Functional sensibility of the hand in leprosy patients.

The aims of this cross-sectional comparative study was to compare the results of Semmes-Weinstein monofilament testing (SWM) and moving 2-point discrimination (M2PD) with four tests of functional sensibility: recognition of objects, discrimination of size and texture and detection of dots. Ninety-eight leprosy in- and outpatients at Green Pastures Hospital in Pokhara, Nepal were tested with each of the above tests and the results were compared to see how well they agreed. Using the tests of functional sensibility as reference points, we examined the validity of the SWM and M2PD as predictors of functional sensibility. There was definite, but only moderate correlation between thresholds of monofilaments and M2PD and functional sensibility of the hand. A normal result with the SWM and/or M2PD had a good predictive value for normal functional sensibility. Sensitivity was reasonable against recognition of objects and discrimination of textures as reference tests (80-90% and 88-93%), but poor against discrimination of size and detection of dots (50-75% and 43-65%). Specificity was high for most combinations of SWM or M2PD with any of the tests of functional sensibility (85-99%). Above a monofilament threshold of 2 g, the predictive value of an abnormal test was 100% for dot detection and 83-92% for textural discrimination. This indicates that impairment of touch sensibility at this level correlates well with loss of dot detection and textural discrimination in patients with leprous neuropathy. For M2PD the pattern was very similar. Above a threshold of 5 mm, 95-100% of affected hands had loss of dot detection and 73-80% had loss of textural discrimination. Monofilament testing and M2PD did not seem suitable as proxy measures of functional sensibility of the hand in leprosy patients. However, a normal threshold with monofilaments and/or M2PD had a good predictive value for normal functional sensibility. Above a monofilament threshold of 2 g and/or a M2PD threshold of 5 mm, textural discrimination was abnormal in most hands.

Intertester reliability of manual muscle strength testing in leprosy patients.

This study reports the results of a study on the intertester reliability of manual muscle strength testing in leprosy patients with confirmed motor function loss of at least one nerve. Three testers graded the muscle strength of 72 patients in random order. Both hands and feet were graded. Strength was graded on a modified Medical Research Council Scale (9 points, 5, 4+, 4, 3+, 3, 2+, 2, 1, 0). The following movements were tested for strength: little finger and index finger abduction, intrinsic position of all four fingers, thumb abduction and opposition, foot dorsiflexion and eversion and extension of the big toe. The weighted kappa statistic was used to calculate the chance-corrected percentage of agreement between observers. Overall agreement for each of the 11 tests appeared to be good or very good (0.61-1.00). However, when data for hands or feet with normal strength or complete paralysis were excluded from the analysis, the reliability of the remaining mid-range scale was not acceptable (kappa 0.55-0.88, direct agreement range 11-41%). While the reliability of this scale could possibly be improved by special training, we feel that, for the evaluation of nerve function for leprosy patients with (suspected) nerve function loss, the extended 9-point VMT scale should only be used when direct intra- or intertester agreement is more than 80%.

Intra- and inter-tester reliability of sensibility testing in leprosy.

We conducted an intra- and inter-tester agreement study of three sensory screening tests used in nerve function assessment of leprosy patients: the Semmes-Weinstein monofilament (SWM) test, moving 2-point discrimination (M2PD), and the pin prick test. The weighted kappa (Kw) statistic was used as the reliability coefficient. The SWM had intra-observer Kws ranging from 0.83 to 0.92 and inter-observer Kws ranging from 0.76 to 0.89. The M2PD had intra- and inter-tester Kws ranging from 0.75 to 0.82 and 0.54 to 0.82, respectively. Inter-tester agreement for the pin prick test ranged from 0.45 to 0.85. There was evidence that the main source of variability between testers was testing skill and experience. Among the experienced physiotechnicians there was no significant difference between intra- and inter-tester reliability. We conclude that reliability of the SWM test was very good, closely followed by the M2PD test. Reliability of the pin prick test was less good than that of the SWM and M2PD, making it less suitable for serial testing.