Toripalimab plus axitinib versus sunitinib as first-line treatment for advanced renal cell carcinoma: RENOTORCH, a randomized, open-label, phase III study.

BACKGROUND: Immune checkpoint inhibitors in combination with tyrosine kinase inhibitors are standard treatments for advanced clear cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC). This phase III RENOTORCH study compared the efficacy and safety of toripalimab plus axitinib versus sunitinib for the first-line treatment of patients with intermediate-/poor-risk advanced RCC. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with intermediate-/poor-risk unresectable or metastatic RCC were randomized in a ratio of 1 : 1 to receive toripalimab (240 mg intravenously once every 3 weeks) plus axitinib (5 mg orally twice daily) or sunitinib [50 mg orally once daily for 4 weeks (6-week cycle) or 2 weeks (3-week cycle)]. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS) assessed by an independent review committee (IRC). The secondary endpoints were investigator-assessed PFS, overall response rate (ORR), overall survival (OS), and safety. RESULTS: A total of 421 patients were randomized to receive toripalimab plus axitinib (n = 210) or sunitinib (n = 211). With a median follow-up of 14.6 months, toripalimab plus axitinib significantly reduced the risk of disease progression or death by 35% compared with sunitinib as assessed by an IRC [hazard ratio (HR) 0.65, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.49-0.86; P = 0.0028]. The median PFS was 18.0 months in the toripalimab-axitinib group, whereas it was 9.8 months in the sunitinib group. The IRC-assessed ORR was significantly higher in the toripalimab-axitinib group compared with the sunitinib group (56.7% versus 30.8%; P < 0.0001). An OS trend favoring toripalimab plus axitinib was also observed (HR 0.61, 95% CI 0.40-0.92). Treatment-related grade ≥3 adverse events occurred in 61.5% of patients in the toripalimab-axitinib group and 58.6% of patients in the sunitinib group. CONCLUSION: In patients with previously untreated intermediate-/poor-risk advanced RCC, toripalimab plus axitinib provided significantly longer PFS and higher ORR than sunitinib and had a manageable safety profile TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04394975.

[Emerging and comparative genomic analysis of a novel plasmid carrying blaKPC-2 in Citrobacter freundii].

Objective: To explore the drug resistance mechanism and gene structure characteristics of a carbapenemase-producing novel incompatibility group plasmid pNY2385-KPC from Citrobacter freundii. Methods: A multi-drug resistant strain was obtained from urine samples of patients with fever in the emergency ward of Li Huili Hospital, Ningbo Medical Center. Bacterial species was preliminary identified and finally confirmed by 16S rRNA gene amplification and the average nucleotide identity alignment, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of the antimicrobial agents were determined by VITEK 2 Compact System. The complete genome sequence was obtained by "third-generation" sequencing methods, and then detailed annotation of gene function and comparative genomic analysis of plasmid structure were carried out by BLASTP/BLASTN, RefSeq, ConservedDomains, ResFinder, Isfinder, etc. Results: The pNY2385-KPC carried by citrobacter freundii NY2385 belonged a novel incompatibility group, and contained blaKPC-2 and conjugative transfer (type Ⅳ secretory system, T4SS) genes, which could induce conjugative transfer. A total of 15 plasmids of the same type as pNY2385-KPC were retrieved by NCBI, which were from Citrobacter freundii, and the rest were from Serratia marcescens, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Raoultella planticola and other bacteria, and were broad-host-range plasmids. The sequence comparative analysis of all 6 of the novel plasmid from Citrobacter freundii showed that the structure of the novel plasmid had certain conserved property, with Tn6296 variant structure carrying blaKPC-2, and plasmid pCF1807-3 had both repApNY2385-KPC and repAIncX8. Conclusion: The pNY2385-KPC type plasmids in Citrobacter freundii carried blaKPC-2 resistance gene, which were divided into two subtypes: repApNY2385-KPC single replicator and repApNY2385-KPC/repAIncX8 complex replicator, belonging to broad-host-range plasmids. And as a mobile genetic element, the plasmids promote the spread of blaKPC-2.

