Graphene-doped Poly(methyl-methacrylate) as an enhanced biopolymer for medical device and dental implant.

Graphene-doping procedure represents a useful procedure to improve the mechanical, physical and biological response of several PMMA-derived polymers and biomaterials for dental applications. The aim of the study was to evaluate measure water sorption, water solubility and tolerance trough the rabbit pyrogen testing pyrogen detection of Graphene doped Poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) compared with PMMA as potential materials for dental implant device. A total of 8 aged and unaged samples Graphene doped PMMA and PMMA were tested for water sorption and water solubility of the specimens. The experimental condition was evaluated according to the ISO 20795-1:2013 protocol. The biopolymer tolerance was evaluated in vivo on animals through the pyrogen detection test, acute intracutaneous and systemic irritation test. After wet conditioning both of Graphene doped PMMA and PMMA reported an increase of the weight. All the experimental samples showed a drastic low level of water sorption and solubility. Graphene doped PMMA unaged specimens showed a stability of physical and optical feature after the treatment. The Graphene doped PMMA has not shown pyrogens, an intradermal and systemic irritant effect on animals. The Graphene-doped PMMA satisfy the standard requirements and provide a physical and optical stability of the compound after the treatment. Further in vivo findings are required for future clinical application of the compound.

Concentrated growth factors gel activated with ozone for facial aesthetics purpose after granuloma removal: a case report.

The aim of this case report was to present the management of the aesthetic consequences of the treatment for granuloma removal in the zygomatic region, with concentrated growth factors (CGF) activated by medical ozone. A 54-year-old woman presented with bilateral lesion in the zygomatic region, caused by treatment with hyaluronidase and laser for removal of a granuloma, developed after infiltration with hyaluronate. The lesion was treated by local application of platelet-rich plasma obtained with CGF centrifuge, and containing CD34+ cells, mixed and activated by ozone in a 1:1 proportion, at a concentration of 40 mg/ml for 30 sec, in a syringe. Five consecutive bilateral infiltrations were made at 3-week intervals. Lesion volume was measured, and patient's quality of life was assessed with PGWBI (Psychological General Well Being Index) questionnaire. After the third infiltration of CGF-ozone, a consistent reduction of the lesion was observed, until disappearance at the end of the treatment. The result was maintained after 4-year follow-up. Considerable improvement of patient's well-being was reported. This case report showed that CGF-ozone combined therapy may promote dermal regeneration, achieving excellent facial esthetics outcomes. This result needs to be confirmed by further studies with a larger sample size.

Management of large perforations of the sinus mucosa with PRGF-Endoret® platelet concentrate.

The aim of the present study is to describe a new technique through which it is possible to complete the maxillary sinus lift procedure even in case of severe damage or complete removal of the sinus mucosa using the PRGF-Endoret® platelet concentrate. Eighteen patients (ratio F:M=4:5; average age: 58.2 years; DS: 8.85 years) with severe perforation (more than 10 millimetres of diameter) of the sinus mucosa during the maxillary sinus lift procedure were selected. Normally the procedure is interrupted due to impossible stabilization of the graft material inside the subantral cavity. On the contrary, our protocol foreseen the sealing of the perforation using the PRGF autologous gel membranes or the creation of a new sinus pseudomembrane through which the graft material was covered. The PRGF-Endoret were obtained according to the protocol developed by BTI (Biotechnology Institute - Vitoria, Spain). In 14 cases out of 18 implant fixtures were concurrently inserted while in 4 cases the fixture insertion was postponed after 6 months: 37 fixtures were inserted (27 at the same time and 10 after 6 months). 2 months after surgery the CBCT showed a correct pneumatization of the maxillary sinus in 16 patients out of 18 (89% of cases), while after 12 months the radiological normalization of the maxillary sinus was present in 17 patients out of 18, bringing the healing rate to 94% of cases. Regarding implant healing, 2 out of 37 implants inserted were lost in the first month after the surgical phase, whereas 12 months after prosthesis application the other 35 implants were perfectly osteointegrated with a healing rate equal to 94.6% of the fixtures. 36 months after the surgery all the fixtures were osteointegrated (35 of 37 implants with a percentage of 94.6% of success). We may conclude that the use of PRGF allowed to complete the sinus lift even in case of severe perforation of the sinus mucosa or its total removal thanks to its capability to stabilize the graft, its antibacterial and antifungal activity and its anabolic effect and favouring bone regeneration.

