RESUMO
Introduction: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by neurotoxic immuno-inflammation concomitant with cytotoxic oligomerization of amyloid beta (Aß) and tau, culminating in concurrent, interdependent immunopathic and proteopathic pathogeneses. Methods: We performed a comprehensive series of in silico, in vitro, and in vivo studies explicitly evaluating the atomistic-molecular mechanisms of cytokine-mediated and Aß-mediated neurotoxicities in AD. Next, 471 new chemical entities were designed and synthesized to probe the pathways identified by these molecular mechanism studies and to provide prototypic starting points in the development of small-molecule therapeutics for AD. Results: In response to various stimuli (e.g., infection, trauma, ischemia, air pollution, depression), Aß is released as an early responder immunopeptide triggering an innate immunity cascade in which Aß exhibits both immunomodulatory and antimicrobial properties (whether bacteria are present, or not), resulting in a misdirected attack upon "self" neurons, arising from analogous electronegative surface topologies between neurons and bacteria, and rendering them similarly susceptible to membrane-penetrating attack by antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) such as Aß. After this self-attack, the resulting necrotic (but not apoptotic) neuronal breakdown products diffuse to adjacent neurons eliciting further release of Aß, leading to a chronic self-perpetuating autoimmune cycle. AD thus emerges as a brain-centric autoimmune disorder of innate immunity. Based upon the hypothesis that autoimmune processes are susceptible to endogenous regulatory processes, a subsequent comprehensive screening program of 1137 small molecules normally present in human brain identified tryptophan metabolism as a regulator of brain innate immunity and a source of potential endogenous anti-AD molecules capable of chemical modification into multi-site therapeutic modulators targeting AD's complex immunopathic-proteopathic pathogenesis. Discussion: Conceptualizing AD as an autoimmune disease, identifying endogenous regulators of this autoimmunity, and designing small molecule drug-like analogues of these endogenous regulators represents a novel therapeutic approach for AD.
RESUMO
Inhibition of rho kinase (ROCK) has been recognized as an important target for a number of diseases, including glaucoma. Herein we report SAR development around two hits from a kinase library that led to the discovery of the ROCK inhibitor compound 38. In vitro and in vivo analysis of this compound, including its effects in a monkey model of glaucoma will be discussed.
Assuntos
Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/química , Pirazinas/química , Quinases Associadas a rho/antagonistas & inibidores , Animais , Glaucoma/tratamento farmacológico , Glaucoma/enzimologia , Haplorrinos , Humanos , Microssomos Hepáticos/efeitos dos fármacos , Microssomos Hepáticos/enzimologia , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/metabolismo , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/uso terapêutico , Pirazinas/metabolismo , Pirazinas/uso terapêutico , Coelhos , Quinases Associadas a rho/metabolismoRESUMO
A new series of 5-(pyridinon-1-yl)indazoles with MCH-1 antagonist activity were synthesized. Potential cardiovascular risk for these compounds was assessed based upon their interaction with the hERG potassium channel in a mini-patch clamp assay. Selected compounds were studied in a 5-day diet-induced obese mouse model to evaluate their potential use as weight loss agents. Structural modification of the 5-(pyridinon-1-yl)indazoles to give 5-(furopyridinon-5-yl)indazoles provided compounds with enhanced pharmacokinetic properties and improved efficacy.
Assuntos
Indazóis/farmacologia , Obesidade/tratamento farmacológico , Receptores do Hormônio Hipofisário/antagonistas & inibidores , Animais , Fármacos Antiobesidade/química , Fármacos Antiobesidade/farmacologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/induzido quimicamente , Canais de Potássio Éter-A-Go-Go/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Indazóis/farmacocinética , Indazóis/uso terapêutico , Camundongos , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
A new series of 4-aryl-1-(indazol-5-yl)pyridin-2(1H)ones possessing MCH-1 receptor antagonism is presented. Suzuki coupling of boronic acids with key triflate 6 allowed rapid generation of a range of analogs. The SAR of the MCH-1 receptor was explored with a variety of aryl and heterocyclic moieties. Selected compounds were studied in a five-day diet induced obese mouse model to evaluate their potential use as weight loss agents.
Assuntos
Fármacos Antiobesidade/química , Obesidade/tratamento farmacológico , Piridinas/química , Receptores do Hormônio Hipofisário/antagonistas & inibidores , Animais , Fármacos Antiobesidade/farmacologia , Camundongos , Piridinas/farmacologia , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
A new series of tetrahydrocarbolines with potent MCH-1 antagonist activity were synthesized, using a conformationally constrained design approach towards optimizing pharmacokinetic properties. Two compounds from this series were progressed to a 5-day diet-induced obesity mouse screening model to evaluate their potential as weight loss agents. Both compounds produced a highly significant reduction in weight, which was attributed to their improved pharmacokinetic profile.
Assuntos
Fármacos Antiobesidade/química , Carbolinas/química , Obesidade/tratamento farmacológico , Receptores do Hormônio Hipofisário/antagonistas & inibidores , Animais , Fármacos Antiobesidade/farmacologia , Peso Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Carbolinas/farmacologia , Carbolinas/uso terapêutico , Camundongos , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
The original structure of a high-throughput screening hit obtained from an external vendor was revised based on multiple NMR studies. The active compound was re-synthesized via a novel route and its structure and biological activity as a BRS-3 agonist were unambiguously confirmed. Multi-gram quantities of the hit were prepared for pharmacokinetic and efficacy studies. The synthetic strategy allowed for the preparation of multiple analogs for SAR exploration.