[Tumor cell-based glycolytic metabolism and single-cell sequencing of urinary exfoliated cells for the diagnosis and molecular profiling of urothelial carcinoma].

Objective: To explore the diagnostic values of HK2 testing and single-cell sequencing in the urothelial carcinoma (UC). Methods: The qualified urine specimens of 265 suspected UC patients or postoperative patients from the Cancer Hospital of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China were collected. Both exfoliative cytology and HK2 testing were performed on clinically suspected UC or postoperative patients. The performance of diagnostic cytology and HK2, including consistency, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value, was evaluated based on histopathological, clinical and imaging diagnosis. Isolated HK2 metabolically abnormal cells were subject to single-cell sequencing to verify the reliability of HK2 detection performance and to explore the molecular characteristics of UC. Results: The concordance rate of HK2 testing and cytology for detecting UC was 90.3% (102/113, Kappa=0.604). Compared with cytology, the sensitivity of HK2 was significantly higher (85.2% versus 75.6%, P=0.024). The detection sensitivity of combined HK2 testing and cytology was increased to 91.1%. HK2 testing was significantly more sensitive than cytology for diagnosing UC in the upper urinary tract (81.8% versus 65.5%, P=0.022). It was also more sensitive than cytology for diagnosing early-stage UC (82.6% versus 69.5%, P=0.375) and low-grade UC (69.6% versus 47.8%, P=0.125). Single-cell sequencing of the ten patients, whose samples were positive for HK2, demonstrated highly concordant copy number variations (CNVs) in tumor cells from the same UC patient, with heterogeneity in CNV profiles among different patients. Deletion of chromosome 8p was found in 3 of the 4 urine samples of renal pelvis UC. The 2 patients with benign lesions had no CNVs in all sequenced cells. Conclusions: The test for abnormal urinary glycolytic HK2 metabolism can assist urine cytology to improve the sensitivity of UC diagnosis, and it provides a novel and reliable approach for early detection of upper urinary tract UC and lower grade UC. Meanwhile, this study has preliminarily revealed the feasibility of single-cell sequencing in urinary samples, which is expected to improve the diagnostic specificity of HK2 testing.

[Exploration and thinking on functional preservation after orthotopic neobladder construction].

The concept of functional preservation after orthotopic neobladder construction has gradually attracted attention. Reconstruction of urine storage and voiding is the basic function preservation of orthotopic neobladder. Clinical exploration mainly focuses on the optimization of neobladder reconstruction methods and procedures, and there is still a lack of summary of existing surgical characteristics and high-quality functional comparative studies. For strictly selected patients, on the basis of tumor control and standardized postoperative rehabilitation guidance, most patients with preserved nerve can retain satisfied sexual function after surgery. The protection of neurovascular bundle and ancillary structures combined with postoperative exercise is crucial to the improvement of urinary continence. According to the characteristics of patients, choosing the appropriate urinary diversion methods and function preserving can help patients establish a normal life style after surgery and improve their self-image and quality of life.

[Clinical study of brush liquid-based cytology combined with automatic immunohistochemistry in the classification and diagnosis of lung cancer].

Objective: To explore the feasibility of bronchoscopic brushing liquid-based slide cytology combined with automatic immunocytochemistry (ICC) for pathological typing of lung cancer. Methods: A liquid-based thin-prep was prepared from 171 bronchoscopic brushing specimens of patients with pulmonary lesions. ICC was detected by automatic immunohistochemistry instrument while cytomorphological diagnosis was made. The results were compared with those of histopathological diagnosis. Results: Among 171 patients, 130 (76.0%) could be classified by cell morphology alone, including 31 squamous cell carcinomas, 44 adenocarcinomas and 55 small cell carcinomas; 162 (94.7%) could be classified by cell morphology combined with ICC, including 38 squamous cell carcinomas, 61 adenocarcinomas and 63 small cell carcinomas (P<0.001). According to the gold standard of histopathological diagnosis, the coincidence rate of cytomorphology combined with ICC was higher than that of cell morphology alone. The coincidence rate of squamous cell carcinoma was increased from 85.2% to 97.1% (P=0.093), adenocarcinoma from 92.5% to 98.0% (P<0.001), and small cell carcinoma from 96.1% to 98.3% (P=0.465). Conclusion: The combination of liquid-based thin-prep cytology and automatic immunohistochemistry can effectively improve the accuracy of pathological typing of brushing specimens under fiberoptic bronchoscopy, and provide more objective diagnostic results for clinical treatment.