Analysis of the foot load in subjects with prevalent unilateral chewing.

The relationship between occlusion and posture has been and is still strongly debated. This study examines 40 male and female healthy subjects, (11 males and 29 females, average age: 26.27 years, st dv: 3.03) aged between 21 and 32. The baropodometric evaluation was performed with the subject in rest position and in usual centric occlusion. The results obtained were analyzed using a baropodometric platform and Freesteps software (Sensor Medica srl, Rome - Italy) analyzing the podalic load, the foot axis and the foot angles. The values reported show that 80% of subjects in rest position (p-value 0.01) and 70% of subjects in centric occlusion (p-value 0.05) have a greater foot load in the contralateral foot compared to the chewing side; moreover, the foot axis values are statistically significant because 77% of subjects in rest position and 72% in centric occlusion have a foot axis more open on the same side than the chewing one. The foot angles values are not significant. These results could be understood analyzing the activation of the body muscular chains: on the chewing side there is an increase of the activity of the flexion chain with side bending of the trunk. This induces a change of the body barycenter compensated by an outer rotation of the homolateral leg and foot; moreover, the body bending creates a false short leg on the same side, explaining the excess of podalic load on the other side. These values show that the hypothesis of a correlation appears to be likely, although obviously it still needs confirmation and further analysis.

Xanthelasma palpebrarum removed with Atmospheric Plasma technique: 11-year follow up.

Xanthelasma palpebrarum is a subcutaneous lesion of the lid and cause a cosmetical issue. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the atmospheric plasma treatment for the treatment of xanthelasma with an 11-year follow up. Seventy-two patients with bilateral xanthelasma and 26 patients with unilateral xanthelasma by atmospheric plasma technique known also as voltaic arc dermabrasion (VAD, Europe Medical s.r.l. Montesilvano (PE), Italy). Photographs were obtained at the baseline and after the procedure and analyzed by an independent observer. The evaluation of the results was made 2 months after this single treatment with 11 years of follow up. The subjects average age was 48.5 years (range 41-63 years). All subjects were elected for a single session for the lesion removal. The erosion is epithelialized from the lesion margins and the dermal basal cells. After 2 months from the treatment, the result was scored as 4 (clearing of lesions > 75%, complete resolution) in 66 patients for a total of 104 lesions treated; scored as 3 in 24 patients for a total of 48 lesions, and as 2 in nine patients for a total of 18 lesions. No subjects scored 0 or 1. A total of 8 lesions showed mild erythema in the treated areas for 1 month. Numerous approaches were proposed for xanthelasma exeresis such as a surgical treatment especially in case of excessively large lesions or lesions involving the medial canthus that could produce a more limited skin laxity rapidly induces a risk of ectropion. In conclusion, the effectiveness of the present investigation suggest that the atmospheric plasma is a useful therapeutic option for the treatment of xanthelasma palpebrarum.

Malar augmentation with Hyaluronic acid enriched with glycine and proline: a clinical evaluation.

The aging process causes skin modification and wrinkle formation with an alteration of the face harmony and imperfections. The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate a cross-linked hyaluronic acid enriched with glycine and proline for zygomatic malar region infiltrations. A total of twenty healthy female patients were treated for zygomatic hypotonia. The level of patients and surgeon satisfaction was evaluated by global aesthetic improvement scale (GAIS) at baseline, immediately after the procedure and at 6 months from the treatment. The healing phase was uneventful, and no complications were reported in the perioperative and follow-up periods. No significant differences were reported between patients and surgeon GAIS score (p<0.05). A significant difference of GAIS score was reported immediately after the procedure and at 6 months if compared to the baseline (p<0.05). The cross-linked hyaluronic acid enriched with glycine and proline is a useful biomaterial for zygomatic- malar augmentation with no significant local complications and a high stability and satisfaction level of the procedure.

Bacterial adherence to silk and expanded polytatrafluorethilene sutures: an in vivo human study.

