FOSL1 promotes proneural-to-mesenchymal transition of glioblastoma stem cells via UBC9/CYLD/NF-κB axis.

Proneural (PN) to mesenchymal (MES) transition (PMT) is a crucial phenotypic shift in glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs). However, the mechanisms driving this process remain poorly understood. Here, we report that Fos-like antigen 1 (FOSL1), a component of AP1 transcription factor complexes, is a key player in regulating PMT. FOSL1 is predominantly expressed in the MES subtype, but not PN subtype, of GSCs. Knocking down FOSL1 expression in MES GSCs leads to the loss of MES features and tumor-initiating ability, whereas ectopic expression of FOSL1 in PN GSCs is able to induce PMT and maintain MES features. Moreover, FOSL1 facilitates ionizing radiation (IR)-induced PMT and radioresistance of PN GSCs. Inhibition of FOSL1 enhances the anti-tumor effects of IR by preventing IR-induced PMT. Mechanistically, we find that FOSL1 promotes UBC9-dependent CYLD SUMOylation, thereby inducing K63-linked polyubiquitination of major nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) intermediaries and subsequent NF-κB activation, which results in PMT induction in GSCs. Our study underscores the importance of FOSL1 in the regulation of PMT and suggests that therapeutic targeting of FOSL1 holds promise to attenuate molecular subtype switching in patients with glioblastomas.

Synergistic Treatment of Congo Red Dye with Heat Treated Low Rank Coal and Micro-Nano Bubbles.

In this study, the adsorption method and micro-nano bubble (MNB) technology were combined to improve the efficiency of organic pollutant removal from dye wastewater. The adsorption properties of Congo red (CR) on raw coal and semi-coke (SC) with and without MNBs were studied. The mesoporosity of the coal strongly increased after the heat treatment, which was conducive to the adsorption of macromolecular organics, such as CR, and the specific surface area increased greatly from 2.787 m2/g to 80.512 m2/g. MNBs could improve the adsorption of both raw coal and SC under different pH levels, temperatures and dosages. With the use of MNBs, the adsorption capacity of SC reached 169.49 mg/g, which was much larger than that of the raw coal at 15.75 mg/g. The MNBs effectively reduced the adsorption time from 240 to 20 min. In addition, the MNBs could ensure the adsorbent maintained a good adsorption effect across a wide pH range. The removal rate was above 90% in an acidic environment and above 70% in an alkaline environment. MBs can effectively improve the rate of adsorption of pollutants by adsorbents. SC was obtained from low-rank coal through a rapid one-step heating treatment and was used as a kind of cheap adsorbent. The method is thus simple and easy to implement in the industrial context and has the potential for industrial promotion.

A case series of patients with gonadal dysgenesis-associated mixed malignant ovarian germ cell tumor.

Introduction: Malignant germ cell tumors (MGCT) can occur in both genders. In this study, we present eight cases of mixed ovarian MGCT in patients. Most patients reported in the current study are young women, among whom clinical characteristics of gonadal dysgenesis associated MGCT were rarely reported.Methods: Comprehensive information of eight patients with mixed ovarian MGCTs, including patients' age, clinical features, tumor markers, imaging findings, surgical records, pathology, karyotyping tests, chemotherapy and follow-up were collected. Surgical specimens were evaluated by two specialized gynecologic pathologists.Results: All patients received surgery, while seven received chemotherapy. Among them, two received a second surgery and three patients received hormone replacement therapy (HRT) after gonadectomy. Four of five patients with amenorrhea were found to have 46, XY karyotype. All patients showed no sign of recurrence at the latest follow-up.Discussion: Karyotyping or genetics testing in patients with amenorrhea is necessary, especially for patients with pelvic mass, which can help surgeons to evaluate the necessity of gonadectomy before surgery. The patients with gonadal dysgenesis associated mixed ovarian MGCT seem to have better prognosis and long survival time. Thus, HRT, an option that can improve life quality, is worth considering for these patients after gonadectomy.

[Magnetic resonance imaging features of glioma with Brg/Brm associated factor 53a expression].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics of glioma with Brg/Brm-associated factor 53a (BAF53a) expression.
 Methods: A total of 121 patients with glioma was divided into a BAF53a high expression group (n=79) and a low expression group (n=42) according to the results of immunohistochemistry. Then the MRI characteristics, including lesion location, number, boundary, maximum diameter, peripheral edema, midline structure shift, homogeneity, cystic necrosis, hemorrhage, strengthening degree, ependymal strengthening, pia mater enhancement, deep white matter invasion and lesion across the midline (total 14 items), were analyzed.
 Results: The results showed that there were significance difference in lesion border, lesion edema, enhancement of the lesion, and deep white matter invasion between the 2 groups (all P<0.05).
 Conclusion: The MRI characteristics, such as lesion border, lesion edema degree, enhancement degree of the lesion and deep white matter invasion, might be associated with BAF53a expression in gliomas.

