RESUMO
The paradigm sirtuin, Sir2p, of budding yeast is required for establishing cellular age asymmetry, which includes the retention of damaged and aggregated proteins in mother cells. By establishing the global genetic interaction network of SIR2 we identified the polarisome, the formin Bni1p, and myosin motor protein Myo2p as essential components of the machinery segregating protein aggregates during mitotic cytokinesis. Moreover, we found that daughter cells can clear themselves of damage by a polarisome- and tropomyosin-dependent polarized flow of aggregates into the mother cell compartment. The role of Sir2p in cytoskeletal functions and polarity is linked to the CCT chaperonin in sir2Delta cells being compromised in folding actin. We discuss the findings in view of recent models hypothesizing that polarity may have evolved to avoid clonal senescence by establishing an aging (soma-like) and rejuvenated (germ-like) lineage.
Assuntos
Saccharomyces cerevisiae/citologia , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo , Actinas/metabolismo , Chaperoninas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Choque Térmico/metabolismo , Proteínas dos Microfilamentos/metabolismo , Mitose , Organelas/metabolismo , Transporte Proteico , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo , Proteínas Reguladoras de Informação Silenciosa de Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo , Sirtuína 2/metabolismoRESUMO
Changes in the membrane composition of sub-populations of cells can influence different properties with importance to tumour growth, metastasis and treatment efficacy. In this study, we use correlated fluorescence microscopy and ToF-SIMS with C60+ and (CO2)6k+ ion beams to identify and characterise sub-populations of cells based on successful transfection leading to over-expression of CCTδ, a component of the multi-subunit molecular chaperone named chaperonin-containing tailless complex polypeptide 1 (CCT). CCT has been linked to increased cell growth and proliferation and is known to affect cell morphology but corresponding changes in lipid composition of the membrane have not been measured until now. Multivariate analysis of the surface mass spectra from single cells, focused on the intact lipid ions, indicates an enrichment of phosphatidylethanolamine species in the transfected cells. While the lipid changes in this case are driven by the structural changes in the protein cytoskeleton, the consequence of phosphatidylethanolamine enrichment may have additional implications in cancer such as increased membrane fluidity, increased motility and an ability to adapt to a depletion of unsaturated lipids during cancer cell proliferation. This study demonstrates a successful fluorescence microscopy-guided cell by cell membrane lipid analysis with broad application to biological investigation.Graphical abstract.
Assuntos
Microscopia de Fluorescência/métodos , Chaperonas Moleculares/análise , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Fosfatidiletanolaminas/análise , Espectrometria de Massa de Íon Secundário/métodos , Animais , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Membrana Celular/metabolismo , Proliferação de Células , Citoesqueleto/metabolismo , Ouro , Proteínas de Fluorescência Verde/metabolismo , Íons , Lipídeos/química , Melanoma Experimental , Camundongos , Análise Multivariada , Análise de Componente PrincipalRESUMO
Chaperonin containing tailless complex polypeptide 1 (CCT) is a molecular chaperone consisting of eight distinct protein subunits, that when oligomeric is essential for the folding of newly synthesized tubulin and actin. In addition to folding, CCT activity includes functions of individual subunits in their monomeric form. For example, when CCTδ monomer levels are increased in cultured mammalian cells, numerous cell surface protrusions are formed from retraction fibres, indicating that an underlying function for the CCTδ monomer exists. Here, using a yeast two-hybrid screen we identify the dynactin complex component p150Glued as a binding partner for CCTδ and show by siRNA depletion that this interaction is required for the formation of CCTδ-induced cell surface protrusions. Intact microtubules are necessary for the formation of the protrusions, consistent with microtubule minus end transport driving the retraction fibre formation and depletion of either p150Glued or the dynactin complex-associated transmembrane protein dynAP prevents the previously observed localization of GFP-CCTδ to the plasma membrane. Wound healing assays reveal that CCTδ monomer levels influence directional cell migration and together our observations demonstrate that in addition to the folding activity of CCT in its oligomer form, a monomeric subunit is associated with events that involve the assembled cytoskeleton.
