Molecular Mechanisms for Regulating Stomatal Formation across Diverse Plant Species.

Plant stomata play a crucial role in photosynthesis by regulating transpiration and gas exchange. Meanwhile, environmental cues can also affect the formation of stomata. Stomatal formation, therefore, is optimized for the survival and growth of the plant despite variable environmental conditions. To adapt to environmental conditions, plants open and close stomatal pores and even regulate the number of stomata that develop on the epidermis. There are great differences in the leaf structure and developmental origin of the cell in the leaf between Arabidopsis and grass plants. These differences affect the fine regulation of stomatal formation due to different plant species. In this paper, a comprehensive overview of stomatal formation and the molecular networks and genetic mechanisms regulating the polar division and cell fate of stomatal progenitor cells in dicotyledonous plants such as Arabidopsis and Poaceae plants such as Oryza sativa and Zea mays is provided. The processes of stomatal formation mediated by plant hormones and environmental factors are summarized, and a model of stomatal formation in plants based on the regulation of multiple signaling pathways is outlined. These results contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms of stomatal formation and epidermal morphogenesis in plants and provide a valuable theoretical basis and gene resources for improving crop resilience and yield traits.

Green-Solvent-Processable Composite Micro/Nanofiber Membrane with Gradient Asymmetric Structure for Efficient Microfiltration.

Electrospinning technology has attracted extensive attention in recent decades and is widely used to prepare nanofiber membranes from hundreds of polymers. Polyvinyl formal acetal (PVFA), as a polymer with excellent properties such as high strength and heat resistance, is not reported on the electrospun water treatment membrane. In this paper, the preparation process of electrospun PVFA nanofiber membrane is optimized, and the effect of sodium chloride (NaCl) addition on the physical and mechanical properties and microfiltration performance of nanofiber membrane is also explored. And the hydrophobic PVFA nanofiber filter layer is then combined with a hydrophilic nonwoven support layer to construct a composite micro/nanofiber membrane with a pore-size gradient structure and a hydrophilic/hydrophobic asymmetric structure. Finally, unidirectional water transport and water treatment performance are further investigated. The results show that the tensile breaking strength of the composite membrane can reach up to 37.8 MPa, the retention rate for particles with the size of 0.1-0.3 µm is 99.7%, and the water flux is 513.4 L m-2 h-1 under the hydrostatic pressure. Moreover, it still has a retention of more than 98% after three repeated uses. Therefore, the electrospun PVFA composite membrane has a great potential in microfiltration.

Long-range high-spatial-resolution distributed Brillouin sensing enabled by correlation-domain encoding.

A hybrid aperiodic-coded Brillouin optical correlation domain analysis (HA-coded BOCDA) fiber sensor is proposed to achieve long-range high-spatial-resolution distributed measurement. It is found that high-speed phase modulation in the BOCDA actually forms a special energy transformation mode. This mode can be exploited to suppress all detrimental effects parasitized in a pulse coding-induced cascaded stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) process and thereby enable the HA-coding to reach its full potential to improve the BOCDA performance. As a result, under a low system complexity and an enhanced measurement speed, a 72.65-km sensing range and a 5-cm spatial resolution are achieved with a temperature/strain measurement accuracy of 2℃/40 µÎµ.

Overcoming acoustic crosstalk in the BOTDA sensor with a bidirectional frequency-modulated probe.

Conventional Brillouin optical time-domain analyzer (BOTDA) with a frequency-modulated probe (FMP) could avoid non-local effects, while still suffering from the acoustic crosstalk between different frequencies. The induced Brillouin frequency shift (BFS) measurement errors over the whole sensing fiber link reduce system certainty subsequently. A BOTDA scheme with a bidirectional frequency-modulated probe (BFMP) is proposed to overcome such an effect. It utilizes BFMP to generate the crosstalk of the same magnitude and opposite direction to compensate each other. Experimental results indicate that the pulse interval of the coded sequence could be reduced to ∼500 ns to improve the measurement efficiency and BFS estimation errors (∼2.2 MHz) over 117.46-km sensor link are eliminated simultaneously.