[The application of conventional smears and liquid-based cytologic slides of lymphatic metastasis specimens of lung adenocarcinoma acquired by fine needle aspiration to detect the expression of anaplastic lymphoma kinase protein].

Objective: To explore the feasibility of conventional smears and liquid-based cytologic slides of lymphatic metastasis specimens of lung adenocarcinoma acquired by fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) to detect the expression of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK/D5F3) by immunocytochemistry (ICC) analysis. Methods: The lymphatic metastasis specimens of 147 lung adenocarcinoma, including 100 liquid-based cytologic slides and 47 conventional smears, were collected in this study. ALK fusion protein was detected by Roche Ventana ICC technology, which was compared with the ALK fusion gene assessed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) or reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results: The positive rate of ALK (D5F3) fusion protein in advanced lung adenocarcinoma acquired by FNAC was 11.6% (17/147), and 10.6% (5/47) and 12.0% (12/100) were reached in conventional smears and liquid-based cytologic slides, respectively.Among 147 cases, 57 cases including 17 positive cases and 40 negative cases were verified by RT-PCR and FISH. The whole coincidence rate reached 96.5% (55/57). The sensitivity and specificity of ALK (D5F3) fusion protein detected in lung adenocarcinoma acquired by FNAC were 94.1% (16/17) and 97.5% (39/40), respectively. The sensitivity and specificity were both 100% (5/5 of sensitivity and 10/10 of specificity) in conventional smears, while 91.7% (11/12) and 96.7% (29/30) in liquid-based cytologic slides. Conclusion: Conventional smears and liquid-based cytologic slides of FNAC samples can be used to perform ICC analysis of ALK (D5F3) expression in advanced lung adenocarcinoma, especially for patients who have no opportunity for surgery or whose resected samples are difficult to form cell block.

[Clinical features of renal cell carcinoma associated with Xp11.2 translocation/TFE3 gene fusions-single-center study].

Objective: To analyze the clinical characteristics, treatment methods and prognosis of renal cell carcinoma associated with Xp11.2 translocation/TFE3 gene fusions (Xp11.2 tRCC). Methods: From January 2007 to February 2018, 48 patients were diagnosed with Xp11.2 tRCC at Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital. The epidemiological features, treatment methods and long-term follow-up results were retrospectively reviewed. Results: Of the 48 patients, 20 cases were female and 28 cases were male, aged from 2 to 72 years. Gross hematuria and flank pain were the most frequent symptoms, which occurred on 14 cases and 8 cases respectively. The mean tumor size of 48 cases was (5.3±2.5)cm. Among the 34 cases who were classified as stageⅠ/Ⅱ, 14 cases received laparoscopic nephron-sparing surgery(NSS)and 20 cases received radical nephrectomy(RN). The other 14 cases who were classified as stage Ⅲ/Ⅳ received RN but one case received target therapy. On univariate analysis, tumor diameter, adjuvant treatment, AJCC stage, lymph node metastasis and vein tumor thrombosis showed association with progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) (P<0.05). Multivariate analysis indicated that AJCC stage (P=0.023, 95% CI: 0.048-0.081)and vein tumor thrombosis (P=0.046, 95% CI: 1.004-1.590)were independent prognostic factors of PFS. Conclusions: Xp11.2 tRCC mainly occurs in females. RN was the major method for Xp11.2 tRCC. However, NSS can also receive satisficed results for stage T1a case. High AJCC stage and the occurrence of vein tumor thrombosis indicated poor prognosis.

Role of IL-8 rs4073 and rs2227306 polymorphisms in the development of primary gouty arthritis in a Chinese population.

