the continual pursuit of this age. Cancer has been ravaging all across the globe breathing not just threats but demonstrating them. Remedies for cancer have been frantically sought after. Few have worked out, yet till date, the available cancer therapies have not delivered a holistic solution. In a world where the search for therapies is levitating towards natural remedies, solutions based on phytochemicals are highly prospective attractions. A lot has been achieved with inputs from plant resources, providing numerous natural remedies. In the current review, we intensely survey the progress achieved in the treatment of cancer through phytochemicals-based programmed cell death of cancer cells. More specifically, we have further reviewed and discussed the role of phytochemicals in activating apoptosis via Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL), which is a cell protein that can attach to certain molecules in cancer cells, killing cancer cells. The objective of this review is to enlist the various phytochemicals that are available for specifically contributing towards triggering the TRAIL cell protein-mediated cancer therapy and to point out the research gaps that require future research motivation. This is the first review of this kind in this research direction.
Assuntos
Neoplasias , Humanos , Estudos Prospectivos , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Apoptose , Proteínas Reguladoras de Apoptose , Transdução de Sinais , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismo , Ligante Indutor de Apoptose Relacionado a TNF/metabolismo , Ligante Indutor de Apoptose Relacionado a TNF/farmacologia , Linhagem Celular TumoralRESUMO
Emodin, a compound isolated from Aspergillus terreus, was studied using chromatographic and spectroscopic methods and compound purity (96%) was assessed by TLC. Furthermore, high larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti-AeA (LC50 6.156 and LC90 12.450 mg/L), Culex quinquefasciatus-CuQ (8.216 and 14.816 mg/L), and Anopheles stephensi-AnS larvae (6.895 and 15.24 mg/L) was recorded. The first isolated fraction (emodin) showed higher pupicidal activity against AeA (15.449 and 20.752 mg/L). Most emodin-treated larvae (ETL) showed variations in acetylcholine esterase, α and ß-carboxylesterases, and phosphatase activities in the 4th instar, indicating the intrinsic differences in their biochemical changes. ETL had numerous altered tissues, including muscle, gastric caeca, hindgut, midgut, nerve ganglia, and midgut epithelium. Acute toxicity of emodin on brine shrimp Artemia nauplii (54.0 and 84.5 mg/L) and the zebrafish Danio rerio (less toxicity observed) was recorded. In docking studies, Emodin interacted well with odorant-binding-proteins of AeA, AnS, and CuQ with docking scores of - 8.89, - 6.53, and - 8.09 kcal mol-1, respectively. Therefore, A. terreus is likely to be effective against mosquito larvicides.
Assuntos
Aedes , Anopheles , Culex , Dengue , Emodina , Filariose , Inseticidas , Malária , Animais , Emodina/farmacologia , Inseticidas/química , Peixe-Zebra , Mosquitos Vetores , Larva , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Folhas de Planta/químicaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The present study focuses on the isolation of Bacillus thuringiensis bacterium from the gut of fresh water fish, Systomus sarana, the innovative optimization of culture parameters to produce maximum protease enzyme, by the isolated bacterium, and the elucidation of peptide profile of the protease. And the experimental data and results were authenticated through the response surface method (RSM) and Box-Behnken design (BBD) model. RESULTS: During the RSM optimization, the interaction of the highest concentrations (%) of 2.2 maltose, 2.2 beef extract, and 7.0 pH, at 37 °C incubation, yielded a maximum protease enzyme of 245 U/ml by the fish gut-isolated, B. thuringiensis. The spectral analysis of the obtained enzyme revealed the presence of major functional groups at the range of 610-3852 cm-1 viz., alkynes (-C≡C-H: C-H stretch), misc (P-H phosphine sharp), α, ß-unsaturated aldehydes, and through PAGE analysis, its molecular weight was determined as 27 kDa. The enzyme's MALDI-TOF/MS analysis revealed the presence of 15 peptides from which the R.YHTVCDPR.L peptide has been found to be a major one. CONCLUSIONS: The fish gut-isolated bacterium, B. thuringiensis, SS4 exhibited the potential for high protease production under the innovatively optimized culture conditions, and the obtained result provides scope for applications in food and pharmaceutical industries.
RESUMO
Presently, through the preliminary screening assays, the Salmonella bongori BH11 was found to be an effective biosurfactants (BSFs) producer. The secreted BSFs were extracted using methanol: chloroform and characterized through FTIR, TLC, HPLC and GCMS analyses. Further, the extracellular protein was extracted (TCA/acetone method), estimated (Lowry's method) and separated (standard and modified SDS-PAGE). Through the obtained characteristic FTIR peaks (1107.09cm-1), its content was presumed to be glycolipids and as rhamnose/rhamnolipids through the TLC-Rf value. GCMS revealed 6 compounds, in which Toluene (32%) and 5-(2-Thienyl) pentanoic acid (23%) are the major ones. The crude BSFs exhibited preponderant antibacterial effects on Staphylococcus aureus and Serratia marcescens. Also, it inhibited the biofilm formation of S. aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P. fluorescens and S. marcescens. Considerably, 76% mortality of IV instar larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus was recorded from BSFs, when compared to SDS. The presently followed protein separation technique using two petridishes might attract the attention of the researchers, as it would emerge as a standard procedure in future. This is the first report on the screening of BSFs from Salmonella bongori that showed antagonistic property, larvicidal potentials and the presently followed modified SDS-PAGE protein separation technique is a simple, reliable and cost effective one.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos , Proteínas de Bactérias , Culex/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Glicolipídeos , Inseticidas , Salmonella/química , Tensoativos , Animais , Antibacterianos/química , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Proteínas de Bactérias/química , Proteínas de Bactérias/farmacologia , Peixes/microbiologia , Glicolipídeos/química , Glicolipídeos/farmacologia , Inseticidas/química , Inseticidas/farmacologia , Larva/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Tensoativos/química , Tensoativos/farmacologiaRESUMO
Presently, the discovery of effective drugs and pesticides from eco-friendly biological sources is an important challenge in the field of life sciences. The present research was aimed for standardizing an innovative approach in the evaluation of the biological potentiality of the metabolites of fish-associated bacteria. We have identified 17 skin-associated bacteria from the freshwater fish, giant danio, Devario aquipinnatus. They were screened through biofilm forming and extracellular enzyme producing ability. The results of preliminary antibacterial evaluation of the bacterial supernatants underlined the importance of three potential strains (BH8, BH10 and BH11) for further applied research. Hence, such strains were subsequently subjected to a novel extraction procedure to overcome the difficulties found in polar solvents mixed with the supernatant. The lyophilized cell-free supernatant (LCFS) of 3 isolates were individually extracted by using methanol. During the testing of LCFS's methanolic extract (LCFS-ME) of 3 isolates, only the extract of BH11-strain exhibited potent inhibitory activity against the pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Furthermore, the larvicidal and mosquitocidal assays on the filariasis vector, Culex quinquefasciatus also showed its potent toxicity on both the adults and developmental instars of mosquito. Through molecular and phylogenetic analyses, the BH11 strain was identified as Salmonella bongori (KR350635). The present finding emphasized that the S. bongori could be an important novel source of effective antimicrobials and mosquitocidal agents.