Fading-free Φ-OTDR evaluation based on the statistical analysis of phase hopping.

In phase-sensitive optical time domain reflectometry (Φ-OTDR), false phase peaks caused by interference fading have been observed experimentally; however, the statistical law has not yet been disclosed. In this work, after clarifying that the false phase peaks originate from the phase hopping of demodulated phase noise during the unwinding process, we define the phase hopping rate (PHR) to evaluate the degree of fading and study the quantitative relationship between the PHR and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the measured signal through theoretical derivation and experimental verification. In addition, a moving rotated-vector-average (MRVA) method is proposed to suppress the fading and eliminate the false phase peaks. In the experiment, after MRVA processing with a 25 ns sliding window, the lowest SNR is pulled from 0.003 to 14.9, and the corresponding PHR is reduced from 0.237 to less than 0.0001, which is consistent with the theoretical analysis.

Overcoming EDFA slow transient effect in a Golay-coded BOTDA sensor by a distributed depletion mapping method.

The erbium-doped-fiber-amplifier (EDFA), generally served as a pre-amplifier, could effectively raise the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of a Brillouin optical time-domain analysis (BOTDA) sensor. However, it also induces a distortion in the Brillouin gain spectrum and Brillouin frequency shift measurement errors due to the slow transient effect (STE) in the coded-BOTDA. We propose a distributed depletion mapping (DDM) method to overcome such an effect. A continuous light wave with a particular wavelength is injected to map the STE-induced depletion to compensate for the distortion. The proposed scheme is experimentally demonstrated along a 120-km sensing fiber with 2-m spatial resolution. Experimental results show that the conventional tail-alignment (TA) method cannot compensate for the STE over the whole fiber link, while the proposed DDM method compensates for over 7.69-MHz measurement errors.

Frequency splicing code-based Brillouin optical time domain collider for fast dynamic measurement.

We propose a frequency splicing code-based Brillouin optical time domain collider (FSC-BOTDC) for fast dynamic sensing. By delicately designing the frequency splicing code (FSC), multiple collision modes with controllable characteristics are realized for probing multiple target areas with a high sampling rate. Moreover, the sensing system is simpler and more robust than the previous BOTDC. In the experiment, the FSC-BOTDC with 10-time enhanced sampling rate is implemented for single and multiple target areas measurements. Results demonstrate that tailorable measurements can be achieved by the tunable FSC. Furthermore, the FSC-BOTDC is executed to measure periodic mechanical vibrations over 7.9-km sensing range with the sampling rate of 625 Hz.

Hybrid aperiodic coding for SNR improvement in a BOTDA fiber sensor.

The measurement accuracy of a Brillouin optical time domain analysis (BOTDA) fiber sensor is determined by the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the received sensing signal. Here, a new hybrid aperiodic coding method is proposed to improve the SNR. In the proposed method, two pre-discovered short seed aperiodic codes (SA-codes) are used to construct a new hybrid aperiodic code (HA-code) in a nested way. The HA-code inherits the good denoising capabilities of the two SA-codes and features a high coding gain. In the proof-of-concept experiment, a SNR improvement up to 8 dB is obtained, which improves the measurement certainty to 1.67 MHz over a 117.46 km sensing range under a spatial resolution of 2.6 m.

Electrospun ultrafine fibers for advanced face masks.

The outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has triggered great global public health concern. Face masks are essential tools to reduce the spread of SARS-CoV-2 from human to human. However, there are still challenges to prolong the serving life and maintain the filtering performance of the current commercial mask. Filters composed of ultrafine fibers with diameter down to tens of nanometers have the potential to physically block viruses. With adjustable composition and nanostructures, the electrospun ultrafine fiber filter is possible to achieve other necessary functions beyond virus blocking, such as antiviral, transparent, and degradable, making it an important part of fighting the epidemic. In this review, beginning with the basic information of the viruses, we summarize the knowledge of masks and respirators, including the filtering mechanism, structure, classification, and standards. We further present the fabrication method, filtering performance, and reusable potential of electrospun ultrafine fiber-based masks. In the end, we discuss the development directions of ultrafine fibers in protective devices, especially their new functional applications and possible contributions in the prevention and control of the epidemic.

Distributed dynamic strain sensing in coherent Φ-OTDR with a pulse conversion algorithm.

In this Letter, a chirped-pulse conversion algorithm (CPCA) is proposed to convert a normal probe pulse into an equivalent chirped probe pulse by convolving a chirp factor on the received signal in coherent phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometry (Φ-OTDR). With this algorithm, the Rayleigh interference pattern (RIP) demodulation once applied to chirped-pulse Φ-OTDR can be adopted to quantify the dynamic strain in the traditional coherent Φ-OTDR. Since the equivalent chirped pulse is generated by digital processing, complex and costly chirp modulation is not required. The proposed scheme is capable of fully quantifying perturbations with spatial resolution of 4 m, a sensing range of 8 km, frequency response of 5 kHz, and strain resolution of 56pε/√Hz.

Enhanced range of the dynamic strain measurement in phase-sensitive OTDR with tunable sensitivity.

Phase-sensitive optical time domain reflectometry (Φ-OTDR) realizes quantitative measurement of the dynamic strain employing phase demodulation. Unfortunately, it is difficult to measure the large dynamic strain with the conventional Φ-OTDR due to the restriction of the unwrapping algorithm. In this work, an approach based on two-wavelength probe is proposed and demonstrated to improve the measurable range of the dynamic strain in Φ-OTDR. By utilizing the difference between the two phases acquiring with two different lasers, the large dynamic strain can be recovered. In experiments, dynamic strains with peak values from 10.32 uɛ to 24.08 uɛ are retrieved accurately, which cannot be recovered with the conventional Φ-OTDR. Moreover, the tunable sensitivity is also demonstrated through adjusting the wavelengths of the probe. With the increment of the wavelength interval from 9.06 nm to 23.06 nm, the normalized sensitivity increases from 0.4 to 1 accordingly. That agrees well with the theoretical prediction. Foreseeably, the proposed method will extend the scope of application fields for Φ-OTDR, which requires large dynamic strain recognition.

Brillouin optical time domain collider for fast dynamic sensing.

The dynamic sampling rate of Brillouin optical time domain analysis (BOTDA) is limited by fiber length. For breaking through this limit, a Brillouin optical time domain collider (BOTDC) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. In this BOTDC, by employing frequency-hopping pump and probe waves, sensing information-crosstalk between adjacent pump pulses is avoided even though the pump pulse interval is shorter than the round-trip time of flight in the fiber. In the experiment, periodic mechanical vibrations with a 19.75 Hz fundamental frequency and a 39.49 Hz harmonic frequency are measured by a 10-frequency BOTDC with a sampling rate of 49 kHz which is 10 times higher than that in the BOTDA.

ZmSRL5 is involved in drought tolerance by maintaining cuticular wax structure in maize.

Cuticular wax is a natural barrier on terrestrial plant organs, which protects plants from damages caused by a variety of stresses. Here, we report the identification and functional characterization of a cuticular-wax-related gene, Zea mays L. SEMI-ROLLED LEAF 5 (ZmSRL5). The loss-of-function mutant srl5, which was created by a 3,745 bp insertion in the first intron that led to the premature transcript, exhibited abnormal wax crystal morphology and distribution, which, in turn, caused the pleiotropic phenotypes including increased chlorophyll leaching and water loss rate, decreased leaf temperature, sensitivity to drought, as well as semi-rolled mature leaves. However, total wax amounts showed no significant difference between wild type and semi-rolled leaf5 (srl5) mutant. The phenotype of srl5 was confirmed through the generation of two allelic mutants using CRISPR/Cas9. ZmSRL5 encodes a CASPARIAN-STRIP-MEMBRANE-DOMAIN-LIKE (CASPL) protein located in plasma membrane, and highly expressed in developing leaves. Further analysis showed that the expressions of the most wax related genes were not affected or slightly altered in srl5. This study, thus, primarily uncovers that ZmSRL5 is required for the structure formation of the cuticular wax and could increase the drought tolerance by maintaining the proper cuticular wax structure in maize.