Assuntos
Chaperonina com TCP-1/metabolismo , Complexo Dinactina/metabolismo , Animais , Células 3T3 BALB , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Membrana Celular/metabolismo , Movimento Celular/fisiologia , Citoesqueleto/metabolismo , Humanos , Células MCF-7 , Melanoma Experimental , Camundongos , Proteínas Associadas aos Microtúbulos/metabolismo , Microtúbulos/metabolismo , Dobramento de ProteínaRESUMO
Sir2 is a central regulator of yeast aging and its deficiency increases daughter cell inheritance of stress- and aging-induced misfolded proteins deposited in aggregates and inclusion bodies. Here, by quantifying traits predicted to affect aggregate inheritance in a passive manner, we found that a passive diffusion model cannot explain Sir2-dependent failures in mother-biased segregation of either the small aggregates formed by the misfolded Huntingtin, Htt103Q, disease protein or heat-induced Hsp104-associated aggregates. Instead, we found that the genetic interaction network of SIR2 comprises specific essential genes required for mother-biased segregation including those encoding components of the actin cytoskeleton, the actin-associated myosin V motor protein Myo2, and the actin organization protein calmodulin, Cmd1. Co-staining with Hsp104-GFP demonstrated that misfolded Htt103Q is sequestered into small aggregates, akin to stress foci formed upon heat stress, that fail to coalesce into inclusion bodies. Importantly, these Htt103Q foci, as well as the ATPase-defective Hsp104Y662A-associated structures previously shown to be stable stress foci, co-localized with Cmd1 and Myo2-enriched structures and super-resolution 3-D microscopy demonstrated that they are associated with actin cables. Moreover, we found that Hsp42 is required for formation of heat-induced Hsp104Y662A foci but not Htt103Q foci suggesting that the routes employed for foci formation are not identical. In addition to genes involved in actin-dependent processes, SIR2-interactors required for asymmetrical inheritance of Htt103Q and heat-induced aggregates encode essential sec genes involved in ER-to-Golgi trafficking/ER homeostasis.
Assuntos
Citoesqueleto de Actina/genética , Redes Reguladoras de Genes , Agregados Proteicos/genética , Proteínas Reguladoras de Informação Silenciosa de Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genética , Sirtuína 2/genética , Citoesqueleto de Actina/metabolismo , Actinas/metabolismo , Calmodulina/metabolismo , Divisão Celular/genética , Polaridade Celular/genética , Retículo Endoplasmático/genética , Retículo Endoplasmático/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Proteínas de Choque Térmico/metabolismo , Cadeias Pesadas de Miosina/metabolismo , Miosina Tipo V/metabolismo , Saccharomyces cerevisiae , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo , Proteínas Reguladoras de Informação Silenciosa de Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo , Sirtuína 2/metabolismoRESUMO
Chaperonin Containing Tailless complex polypeptide 1 (CCT) is a molecular chaperone composed of eight distinct subunits that can exist as individual monomers or as components of a double oligomeric ring, which is essential for the folding of actin and tubulin and other substrates. Here we assess the role of CCT subunits in the context of cell cycle progression by individual subunit depletions upon siRNA treatment in mammalian cells. The depletion of individual CCT subunits leads to variation in the distribution of cell cycle phases and changes in mitotic index. Mitotic defects, such as unaligned chromosomes occur when CCTδ is depleted, concurrent with a reduction in spindle pole-localised p150Glued, a component of the dynactin complex and a binding partner of monomeric CCTδ. In CCTδ-depleted cells, changes in the elution profile of p150Glued are observed consistent with altered conformations and or assembly states with the dynactin complex. Addition of monomeric CCTδ, in the form of GFP-CCTδ, restores correct p150Glued localisation to the spindle poles and rescues the mitotic segregation defects that occur when CCTδ is depleted. This study demonstrates a requirement for CCTδ in its monomeric form for correct chromosome segregation via a mechanism that promotes the correct localisation of p150Glued, thus revealing further complexities to the interplay between CCT, tubulin folding and microtubule dynamics.