In this study, we investigated the role of two single nucleotide polymorphisms in the promoter region of the interleukin-8 gene (IL-8; rs4073 and rs2227306) in the susceptibility to primary gouty arthritis in a Chinese population. Three hundred and twelve patients with primary gouty arthritis and 340 healthy controls were recruited from the Yan'an University Affiliated Hospital between January 2014 and March 2015. The IL-8 rs4073 and rs2227306 polymorphisms were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction combined with restriction fragment length polymorphism. Unconditional multiple-logistic regression analysis revealed that the TT genotype of rs4073 was correlated with primary gouty arthritis risk, compared to the AA genotype [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.65, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.08-2.54; P = 0.02]. In addition, the IL-8 rs4073 T allele was associated with a significant elevated risk of primary gouty arthritis, in comparison to the A allele (OR = 1.34, 95%CI = 1.07-1.67; P = 0.01). However, we observed no significant relationship between the IL-8 rs2227306 polymorphism and primary gouty arthritis risk. The results of this study suggest that the IL-8 rs4073 polymorphism could be a marker for primary gouty arthritis development.

[Safety and efficacy of partial nephrectomy for solitary kidney tumor].

Objective: To explore the safety and clinical efficacy of partial nephrectomy for solitary kidney tumor. Methods: Twenty patients with a functional or anatomic solitary kidney who underwent nephron-sparing surgery for one or more renal masses were retrospectively analyzed. There were 15 male and 5 female patients with mean age of 63 years.Patients were divided into open partial nephrectomy(OPN) group and laparoscopic partial nephrectomy(LPN) group, the two groups were followed up.Demographic and clinical characteristics were analyzed using student t-test for continuous variables, and the χ2 test for categorical variables. Results: There were 21 tumors whose maximum diameter were 1.5 to 6.0 cm, the mean size was (3.7±1.3)cm, mean operative time was (205.3±81.8)minutes, and median estimated blood loss was 385.6 ml.Five cases accepted blood transfusion intro-operation, 1 case appeared leakage of urine post-operation, none had obvious fever.Eighteen cases were clear cell carcinoma, 2 cases were chromophobe renal carcinoma, 1 case was papillary renal cell carcinoma.Seventeen cases were T1aNxM0, 3 cases were T1bNxM0, 1 case was T3NxM0.One case lost to follow up, the others had completed a mean follow-up of 21.5 months (ranging from 1 to 53 months). One case recurred, no one had metastasis, all patients were alive.The hemoglobin ((114.9±19.6)g/L) and estimated glomerular filtration rate(eGFR) ((46.5±18.2) ml/min) of postoperative day were lesser than pre-operation ((130.7±18.8)g/L, (58.0±16.4) ml/min), while the serum creatinine was higher ((123.8±39.8) µmol/L vs.(90.9±33.2) µmol/L). Three months after operation, hemoglobin, serum creatinine and eGFR had no difference with pre-operative.Compared with OPN group, LPN group gain less blood loss (306 ml vs.510 ml)(t=-2.38, P=0.03), had shorter length of stays (15 d vs.21 d)(t=-3.34, P=0.04), had longer time of renal artery clamping (25.8 min vs.16.5 min)(t=2.60, P=0.02). Conclusions: Partial nephrectomy is secure and effective selection for solitary kidney tumor.The LPN has less trauma, gain less blood loss, recover faster and has shorter length of stays than the OPN, which needs shorter ischaemic time.

Comparison of entecavir and lamivudine in preventing hepatitis B reactivation in lymphoma patients during chemotherapy.