After oral surgery, bacterial adhesion to suture can cause surgical site infections and delay wound healing. Microbial adherence to the suture is influenced by its physical configuration and chemical structure. The aim of this study was to compare in vivo the bacterial adhesion to two suture materials used in oral surgery: silk and monofilament expanded polytetrafluoethilene (e-PTFE). After sinus lift surgery, 15 flaps were sutured with silk (nonabsorbable, organic, braided, 4.0) and 15 were sutured with e-PTFE (nonabsorbable, synthetic, monofilament, 4.0). Seven days after surgery, bacterial adherence, in terms of percentage of the surface covered, was evaluated for each suture material by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Onto silk suture, plaque consisted of a few cocci and a higher proportion of rods and filamentous-shaped bacteria, with some mineralized plaque. Onto e-PTFE speciments, only small colonies of a few cocci or no bacteria were observed, with empty spaces between the colonies and no plaque mineralization. The surface covered by bacteria on e-PTFE specimens was significantly lower than that of silk sutures. (22.1% ±4.96% vs 54.3% ± 7.9%; P =0.0001). The results of the present study suggest that multifilament structure of silk favours a greater bacterial adherence, proliferation, and persistence, so monofilament and e- PTFE suture should be preferred in oral surgery.

Peri-implant disease caused by residual cement around implant-supported restorations: a clinical report.

Cement-retained restorations on implants ensures better passive fit and aesthetics, simplicity of fabrication and a homogenous load distribution during function, compared to screw-retained restorations, but it is associated to biological complications following the difficulty to remove cement excess. In fact, residual cement is a predisposing factor to peri-implant tissue inflammation and periimplantitis, because promotes plaque retention of bacteria, due to rough surface. This is especially true since radiographs should not reveal the cement excess and cements commonly used for the cementation of implantsupported prostheses have poor radiodensity. This report documents a case of clinical and radiographic findings of peri-implant disease associated with excess cement extrusion. Two months after cement removal, resolution of inflammation occurred. A good method of cementation, an accessible margin of restoration and the use of ZnOE cement instead of methacrylate cement, should help to prevent cementrelated peri-implant disease.

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) oral lesions surgical management with Nd:YAG laser versus blade and QMR scalpel: a single center experience in 251 cases.

HPVs are a large and varied group of viruses capable of infecting both animals and humans. They have evolved together with their respective hosts and are isolable in different and numerous species of birds, reptiles, marsupials and mammals. The present study aims to analyze and compare the epidemiological aspects of 251 HPV-associated benign lesions treated with three different surgical approaches. Between January 2004 and December 2019, 251 HPV-associated benign lesions (papillomas and / or condylomas) were treated at the Center of Medicina e Patologia Orale Laser Assistita of the University of Parma. After loco-regional anesthesia, the excisional biopsy was performed with A): 15C scalpel blade; B): molecular quantum resonance scalpel (RQM); C): Nd: YAG laser (1064 mn, 3.5W, 70Hz). The epidemiological analysis considered: gender, age, site of the lesion, surgical technique and recurrence. Our study did not show substantial differences in gender prevalence and the mean age of 50 years (minimum 8 years, maximum 85 years). Our study showed that HPV-associated lesions are localized in almost half of patients (47.9%) on the tongue or hard palate, less frequently on the cheeks (16.3%) and on the upper or lower lip (14,4) and in less than 10% of patients in the soft palate. Our study showed a low relapse rate (3%) for all three therapeutic approaches used, meaning that the cold blade, RQM scalpel and Nd: YAG laser can be successfully used to treat lesions associated with HPV, the laser approach has proved to be slightly more effective: probably thanks to the radicalization obtained through carbonization of the biopsy surrounding tissues. Since a small group of these viruses are the responsible agent of several types of human cancers (including squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity), early screening and treatment of HPV-associated lesions is essential to prevent the development of oncological diseases.