Assuntos
Chaperonina com TCP-1 , Complexo Dinactina , Mitose , Polos do Fuso , Complexo Dinactina/metabolismo , Chaperonina com TCP-1/metabolismo , Chaperonina com TCP-1/genética , Humanos , Polos do Fuso/metabolismo , Células HeLa , Proteínas Associadas aos Microtúbulos/metabolismo , Proteínas Associadas aos Microtúbulos/genética , Segregação de CromossomosRESUMO
Spindle formation in male meiosis relies on the canonical centrosome system, which is distinct from acentrosomal oocyte meiosis, but its specific regulatory mechanisms remain unknown. Herein, we report that DYNLRB2 (Dynein light chain roadblock-type-2) is a male meiosis-upregulated dynein light chain that is indispensable for spindle formation in meiosis I. In Dynlrb2 KO mouse testes, meiosis progression is arrested in metaphase I due to the formation of multipolar spindles with fragmented pericentriolar material (PCM). DYNLRB2 inhibits PCM fragmentation through two distinct pathways; suppressing premature centriole disengagement and targeting NuMA (nuclear mitotic apparatus) to spindle poles. The ubiquitously expressed mitotic counterpart, DYNLRB1, has similar roles in mitotic cells and maintains spindle bipolarity by targeting NuMA and suppressing centriole overduplication. Our work demonstrates that two distinct dynein complexes containing DYNLRB1 or DYNLRB2 are separately used in mitotic and meiotic spindle formations, respectively, and that both have NuMA as a common target.
Assuntos
Dineínas , Fuso Acromático , Camundongos , Animais , Masculino , Dineínas/genética , Dineínas/metabolismo , Fuso Acromático/metabolismo , Centrossomo/metabolismo , Meiose , MetáfaseRESUMO
Multiphoton fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (MPM-FLIM) is extensively proposed as a non-invasive optical method to study tissue metabolism. The approach is based on recording changes in the fluorescence lifetime attributed to metabolic co-enzymes, of which nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) is of major importance. However, intrinsic tissue fluorescence is complex. Particularly when utilizing two-photon excitation, as conventionally employed in MPM. This increases the possibility for spectral crosstalk and incorrect assignment of the origin of the FLIM signal. Here we demonstrate that in keratinocytes, proteins such as keratin may interfere with the signal usually assigned to NADH in MPM-FLIM by contributing to the lifetime component at 1.5 ns. This is supported by a change in fluorescence lifetime distribution in KRT5- and KRT14-silenced cells. Altogether, our results suggest that the MPM-FLIM data originating from cellular autofluorescence is far more complex than previously suggested and that the contribution from other tissue constituents should not be neglected-changing the paradigm for data interpretation in this context.
Assuntos
NAD , Imagem Óptica , Queratinas , Microscopia de Fluorescência , Microscopia de Fluorescência por Excitação Multifotônica/métodos , NAD/metabolismoRESUMO
The actin filament severing and capping protein gelsolin plays an important role in modulation of actin filament dynamics by influencing the number of actin filament ends. During apoptosis, gelsolin becomes constitutively active due to cleavage by caspase-3. In non-apoptotic cells gelsolin is activated by the binding of Ca2+. This activated form of gelsolin binds to, but is not a folding substrate of the molecular chaperone CCT/TRiC. Here we demonstrate that in vitro, gelsolin is protected from cleavage by caspase-3 in the presence of CCT. Cryoelectron microscopy and single particle 3D reconstruction of the CCT:gelsolin complex reveals that gelsolin is located in the interior of the chaperonin cavity, with a placement distinct from that of the obligate CCT folding substrates actin and tubulin. In cultured mouse melanoma B16F1 cells, gelsolin co-localises with CCT upon stimulation of actin dynamics at peripheral regions during lamellipodia formation. These data indicate that localised sequestration of gelsolin by CCT may provide spatial control of actin filament dynamics.