During chemotherapy for lymphoma, the administration of cytotoxic agents and rituximab often results in hepatitis B reactivation (incidence, 14-72%). This study was designed to compare the efficacy of entecavir and lamivudine in preventing hepatitis B reactivation in lymphoma patients. Between January 2007 and February 2009, patients treated in four hospitals in China were screened to identify those most appropriate for analysis. These patients received either entecavir or lamivudine during chemotherapy and for 6 months after completion of chemotherapy. A total of 34 patients received entecavir and 89 patients received lamivudine. Compared with the lamivudine group, the entecavir group had significantly lower rates of hepatitis (5.9 vs 27.0%, P = 0.007), hepatitis B reactivation (0 vs 12.4%, P = 0.024) and disruption of chemotherapy (5.9 vs 20.2%, P = 0.042). All patients with hepatitis B reactivation had B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (stage III-IV). In lymphoma patients under chemotherapy treatment, entecavir is more effective than lamivudine in preventing hepatitis B reactivation. For patients with advanced stage disease, entecavir should be considered the primary preventive therapy.

Long noncoding RNA TUG1 promotes progression via upregulating DGCR8 in prostate cancer.

Since this article has been suspected of research misconduct and the corresponding authors did not respond to our request to prove originality of data and figures, "Long noncoding RNA TUG1 promotes progression via upregulating DGCR8 in prostate cancer, by X.-L. Yang, C. Wei, Y.-B. Zhang, H.-Q. Guo, published in Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2019; 23 (6): 2391-2398-DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_201903_17385-PMID: 30964164" has been withdrawn. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. https://www.europeanreview.org/article/17385.

[Implementation of the Bethesda system for reporting the thyroid cytopathology: study on 5 729 cases from a cancer center].

Objective: To analyze the data of the Bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytopathology applied in a comprehensive cancer center and to evaluate the diagnostic ability of fine needle aspiration (FNA). Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 5 729 cases applying this reporting system at Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. The series were from 5 011 patients including 1 174 men and 3 837 women, and their median age was 45 years (range, 7-88 years). FNA results were correlated with final histological diagnosis after surgery and the accuracy of FNA diagnosis and the malignancy rates for each of categories were also analyzed. Results: Among 5 729 thyroid aspirates, aside from 456 (8.0%) cases with nondiagnostic or unsatisfactory (ND/UNS) outcomes, 1 055 (18.4%) cases were benign, 409 (7.1%) cases showed atypical of undetermined significance or follicular lesions with undetermined significance (AUS/FLUS), 80 (1.4%) cases were follicular neoplasm or suspicious for follicular neoplasm (FN/SFN), 982 (17.1%) cases were suspicious for malignancy (SUS), and 2 747 cases were malignant (47.9%). Of 5 729 cases, 3 239 had received thyroidectomies after FNA, 95.99% of them were proven histologically to be malignant, with following malignancy rates in individual FNA categories: ND/UNS 75.00%; benign 40.91%; AUS/FLUS 77.67%; FN/SFN 41.67%; SUS 96.86%; and malignant 99.96%. FNA predicted malignancy with sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value and negative predictive values of 98.8%, 60.5%, 97.7%, 98.9% and 59.1%, respectively. Conclusions: The data of the Bethesda reporting system indicates high proportion of malignant diagnosis and high risk of malignancy at all FNA diagnostic categories. FNA offers high diagnostic accuracy and positive predictive value for the diagnosis of thyroid diseases.

Reliability and validity testing of the SF-36 questionnaire for the evaluation of the quality of life of Chinese urban construction workers.

The quality of life (QOL) of the Chinese 'floating' migrant population is of growing concern. Urban construction workers are the main migrant population in China, but there is little published research on their QOL. The reliability and validity of the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) questionnaire were assessed by conducting a population-based study of migrant construction workers in Shenyang, China. Two construction sites were randomly selected from each of the five districts of Shenyang City and 1200 copies of the questionnaire were distributed to rurally-registered, non-Shenyang workers aged > or = 16 years at these sites. A total of 1125 questionnaires were evaluated. The overall Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the SF-36 questionnaire was 0.821 while the respective Cronbach's alpha coefficient for each dimension was > 0.70. Results showed that the SF-36 questionnaire demonstrated good reliability and validity, and that it can be used to measure QOL among Chinese migrant urban construction workers.

The relationship between Chinese construction workers' HIV/AIDS-related knowledge, attitudes and behaviour: a structural equation model.