Dental implant survival rate in irradiated and non-radiated patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Radiotherapy to head and neck has always been considered as a risk factor for rehabilitation with dental implants. Nevertheless, recent data suggest that overall, 5-year implant survival in irradiated patients can be greater than 90%. The purpose of this review was to compare the implant survival rates of irradiated and non-radiated head and neck cancer sites, and discuss the outcomes, through a systematic review approach of prospective and retrospective studies. Electronic searches were performed in the EMBASE, Cochrane, and PubMed/Medline databases up to 2019 Dec, to identify retrospective and prospective clinical studies addressing the subject. This systematic review was conducted according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The primary variables collected from the studies were the site of tumor, age and sex of the patient, site of implant placement, radiation dosage, frequency and duration of radiotherapy, follow-up duration, implant survival and stability, hard and soft tissue changes after implant placement, any type of biological and mechanical complication, and oral health quality of life (QOL). Fifteen studies including 1097 patients and a total of 4637 implants placed in irradiated and non-irradiated sites, with a follow up duration varying from 6 to 120 months, were selected for the systematic review. The results of the quantitative synthesis suggested statistically significantly better survival rate of implants placed in nonradiated sites, as compared to irradiated sites (p<0.00001). However, the cumulative survival rates over a period of 7-10 years were reported to be comparable. Quality of life (QOL) after implant rehabilitation was not found to be significantly different between the compared groups. Due to the limited number of information, insufficient data was available to draw conclusion on peri-implant complication rate. No relationship was found between age, gender, and implant survival rates. Implant placement in irradiated sites is challenging and often warrants protocol modifications. Although statistically the survival rates at irradiated sites were lower in comparison to non-radiated sites, a strict inclusion criterion in patient selection, timing of implant placement after radiotherapy, radiation dosage and regular oral hygiene maintenance could minimize the chances of implant failure in irradiated patients.

Facial Mask and Plexiglass Box: a critical overview on the current strategies to protect patients from COVID-19 infection.

The route of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 has been understood thanks to the knowledge of previously identified human coronaviruses. According to these studies, the transmission of the virus occurs mainly between humans at close range, through respiratory droplets produced during conversation or coughing, as well as through direct contact of the hands then placed on the mucous membranes or mouth. From the final analysis of studies carried out on protective systems, the validity of plexiglass as a material to be used for the construction of protective devices could be affirmed. The plexiglass, in fact, would seem able to isolate the diffusion of aerosol particles dispersed by infected subjects and in different environments.

Taste sensitivity in healthy adults: gustatory test validation and observational study.

Gustatory sensitivity has important biological functions and taste disorders are generally difficult to diagnose and treat. The aim of this study was to investigate taste sensitivity on a sample of adult healthy patients through the validation and administration of a gustatory test, to describe a possible baseline of reference. A gustatory test was performed following a standardized protocol, using primary flavors solutions at 4 known increasing concentrations for a total of 16 sapid solutions. Taste sensitivity was investigated considering (a) the threshold of the flavor identification and (b) the intensity of stimulus perception. Seventy-one healthy patients were included in the study. Reliability measures were evaluated, supporting the validity of the test itself. Sweet, bitter, and salty flavors could be identified within the first concentration, sour flavor was detected within the second concentration in the majority of cases (p<0.05). Sour flavor showed the lowest value of perceived intensity for the less concentrated solution, sweet flavor showed the highest value. Regarding the most concentrated solution, bitter flavor showed the highest intensity value, while sour remained the lowest one. Both gender-based and age-based differences regarding threshold and intensity of perception were not statistically significant. However mean threshold averagely increased along with age. Within its limitations, this study validates a useful, easy-to-use tool for assessing taste function and it provides a possible baseline for perception of primary flavors in a healthy adult population, which can be used as a reference for future studies considering specific cohorts of patients.

Debris production in bovine bone during implant site preparation. A comparative in vitro study: ultrasonic and drilling procedures.

The aim of this study was to compare the size and shape of bone fragments produced by the ultrasonic and drilling procedures in implant site preparation. Six pieces of rib selected as experimental animal model of 15 cm in length and at least 13 mm of thickness were used. The samples were treated and divided into 2 groups as follows: group A (GA) ultrasonic implant site preparation technique; group B (GB) traditional surgical drill technique. Ultrasonic implant site preparation (GA) was carried out using a sequence of progressive diameter (1.00 mm, 2.00 mm and 3.00 mm) conical inserts at a depth of 10 mm. Standard drill implant site procedure (GB) was carried out with a sequence of 1.00 mm, 2.00 mm, and 3.00 mm cylindrical twist drills, for preparing an implant site at a depth of 10 mm. From each group bone fragments (0.1 gr) were collected from both cortical and cancellous bone preparation and their dimensions were evaluated by optic microscope analysis. The bone debris dimensions procured by cortical bone of Group A and Group B were, respectively, 0.14×0.16 mm (±0.13) and 1.15 ×0.92 mm (±0.68). The bone debris dimensions procured by cancellous bone of Group A and Group B were, respectively, 0.15×0.10 mm (±0.10) and 1.98×1.27 mm (±0.94). Ultrasonic implant site preparation technique was able to micronize bone and to remove all debris with cooling system. Surgical drills tend to fracture bone, creating a weaker structure and fragments of larger size, which remain in considerable quantity over bone walls during site preparation. Within the limits of the present study, the ultrasonic implant preparation was able to produce reduced bone sediments and a clear bed implant favoring osseointegration.