Assuntos
Caspase 3 , Chaperonina com TCP-1 , Gelsolina , Proteólise , Actinas/metabolismo , Animais , Caspase 3/metabolismo , Chaperonina com TCP-1/metabolismo , Microscopia Crioeletrônica , Gelsolina/química , Gelsolina/metabolismo , CamundongosRESUMO
Recent studies highlight the importance of lipotoxic damage in aortic cells as the major pathogenetic contributor to atherosclerotic disease. Since the STE20-type kinase STK25 has been shown to exacerbate ectopic lipid storage and associated cell injury in several metabolic organs, we here investigate its role in the main cell types of vasculature. We depleted STK25 by small interfering RNA in human aortic endothelial and smooth muscle cells exposed to oleic acid and oxidized LDL. In both cell types, the silencing of STK25 reduces lipid accumulation and suppresses activation of inflammatory and fibrotic pathways as well as lowering oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Notably, in smooth muscle cells, STK25 inactivation hinders the shift from a contractile to a synthetic phenotype. Together, we provide several lines of evidence that antagonizing STK25 signaling in human aortic endothelial and smooth muscle cells is atheroprotective, highlighting this kinase as a new potential therapeutic target for atherosclerotic disease.
Assuntos
Aterosclerose , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular , Aterosclerose/genética , Aterosclerose/prevenção & controle , Humanos , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/metabolismo , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos/genética , Lipídeos , Miócitos de Músculo Liso/metabolismo , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/genéticaRESUMO
The integrity of the cytoskeleton is closely linked to the oligomeric chaperonin containing TCP-1 (CCT) via the folding requirements of actin and tubulin, but the role of CCT in cytoskeletal organization remains unclear. We address this issue by analyzing the effects of targeting CCT subunits via siRNA and assessing their location/assembly state in cultured mammalian cells. Reducing levels of individual CCT subunits implicates CCTepsilon in influencing cell shape and reduced levels of this subunit limit the cells' ability to recover from microfilament depolymerization. Conversely, cells displayed enhanced microtubule regrowth when CCT subunit levels were altered by siRNA. Some CCT subunits co-localize with F-actin, whilst all are predominantly monomeric in extracts enriched for the cytoskeleton. This provides compelling evidence that some CCT subunits as monomers can influence cytoskeletal organization/polymerization. Therefore the activity of CCT may well extend beyond the folding of newly synthesized polypeptides, representing a novel function for CCT subunits distinct from their role in the CCT oligomer.
Assuntos
Actinas/metabolismo , Chaperonina com TCP-1/metabolismo , Citoesqueleto/metabolismo , Animais , Células 3T3 BALB , Forma Celular , Células Cultivadas , Chaperonina com TCP-1/genética , Imunofluorescência , Inativação Gênica , Humanos , Camundongos , Subunidades ProteicasRESUMO
The chaperonin containing tailless complex polypeptide 1 (CCT) is a multi-subunit molecular chaperone. It is found in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells, where the oligomeric form plays an essential role in the folding of predominantly the cytoskeletal proteins actin and tubulin. Both the CCT oligomer and monomeric subunits also display functions that extend beyond folding, which are often associated with microtubules and actin filaments. Here, we assess the functional significance of the CCTδ V390F mutation, reported in several cancer cell lines. Upon transfection into B16F1 mouse melanoma cells, GFP-CCTδV390F incorporates into the CCT oligomer more readily than GFP-CCTδ. Furthermore, unlike GFP-CCTδ, GFP-CCTδV390F does not interact with the dynactin complex component, p150Glued. As CCTδ has previously been implicated in altered migration in wound healing assays, we assessed the behaviour of GFP-CCTδV390F and other mutants of CCTδ, previously used to assess functional interactions with p150Glued, in chemotaxis assays. We developed the assay system to incorporate a layer of the inert hydrogel GrowDex® to provide a 3D matrix for chemotaxis assessment and found subtle differences in the migration of B16F1 cells, depending on the presence of the hydrogel.