This study explored the relationship between human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS)-related knowledge, attitudes and behaviour in migrant urban construction workers using structural equation modelling (SEM). A cross-sectional study was conducted among 428 male subjects on three building sites in Shenyang City. The SEM model of HIV/AIDS-related knowledge, attitudes and behaviour was built using LISREL version 8.5 and it fitted the data well, as shown by an adjusted goodness of fit index of 0.82 and a root mean square error of approximation of 0.094. Knowledge of HIV/AIDS was closely correlated with attitudes and behaviour. Age was an important factor affecting HIV/AIDS-related knowledge, attitudes and behaviour. These findings suggest that increasing HIV/AIDS-related knowledge could improve the attitude and behaviour of migrant urban construction workers, enabling them to avoid high-risk behaviour that increases the spread of HIV/AIDS. Any intervention used will need to take the important factor of age into consideration.

Long noncoding RNA TUG1 promotes progression via upregulating DGCR8 in prostate cancer.

OBJECTIVE: Recent researches have proved that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play an important role in tumorigenesis. In this research, lncRNA TUG1 was explored to identify the role it played in the development of prostate cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Quantitative Real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was utilized to detect TUG1 expression in both prostate cancer tissue samples and cells. Moreover, the associations between expression level of TUG1 and patients' disease-free survival rate were studied respectively. Next, wound healing assay and transwell assay were conducted. Furthermore, qRT-PCR and Western blot assay were used to explore the underlying mechanism. RESULTS: In comparison with TUG1 expression in adjacent tissues, TUG1 expression level was significantly higher in prostate cancer samples, which was closely associated with patients' disease-free survival time. After TUG1 was downregulated, cell migration and invasion of prostate cancer cells were inhibited in vitro. Moreover, after TUG1 was upregulated, cell migration and invasion of prostate cancer cells were enhanced in vitro. In addition, after knockdown of TUG1, the mRNA and protein expression of DGCR8 was downregulated, while after overexpression of TUG1, the mRNA and protein expression of DGCR8 was upregulated. Furthermore, it was found that DGCR8 expression positively correlated to TUG1 expression in prostate cancer tissues. CONCLUSIONS: Results above showed that TUG1 could enhance cell migration and invasion of prostate cancer by upregulating DGCR8, which may offer a potential therapeutic target in prostate cancer.

[Value of the detection of BRAF(V600E) gene mutation and protein expression in auxiliary cytological diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma].

Objective: To evaluate the utility of the BRAF(V600E) mutation detection in different cytoloy categories and to determine if the VE1 antibody can serve as a screening tool for the detection of BRAF(V)600E mutation in thyroid fine needle aspiration (FNA) specimens. Methods: A total of 273 FNA residual specimens were collected. BRAF(V600E) testing was performed on these liquid-based specimens. And also 78 specimens with enough residual cells were stained with VE1 antibody. Comparisons of molecular and immunocytochemistry results with clinicopathological outcomes were performed. SPSS 17.0 software was used to analyze the data. Results: There were 70 indeterminated diagnoses in 273 cases with FNAs. Fifty-eight cases were proven to be papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) by histology, including 9 cases of atypia of undetermined significance/follicular lesion of undetermined significance (AUS/FLUS), 3 cases of follicular neoplasm/suspicious for follicular neoplasm (FN/SFN), and 46 cases of suspicious for malignancy (SM). BRAF(V600E) analysis detected PTC in 3 of 9 cases with AUS/FLUS, and in 31 (67.4%) of 46 cases with SM. The sensitivity of immunostaining with VE1 antibody was 62.8%(27/43) and the specificity was 91.4% (32/35). VE1 expression showed moderately concordance with the molecular mutation (κ=0.524, P<0.001). Conclusions: Additional BRAF(V600E) detecting can improve the diagnostic efficacy for PTC in AUS/FLUS and SM. VE1 expression may be an alternative method for BRAF(V600E) detecting when molecular detecting is unavailable.

[The outcomes comparison between autologous incus and titanium PORP in Austin A and C type ossicle defect cases].