Long-term clinical outcome of dental implants: A retrospective clinical study with a minimum follow-up between 9.5 and 17.7 years.

The aim of this retrospective case series was to evaluate the clinical and radiographic outcomes of the patients that underwent implant surgery in all indication classes, with a follow-up of at least 9 years. 121 healthy patients in need for oral rehabilitation with dental implants were included in this study. 196 implants (160 conical, 73 cylindric design implants) were inserted. The implant survival rate was the primary outcome. Intra- and postoperative complications were additional criteria for success. The mean follow-up of the patients was 12.29 years (SD 1.39). Mean age of the study population was 51.0 years (SD 12.7). The mean bone loss around implants after at least 9 years of loading was measured as 2.0 mm (SD 0.73 mm). Intra-operative complications were seen in 5 patients. Post-operative complications included: 5 mucositis,1 dehiscence, 2 screw loosening, 1 infection at site and 1 nonintegrated implant. Two implants were lost in two patients. The overall implant survival rate was 99.1%. As a conclusion, oral rehabilitation with dental implant-supported prostheses can be accepted as a safe procedure with relevantly high survival rates of oral implants and successful aesthetic and functional outcomes.

Role of probiotics in adjunct to non-surgical periodontal therapy in patients with chronic periodontitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

The objective of this study was to establish the significance of probiotic usage, both as a preventive as well as a therapeutic strategy for the management of periodontal disease. It also substantiates the existing studies of single/combined bacterial strain for exhibiting variable ecological impact on oral bacteria. Data sources included literature searches of PubMed (MEDLINE), Scopus, Embase, CENTRAL and Web of science databases for placebo controlled randomized clinical trials of SRP with orally administered probiotics in any form as an adjunct. Data extraction was conducted and information from the included studies was tabulated according to the study designs, form of drug delivery, main outcomes, and clinical parameters. Data collected were based on the focused question outlined for the present systematic review. The reviewers cross-checked all extracted data. CAL and PD were assessed as the primary outcome to compare the effectiveness of adjunctive probiotic therapy in addition to SRP. Fourteen clinical studies were included and demonstrated efficacy in reducing periodontal probing depth (PPD) and gaining clinical attachment level (CAL), between probiotics and SRP/placebo. Adjunctive probiotic therapy in addition to SRP leads to decrease in probing depth and clinical attachment gain in chronic periodontitis patients. However, further high-quality randomized clinical trials with microbiological outcomes are required to fortify the conclusion.

Clinical efficacy of grape seed extract as an adjuvant to scaling and root planing in treatment of periodontal pockets.

Grape seed extract (GSE), a naturally producing polyphenolic compound, is found to be a potent hostmodulatory agent and considered for management of periodontal disease. Its anti-bacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory property may aid in achieving periodontal health. To assess the clinical efficacy of GSE in adjunct to scaling and root planing (SRP) in healing of periodontal pockets. The present study was a longitudinal, parallel design, randomized clinical trial. Seventy-two patients (mean age 39.2±8.6 years) with periodontal pockets were randomly divided into two groups; Test group received intra-pocket delivery of GSE with SRP and Control group received SRP alone. The clinical parameters like Plaque Index (PI), Gingival Index (GI), Probing Depth (PD) and Relative Attachment Level (RAL) were recorded at baseline and 3 months. 64 patients completed the study. Test group at the end of 3 months had statistically significant reduced PD (p=0.002) and RAL (p=0.01). No significant difference was observed for PI and GI at the end of 3 months. Intra-pocket application of GSE with SRP could be beneficial in management of periodontal pockets.

Contribution of Indian researchers in high impact periodontal journals: a bibliometric analysis of last three years.