Assuntos
Chaperonina com TCP-1/genética , Chaperoninas/genética , Melanoma Experimental/genética , Proteínas Quinases/genética , Actinas/química , Actinas/genética , Animais , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Complexo Dinactina/genética , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/genética , Humanos , Melanoma Experimental/patologia , Camundongos , Chaperonas Moleculares , Mutação/genética , Dobramento de Proteína , Mapas de Interação de Proteínas/genética , Tubulina (Proteína)/química , Tubulina (Proteína)/genéticaRESUMO
Chaperonin Containing Tailless complex polypeptide 1 (CCT) is an essential molecular chaperone required for the folding of the abundant proteins actin and tubulin. The CCT oligomer also folds a range of other proteins and participates in non-folding activities such as providing assembly support for complexes of the von Hippel Lindau tumor suppressor protein and elongins. Here we show that the oncogenic transcription factor STAT3 binds to the CCT oligomer, but does not display the early binding upon translation in rabbit reticulocyte lysate typical of an obligate CCT folding substrate. Consistent with this, depletion of each of the CCT subunits by siRNA targeting indicates that loss of CCT oligomer does not suppress the activation steps of STAT3 upon stimulation with IL-6: phosphorylation, dimerisation and nuclear translocation. Furthermore, the transcriptional activity of STAT3 is not negatively affected by reduction in CCT levels. Instead, loss of CCT oligomer in MCF7 cells leads to an enhancement of STAT3 phosphorylation at Tyr705, implicating a role for the CCT oligomer in the sequestration of non-phosphorylated STAT3. Thus, as CCT is dynamic oligomer, the assembly state and also abundance of CCT oligomer may provide a means to modulate STAT3 phosphorylation.
Assuntos
Chaperonina com TCP-1/metabolismo , Fator de Transcrição STAT3/metabolismo , Animais , Núcleo Celular/metabolismo , Células Hep G2 , Humanos , Interleucina-6/metabolismo , Células MCF-7 , Camundongos , Modelos Biológicos , Fosforilação , Ligação Proteica , Multimerização Proteica , Subunidades Proteicas/metabolismo , Transporte Proteico , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Especificidade por Substrato , Transcrição Gênica , Fator A de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular/genética , Fator A de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular/metabolismoRESUMO
Chaperonin containing tailless complex polypeptide 1 (CCT) or tailless complex polypeptide 1 ring complex (TRiC) is an essential eukaryotic molecular chaperone. It is a multi-subunit oligomer of two rings of eight individual protein subunits. When assembled, each of the eight CCT subunits occupies a specific position within each chaperonin ring. Thus a geometrically defined binding interface is formed from the divergent sequences within the CCT subunit substrate binding domains. CCT is required for the folding of the abundant cytoskeletal proteins actin and tubulin, which in turn form assemblies of microfilaments and microtubules. CCT is also involved in the folding of some additional protein substrates and some CCT subunits have been shown to have functions when monomeric. Since observations were made in worms over a decade ago using an RNAi screen, which connected CCT subunits to the aggregation of polyglutamine tracts, a role for CCT as a potential modulator of protein aggregation has started to emerge. Here there will be a focus on how mechanistically CCT may be able to achieve this and if this potential function of CCT provides any insights and directions for developing future treatments for protein aggregation driven neurodegenerative diseases generally, many of which are associated with aging.