Objective: A series of otitis media patients with Austin A and C type ossicles defects received ossicular chain reconstruction surgery using either autologous incus or titanium partial ossicular replacement prosthesis (PORP).The hearing outcomes and exclusion rate of prosthesis were compared between these two groups. Method: One hundred and seventy-six patients with chronic otitis media underwent ossiculoplasty in our hospital during 2016-2017. These patients were divided into 2 groups: group A consisted of those receiving autologous incus replacement (n=85), and group B consisted of those receiving titanium PORP (n=91). All the patients received CWD mastoidectomy and ossiculoplasty in one stage and were followedup in postoperative 3, 6 and 12 months. Result: The postoperative hearing improvement rates in group A and B were 85.88% and 92.31%, respectively, and there was no statistical difference. No statistical difference of the postoperative hearing improvement rates was observed between Austin A and C type in 2 groups. Three cases (3.29%) had ossicle exclusion in B group, and 0 case in A group, which was not statistical different (P>0.05). Conclusion: Patients receiving ossicular chain reconstruction surgery using autologous incus show similar hearing outcomes as those using titanium PORP. The risk of prosthesis exclusion is lower for autologous incus than titanium PORP. The residual handle of malleus has no obvious influence on the postoperative hearing improvement.

[Epidemiological investigation of allergic rhinitis in Ningxia].

Objective: To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of allergic rhinitis (AR) in Ningxia and to analyze its related factors. Methods: From March to September of 2013, a multi-stage and cluster sampling method was used to investigate the diagnosis and treatment of AR in Ningxia Area (3 years and above). Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of allergic rhinitis (2009, Wuyishan) was used as the basis for the diagnosis of adult AR, while Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of pediatric allergic rhinitis (2010, Chongqing) was used as the basis for children. SPSS 16.0 software was used to complete the statistical analysis. Results: The total number of questionnaires was 6 000, and the number of effective questionnaire was 5 236, the recovery rate was 87.27%. With 684 cases diagnosed of AR, the prevalence of AR in Ningxia was 13.06% (684/5 236), including 13.40% (325/2 425) of males, 12.77% (359/2 811) of females. The difference was not statistically significant (χ(2)=0.456, P>0.05). There was significant difference in the prevalence between Hui and Han [14.35% (452/3 150) vs 11.12% (232/2 086), χ(2)=11.51, P<0.05]. According to ARIA criteria, persistent AR was 27.63% (189/684), intermittent AR was 72.37% (495/684). The month with highest incidence of AR in Ningxia Area was September, accounting for 71.78% (491/684). The prevalence of urban population was 14.54%, with the prevalence of rural population was 11.90%, and the difference was significant between urban and rural residents (χ(2)=7.90, P<0.05). The age group with highest prevalence rate was 21~30 years old. The main inhalation allergens were mugwort (68.42%), weeds (58.48%) and ragweed (55.56%). The main dietary allergens were wheat flour (14.33%), peanut (13.74%) and walnut kernel (11.99%). The most common complication was allergic conjunctivitis [82.02% (561/684)]. Conclusion: The epidemiology of AR in Ningxia Area is preliminarily understood, which will provide the epidemiological evidence for the prevention and treatment of AR and the formulation of public health policy.

Computerised tomography and intravenous pyelography in urinary tuberculosis: a retrospective descriptive study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the radiological findings of urinary tuberculosis (TB) in patients from multiple centres to improve understanding of this disease among urologists and radiologists. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 192 consecutive patients (98 males and 94 females) with urinary TB underwent computed tomography; 28 of the 192 also underwent contrast agent-enhanced intravenous pyelography of the kidney, ureter and bladder (KUB/IVP). RESULTS: The most common finding was hydronephrosis, observed in 79.1% of the patients, with 81.4% of the destructive renal lesions identified in the medulla. The numbers of lesions in the dorsal medulla and the lower pole of the renal medulla were greater than those in the ventral, middle and upper poles (P = 0.0361). CONCLUSION: Hydronephrosis is a frequently observed radiological finding among patients with urinary TB. Most TB lesions were observed in the renal medulla, especially the dorsal and lower poles of the medulla.