Enhanced phase-sensitive OTDR system with pulse width modulation Brillouin amplification.

A pulse width modulation (PWM) Brillouin amplification has been proposed and demonstrated to improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and sensitivity of phase-sensitive optical time domain reflectometry (Ф-OTDR) especially for the far end of a sensing fiber. In the logarithmic unit, arbitrary gain distribution can be realized with the customizable PWM function. The gain distribution is adjustable by tuning the PWM parameters. To prove the concept, three typical gain distributions including up-ramp sawtooth, sine and triangle have been achieved with the corresponding driving functions. In experiments, a linear PWM pump light has been used to amplify the backscattering Rayleigh light. The signal at the leading end has been enhanced by about 11.5 dB. Meanwhile, 9 dB transmission attenuation (along 25 km SMF) has also been compensated excellently. To verify the effectiveness of attenuation compensation, two vibrations with a frequency of 100 Hz and 300 Hz have been recovered accurately at the trailing end. Besides, preamplifier and acoustic-optic modulator (AOM) was used to suppress the ASE noise and further improve the effective ER, respectively. With that, lower relative intensity noise (RIN) has been obtained in the proposed system compared to the conventional Brillouin amplification in Ф-OTDR. So the proposed PWM Brillouin amplification not only improves the SNR but also equalizes the sensitivity along whole sensing fiber. It avoids the complex calibration and suppresses the false alarm rate in field application. Foreseeably, this scheme is universal and can be adopted by other distributed fiber optic technique to enhance the system performance.

The forensic value of X-linked markers in mixed-male DNA analysis.

Autosomal genetic markers and Y chromosome markers have been widely applied in analysis of mixed stains at crime scenes by forensic scientists. However, true genotype combinations are often difficult to distinguish using autosomal markers when similar amounts of DNA are contributed by multiple donors. In addition, specific individuals cannot be determined by Y chromosomal markers because male relatives share the same Y chromosome. X-linked markers, possessing characteristics somewhere intermediate between autosomes and the Y chromosome, are less universally applied in criminal casework. In this paper, X markers are proposed to apply to male mixtures because their true genes can be more easily and accurately recognized than the decision of the genotypes of AS markers. In this study, an actual two-man mixed stain from a forensic case file and simulated male-mixed DNA were examined simultaneously with the X markers and autosomal markers. Finally, the actual mixture was separated successfully by the X markers, although it was unresolved by AS-STRs, and the separation ratio of the simulated mixture was much higher using Chr X tools than with AS methods. We believe X-linked markers provide significant advantages in individual discrimination of male mixtures that should be further applied to forensic work.

Novel birefringence interrogation for Sagnac loop interferometer sensor with unlimited linear measurement range.

A novel demodulation method for Sagnac loop interferometer based sensor has been proposed and demonstrated, by unwrapping the phase changes with birefringence interrogation. A temperature sensor based on Sagnac loop interferometer has been used to verify the feasibility of the proposed method. Several tests with 40 °C temperature range have been accomplished with a great linearity of 0.9996 in full range. The proposed scheme is universal for all Sagnac loop interferometer based sensors and it has unlimited linear measurable range which overwhelming the conventional demodulation method with peak/dip tracing. Furthermore, the influence of the wavelength sampling interval and wavelength span on the demodulation error has been discussed in this work. The proposed interrogation method has a great significance for Sagnac loop interferometer sensor and it might greatly enhance the availability of this type of sensors in practical application.