RESUMO
SIGNIFICANCE: Research in tissue engineering and in vitro organ formation has recently intensified. To assess tissue morphology, the method of choice today is restricted primarily to histology. Thus novel tools are required to enable noninvasive, and preferably label-free, three-dimensional imaging that is more compatible with futuristic organ-on-a-chip models. AIM: We investigate the potential for using multiphoton microscopy (MPM) as a label-free in vitro approach to monitor calcium-induced epidermal differentiation. APPROACH: In vitro epidermis was cultured at the air-liquid interface in varying calcium concentrations. Morphology and tissue architecture were investigated using MPM based on visualizing cellular autofluorescence. RESULTS: Distinct morphologies corresponding to epidermal differentiation were observed. In addition, Ca2 + -induced effects could be distinguished based on the architectural differences in stratification in the tissue cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that MPM based on cellular autofluorescence enables visualization of Ca2 + -induced differentiation in epidermal skin models in vitro. The technique has potential to be further adapted as a noninvasive, label-free, and real-time tool to monitor tissue regeneration and organ formation in vitro.
Assuntos
Cálcio , Microscopia de Fluorescência por Excitação Multifotônica , Diferenciação Celular , Epiderme , PeleRESUMO
The chaperonin containing TCP-1 (CCT) is required for the production of native actin and tubulin and numerous other proteins, several of which are involved in cell cycle progression. The mechanistic details of how CCT acts upon its folding substrates are intriguing: whilst actin and tubulin bind in a sequence-specific manner, it is possible that some proteins could use CCT as a more general binding interface. Therefore, how CCT accommodates the folding requirements of its substrates, some of which are produced in a cell cycle-specific manner, is of great interest. The reliance of folding substrates upon CCT for the adoption of their native structures results in CCT activity having far-reaching implications for a vast array of cellular processes. For example, the dependency of the major cytoskeletal proteins actin and tubulin upon CCT results in CCT activity being linked to any cellular process that depends on the integrity of the microfilament and microtubule-based cytoskeletal systems.
Assuntos
Ciclo Celular , Chaperoninas/metabolismo , Citoesqueleto/metabolismo , Animais , Chaperonina com TCP-1 , Humanos , Especificidade por SubstratoRESUMO
The chaperonin-containing tailless complex polypeptide 1 (CCT) is required in vivo for the folding of newly synthesized tubulin and actin proteins and is thus intrinsically connected to all cellular processes that rely on the microtubule and actin filament components of the cytoskeleton, both of which are highly regulated and dynamic assemblies. In addition to CCT acting as a protein folding oligomer, further modes of CCT action mediated either by the CCT oligomer itself or via CCT subunits in their monomeric forms can influence processes associated with assembled actin filaments and microtubules. Thus, there is an extended functional role for CCT with regard to its major folding substrates with a complex interplay between CCT as folding machine for tubulin/actin and as a modulator of processes involving the assembled cytoskeleton. As cell division, directed cell migration, and invasion are major drivers of cancer development and rely on the microtubule and actin filament components of the cytoskeleton, CCT activity is fundamentally linked to cancer. Furthermore, the CCT oligomer also folds proteins connected to cell cycle progression and interacts with several other proteins that are linked to cancer such as tumor-suppressor proteins and regulators of the cytoskeleton, while CCT monomer function can influence cell migration. Thus, understanding CCT activity is important for many aspects of cancer cell biology and may reveal new ways to target tumor growth and invasion.
Assuntos
Chaperonina com TCP-1/metabolismo , Citoesqueleto/metabolismo , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Dobramento de Proteína , Animais , Humanos , Microtúbulos/metabolismo , Especificidade por SubstratoRESUMO
Huntington's disease develops when the polyglutamine (polyQ) repeat in the Huntingtin (Htt) protein is expanded to over 35 glutamines rendering it aggregation-prone. Here, using Htt exon-1 as a polyQ model protein in a genome-wide screen in yeast, we show that the normal and soluble Htt exon-1 is toxic in cells with defects in type-1 myosin-dependent endocytosis. The toxicity of Htt is linked to physical interactions with type-1 myosins, which occur via the Htt proline-rich region, leading to a reduction in actin patch polarization and clathrin-dependent endocytosis. An expansion of the polyQ stretch from 25 to 103 glutamines, which causes Htt aggregation, alleviated Htt toxicity in cells lacking Myo5 or other components involved in early endocytosis. The data suggest that the proline-rich stretch of Htt interacts with type-1 myosin/clathrin-dependent processes and demonstrate that a reduction in the activity of such processes may result in a positive selection for polyQ expansions.