Assuntos
Fármacos Antiobesidade/síntese química , Naftiridinas/síntese química , Pirazóis/síntese química , Receptores da Bombesina/agonistas , Animais , Fármacos Antiobesidade/química , Fármacos Antiobesidade/farmacocinética , Ensaios de Triagem em Larga Escala , Humanos , Naftiridinas/química , Naftiridinas/farmacocinética , Pirazóis/química , Pirazóis/farmacocinética , Ratos , Receptores da Bombesina/metabolismo , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
SAR around non-peptidic potent bombesin receptor subtype-3 (BRS-3) agonist lead 2 is presented. Attempts to replace the carboxylic acid with heterocyclic isosteres to improve oral bioavailability and brain penetration are described.
Assuntos
Fármacos Antiobesidade/síntese química , Imidazóis/química , Receptores da Bombesina/agonistas , Administração Oral , Animais , Fármacos Antiobesidade/química , Fármacos Antiobesidade/uso terapêutico , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Humanos , Imidazóis/síntese química , Imidazóis/uso terapêutico , Camundongos , Obesidade/tratamento farmacológico , Ratos , Receptores da Bombesina/metabolismo , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
We report SAR studies on a novel non-peptidic bombesin receptor subtype-3 (BRS-3) agonist lead series derived from high-throughput screening hit RY-337. This effort led to the discovery of compound 22e with significantly improved potency at both rodent and human BRS-3.
Assuntos
Descoberta de Drogas , Imidazóis/química , Imidazóis/farmacologia , Receptores da Bombesina/agonistas , Animais , Disponibilidade Biológica , Humanos , Imidazóis/farmacocinética , Ratos , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
This Letter describes a series of potent and selective BRS-3 agonists containing a biarylethylimidazole pharmacophore. Extensive SAR studies were carried out with different aryl substitutions. This work led to the identification of a compound 2-{2-[4-(pyridin-2-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-5-(2,2-dimethylbutyl)-1H-imidazole 9 with excellent binding affinity (IC(50)=18 nM, hBRS-3) and functional agonist activity (EC(50)=47 nM, 99% activation). After oral administration, compound 9 had sufficient exposure in diet induced obese mice to demonstrate efficacy in lowering food intake and body weight via BRS-3 activation.
Assuntos
Imidazóis/química , Imidazóis/uso terapêutico , Obesidade/tratamento farmacológico , Receptores da Bombesina/agonistas , Receptores da Bombesina/metabolismo , Animais , Peso Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Ingestão de Alimentos/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Imidazóis/farmacocinética , Camundongos , Ratos , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Introduction of the phenyl piperidinone and phenyl pyridinone P4 moieties in the anthranilamide scaffold led to potent, selective, and orally bioavailable inhibitors of factor Xa. Anthranilamide 28 displayed comparable efficacy to apixaban in the rabbit arteriovenous-shunt (AV) thrombosis model.
Assuntos
Antitrombina III , Piperidinas/química , Piridonas/química , Inibidores de Serina Proteinase , Trombose/tratamento farmacológico , ortoaminobenzoatos/química , Administração Oral , Animais , Antitrombina III/administração & dosagem , Antitrombina III/síntese química , Antitrombina III/farmacocinética , Derivação Arteriovenosa Cirúrgica , Sítios de Ligação , Disponibilidade Biológica , Modelos Animais , Coelhos , Inibidores de Serina Proteinase/administração & dosagem , Inibidores de Serina Proteinase/síntese química , Inibidores de Serina Proteinase/farmacocinética , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Trombose/etiologiaRESUMO
1. Inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase (statins) reduce serum cholesterol and have proven benefits in the treatment of cardiovascular disease. However, recent work suggests that statins may exert immunosuppressive effects in isolated lymphocytes and in solid organ transplant recipients. Fluvastatin does not interfere with the metabolism of commonly used immunosuppressive agents and, therefore, may have benefits in transplant recipients. 2. The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential immunomodulatory effects of fluvastatin in vitro in human lymphocytes and the underlying effects on signal transduction. 3. In vitro, fluvastatin (10 micromol/L) caused a time-dependent inhibition of T cell proliferation in response to cross-linking of CD3. 4. Thymidine incorporation was reduced by 22, 81 and 92% at days 1, 3 and 5, respectively. 5. Mevalonate (1 micromol/L) treatment for 4 or 24 h significantly reduced the inhibitory effects of fluvastatin; the reversal was abrogated by simultaneous exposure to mevalonate and a farnesyl transferase inhibitor. 6. At a subcellular level, fluvastatin treatment was associated with reduced functional activity of Ras-dependent extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathways and of Rho-dependent p38 activation. 7. These data suggest that the potential immunosuppressive actions of statins involve inhibition of subcellular pathways dependent on isoprenylation of signal peptides, including Ras, Rho and related G-proteins.