Annealing properties of fiber Bragg grating UV-inscribed in boron-germanium codoped fiber.

In this work, we mainly focus on the investigation of the feasibility of production of high-temperature stable fiber Bragg grating (FBG) based on reduplicative alternate annealing and hydrogen loading. The experimental results also can demonstrate the significance of the presence of hydrogen to the thermal regeneration of FBGs. The gratings are characterized and variations are compared after each stage, including UV fabrication, annealing, and reduplicative hydrogen-preloaded annealing. In different stages, the spectral and annealing responses of FBG are, respectively, investigated, as temperature increases, the Bragg wavelength consistently shifts to longer wavelengths; nevertheless, the reflection variations are distinctly discrepant. After reduplicative alternate annealing and hydrogen loading, the thermal stability is tremendously improved, and a reborn, stable grating is formed.

Precise Brillouin gain and phase spectra measurements in coherent BOTDA sensor with phase fluctuation cancellation.

In order to cancel phase fluctuation induced Brillouin gain spectrum (BGS) and Brillouin phase spectrum (BPS) distortions, a new scheme with phase fluctuation cancellation (PFC) is proposed to realize precise BGS and BPS measurements in coherent BOTDA sensors. We present comprehensive and theoretical analysis about the effect of phase fluctuation on the shape of BGS and BPS, and further design a new experimental setup to fully cancel phase fluctuation induced measurement errors. In our new scheme, the two signals sent into the in-phase/quadrature (I/Q) demodulator are almost the same except for the additional amplitude amplification and phase shift induced by Brillouin gain, thus a strict phase synchronization between them has been realized (i.e., PFC). Experimental results show that the biggest BFS decoding error induced by phase fluctuation is reduced from 4.9MHz to 0.4MHz over a 40-km sensing fiber.

Multiple vibrations measurement using phase-sensitive OTDR merged with Mach-Zehnder interferometer based on frequency division multiplexing.

A novel measurement scheme for multiple high-frequency vibrations has been demonstrated by combining phase-sensitive optical time domain reflectometry (Ф-OTDR) and Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) based on frequency division multiplexing. The light source is directly launched into the MZI structure, while it was modulated by an acoustic optical modulator (AOM) with a frequency shift of 200 MHz for the Ф-OTDR part. The vibration frequency is obtained by demodulating the interference signal obtained by the MZI structure, while the vibration position is located by Ф-OTDR system. The spatial resolution of 10m is obtained over 3 km sensing fiber. And the detectable vibration frequency reaches up to 40 kHz. Compared to the previous schemes, this system works without dead zone in the detectable frequency range. Furthermore, the frequency spectrum mapping method has been adopted to determine multiple high-frequency vibrations simultaneously. The experimental results prove the concept and match well with the theoretical analysis.

Optical Fiber Temperature and Torsion Sensor Based on Lyot-Sagnac Interferometer.

An optical fiber temperature and torsion sensor has been proposed by employing the Lyot-Sagnac interferometer, which was composed by inserting two sections of high-birefringence (HiBi) fiber into the Sagnac loop. The two inserted sections of HiBi fiber have different functions; while one section acts as the temperature sensitive region, the other can be used as reference fiber. The temperature and twist sensor based on the proposed interferometer structure have been experimentally demonstrated. The experimental results show that the envelope of the output spectrum will shift with the temperature evolution. The temperature sensitivity is calculated to be -17.99 nm/°C, which is enlarged over 12 times compared to that of the single Sagnac interferometer. Additionally, the fringe visibility of the spectrum will change due to the fiber twist, and the test results reveal that the fringe visibility and twist angle perfectly conform to a Sine relationship over a 360° twist angle. Consequently, simultaneous torsion and temperature measurement could be realized by detecting the envelope shift and fringe visibility of the spectrum.