Bibliometric Analysis researches and analyses the quantitative data derived from scientific publications through the empirical evidence of scientific activity generated by collaborating authors through the final product of their research: the scientific article. In scientific society, the concept of impact factor is probably the most widely used in bibliometric construction. To assess the scientometrics of three high-impact factor periodontal journals and identify the contribution of India in these most productive journals over three years (Jan 2018 - Dec 2020) and to know the most influential topics researched. A retrospective observational study was conducted for the Journal of Clinical Periodontology, Journal of Periodontology, and Journal of Periodontal Research. All issues of 2018, 2019, and 2020 were electronically and hand searched for the following parameters: Number of papers, affiliated organizations, and countries, topics reported, and contribution of Indian authors. The data were organized and analyzed with descriptive statistics using SPSS software (version 21.0). In total 469 articles were published by Journal of Periodontology, followed by 454 articles in Journal of Clinical Periodontology and 287 articles in Journal of Periodontal Research. In all the three journals, China had the maximum contributions, succeeded by USA. India has published maximum number of articles in the Journal of Periodontal Research. When analysed, although less as compared to the western counterparts, an increasing trend in the publications is seen in case of India.

Knowledge, practices and perceptions regarding oral health preventive measures among Mexican dental students: a cross-sectional survey study.

Although oral diseases are mostly preventable, they remain a global public health problem. Thus, there is a need for trained personnel to actively intervene in promoting oral health, to prevent and timeously detect oral diseases, and, in turn, to provide comprehensive quality healthcare. The main objective of the study was to evaluate the knowledge, practices and perceptions regarding oral health preventive measures amongst undergraduate dental students. This cross-sectional study was conducted between the period October 2017 and January 2018. The subjects included were undergraduate students of the dental science program at the School of Dentistry, in Leon Guanajuato, Mexico. A validated questionnaire was used to identify knowledge of preventive dentistry and the frequency of oral health preventive actions in the dental school clinics. Besides, perception towards prevention in dentistry was assessed. A total of N=232 undergraduate students participated of whom 65.9% (N=153) were women. More than half of the students 59.5%, (N=138) rated their knowledge on the prevention of oral diseases as good, followed by 32.8% (N=75) of students who rated it as regular. 49% (N=97) of the students performed frequently preventive treatments in their daily clinical practice. 90% (N=217) think that the main reason of low practice of prevention in dentistry is the lack of commitment of the dentist. 72.8% (N=169) mention that there should be professionals dedicated exclusively to preventive dentistry. Students of second grade demonstrated better prevention knowledge and tended to engage more frequently in preventive activities (p<0.05). In conclusion, our study found that, second-year students perform preventive practices more frequently and these practices decrease as their studies progress. It should be sought to create positive attitudes towards prevention not only in the year in preventive dentistry, but also throughout the entire career. This enables students to become trained professionals that can deliver preventive services to their patients.

Clinical evaluation of efficacy and tolerance of a skin reconditioning compound for anti-aging.

Facial aging involves all facial structures located at different levels: bones soft tissues and skin with a reduction of the extracellular matrix. The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of the injectable solution antiaging complex composed by non-reticulated hyaluronic acid (HA) and amino acids vitamins and antioxidants conveyed with mesotherapy technique in subjects with different expressions of aging. 114 patients with different expressions of aging were enrolled in this study with mean age (49±6). HA and amino acids vitamins and antioxidants complex solution Neofound (Love Cosmedical, Castagneto, Italy) was injected on the dermal plane or superficial subdermal plane. Among the various imperfections, fine roughness surface irregularities skin firmness brightness/discoloration cutaneous hydration were those with the greatest response to therapy. The clinical data showed that the medical device Neofound is effective and safe to treat various skin signs of chrono and photoaging thanks to its ability to protect tissues from oxidative stress and hydrate the skin.

Correlation between occlusal trauma and oral microbiota: a microbiological investigation.

The occlusal trauma has been defined as an injury to the periodontium resulting from occlusal forces that exceeds the reparative capacity of the attachment apparatus. Currently, the effects of occlusal trauma on tooth support tissues, the onset and the progression of periodontal disease are still debated. In fact, researchers started evaluating the possible effects of occlusal discrepancies on incidence, progression, and treatment outcomes of periodontitis, but all the results underlined the more significant role played by microbiological flora. The results of this study show that after 60 days of treating the occlusal trauma, a significant reduction was achieved in the periodontal bacterial flora.