Assuntos
Endocitose , Miosina Tipo I/metabolismo , Peptídeos/metabolismo , Agregados Proteicos , Leveduras/fisiologia , Actinas/metabolismo , Sobrevivência Celular , Proteínas do Citoesqueleto/metabolismo , Éxons , Humanos , Proteína Huntingtina/genética , Proteína Huntingtina/metabolismo , Doença de Huntington/genética , Doença de Huntington/metabolismo , Modelos Biológicos , MutaçãoRESUMO
The oligomeric molecular chaperone CCT is essential for the folding of the highly abundant protein actin, which in its native state forms actin filaments that generate the traction forces required for cell motility. In addition to folding proteins, CCT can provide a platform for protein complex assembly and binds actin filaments assembled in vitro. Some individual subunits of CCT, when monomeric, have been shown to be functionally active, and in particular, the CCTepsilon subunit is involved in the serum response factor pathway that controls actin transcription. Thus, there is a complex interplay between CCT and actin that extends beyond actin folding. CCT has recently been shown to bind gelsolin, an actin filament severing protein that increases actin dynamics by generating filament ends for further actin polymerization. However, the biological significance of the CCT:gelsolin interaction is unknown. Here, using a co-immunoprecipitation assay, we show that CCT binds directly to gelsolin in its calcium-activated, actin-severing conformation. Furthermore, using actin filaments retained from fixed and permeabilized cells, we demonstrate that CCT can inhibit the actin filament severing activity of gelsolin. As our work and that of others shows gelsolin is not folded by CCT, the CCT:gelsolin interaction represents a novel mode of binding where CCT may modulate protein activity. The data presented here reveal an additional level of interplay between CCT and actin mediated via gelsolin, suggesting that CCT may influence processes depending on gelsolin activity, such as cell motility.
Assuntos
Citoesqueleto de Actina/metabolismo , Movimento Celular/fisiologia , Chaperonina com TCP-1/metabolismo , Gelsolina/metabolismo , Células 3T3 , Animais , Cálcio/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular , Clonagem Molecular , Gelsolina/genética , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Ligação Proteica , Dobramento de Proteína , Multimerização Proteica/fisiologia , Proteínas Recombinantes/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/metabolismoRESUMO
Chaperonin containing tailless complex polypeptide 1 (CCT) forms a classical chaperonin barrel structure where two rings of subunits surround a central cavity. Each ring consists of eight distinct subunits, creating a complex binding interface that makes CCT unique among the chaperonins. In addition to acting as a multimeric chaperonin, there is increasing evidence indicating that the CCT subunits, when monomeric, possess additional functions. Here we assess the role of the CCT subunits individually, using a GFP (green fluorescent protein) tagging approach to express each of the subunits in their monomeric form in cultured mammalian cells. Over-expression of CCTdelta, but not the other seven CCT subunits, results in the appearance of numerous protrusions at the cell surface. Two point mutations, one in the apical domain and one in the ATP binding pocket of CCTdelta, that abolish protrusion formation have been identified, consistent with the apical domain containing a novel interaction site that is influenced by the ATPase activity in the equatorial domain. Structured illumination microscopy, together with sub-cellular fractionation, reveals that only the wild-type CCTdelta is associated with the plasma membrane, thus connecting spatial organization with surface protrusion formation. Expression of the equivalent subunit in yeast, GFP-Cct4, rescues growth of the temperature-sensitive strain cct4-1 at the non-permissive temperature, indicative of conserved subunit-specific activities for CCTdelta.