MIR106B and MIR93 prevent removal of bacteria from epithelial cells by disrupting ATG16L1-mediated autophagy.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Variants in genes that regulate autophagy have been associated with Crohn's disease (CD). Defects in autophagy-mediated removal of pathogenic microbes could contribute to the pathogenesis of CD. We investigated the role of the microRNAs (miRs) MIR106B and MIR93 in induction of autophagy and bacterial clearance in human cell lines and the correlation between MIR106B and autophagy-related gene 16L1 (ATG16L1) expression in tissues from patients with CD. METHODS: We studied the ability of MIR106B and MIR93 to regulate ATG transcripts in human cancer cell lines (HCT116, SW480, HeLa, and U2OS) using luciferase report assays and bioinformatics analyses; MIR106B and MIR93 mimics and antagonists were transfected into cells to modify levels of miRs. Cells were infected with LF82, a CD-associated adherent-invasive strain of Escherichia coli, and monitored by confocal microscopy and for colony-forming units. Colon tissues from 41 healthy subjects (controls), 22 patients with active CD, 16 patients with inactive CD, and 7 patients with chronic inflammation were assessed for levels of MIR106B and ATG16L1 by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Silencing Dicer1, an essential processor of miRs, increased levels of ATG protein and formation of autophagosomes in cells, indicating that miRs regulate autophagy. Luciferase reporter assays indicated that MIR106B and MIR93 targeted ATG16L1 messenger RNA. MIR106B and MIR93 reduced levels of ATG16L1 and autophagy; these increased after expression of ectopic ATG16L1. In contrast, MIR106B and MIR93 antagonists increased formation of autophagosomes. Levels of MIR106B were increased in intestinal epithelia from patients with active CD, whereas levels of ATG16L1 were reduced compared with controls. Levels of c-Myc were also increased in intestinal epithelia of patients with active CD compared with controls. These alterations could impair removal of CD-associated bacteria by autophagy. CONCLUSIONS: In human cell lines, MIR106B and MIR93 reduce levels of ATG16L1 and autophagy and prevent autophagy-dependent eradication of intracellular bacteria. This process also appears to be altered in colon tissues from patients with active CD.

Enhanced removal of phenol and chemical oxygen demand from coking wastewater using micro and nano bubbles: Microbial community and metabolic pathways.

The treatment of coking wastewater with high phenol concentrations has been a challenge for conventional biological treatment technology. In this short communication, phenol-degrading bacteria domesticated by micro and nano bubbles (MNBs) water are used to treat the high- concentration phenol in an MNBs aeration reactor (MNB-AR). The results show that the MNB-AR can greatly improve the removal of phenol and chemical oxygen demand (COD). At a phenol concentration of 1000 mg L-1, the phenol and COD removal rates in the MNB-AR are 55 % and 39 % higher than in the conventional bubble aeration reactor respectively. MNB-AR performs more stably and reaches a higher phenol tolerance under fluctuating high-phenol-concentration loadings. Metagenomic analysis shows that MNBs promote the growth and metabolism of aerobic microorganisms related to phenol degradation, and enhance gene abundance related to carbon metabolism. MNBs aeration combined with microorganisms is an efficient solution for treating coking wastewater.

Nitrogen-doped substrate material ion imprinting-capacitive deionization selective recovery of lithium ions from acidic solutions.

With the continuous development of global industry and the increasing demand for lithium resources, recycling valuable lithium from industrial solid waste is necessary for sustainable development and environmental friendliness. Herein, we employed ion imprinting and capacitive deionization to prepare a new electrode material for lithium-ion selective recovery. The material morphology and structure were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and other characterization methods, and the adsorption mechanism and water clusters were correlated using the density functional theory. The electrode material exhibited a maximum adsorption capacity of 36.94 mg/g at a Li+ concentration of 600 mg/L. The selective separation factors for Na+, K+, Mg2+, and Al3+ in complex solution environments were 2.07, 9.82, 1.80, and 8.45, respectively. After undergoing five regeneration cycles, the material retained 91.81% of the initial Li+ adsorption capacity. Meanwhile, the electrochemical adsorption capacity for Li+ was more than twice the corresponding conventional physical adsorption capacity because electrochemical adsorption provides the energy needed for deprotonation, enabling exposure of the cavities of the crown ether molecules to enrich the active sites. The proposed environment-friendly separation approach offers excellent selectivity for Li+ recovery and addresses the growing demand for Li+ resources.

Evaluation of potential reference genes for qRT-PCR studies in human hepatoma cell lines treated with TNF-α.

In this study, the expression of eight candidate reference genes, B2M, ACTB, GAPDH, HMBS, HPRT1, TBP, UBC, and YWHAZ, was examined to identify optimal reference genes by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis in two human hepatoma cell lines, BEL-7402 and SMMC-7721, treated with tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) for different time periods. The expression stability of these genes was analyzed by three independent algorithms: geNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper. Results showed that TBP was the most stably expressed gene in BEL-7402 and SMMC-7721 cell lines under current experimental conditions, and that the optimal set of reference genes required for accurate normalization was TBP and HMBS, based on the pairwise variation value determined with geNorm. UBC and ACTB were ranked as the least stable genes by same algorithms. Our findings provide evidence that using TBP alone or in combination with HMBS as endogenous controls could be a reliable method for normalizing qRT-PCR data in human hepatoma cell lines treated with TNF-α.

Oxidation of Congo red by Fenton coupled with micro and nanobubbles.

Dye wastewater is a kind of refractory organic wastewater. Fenton coupled with micro-nano bubbles (MNBs+FT) was used for the degradation of Congo red (CR), aiming at simplifying the organic pollutants degradation process and reducing the cost of the process. The optimum condition of Fenton alone, the outlet pressure of the cavitation process and different combinations on the degradation of CR dye wastewater were discussed in this study. The results showed that the degradation of CR (100 mg/L) could reach 94.4% by using the MNBs+FT at the pH of 7, which was 72% higher than that using Fenton oxidation alone and 79% higher than that using MNBs alone. Based on the same degradation efficiency, the traditional Fenton process alone required 8 times the dose of oxidants of these combination systems, and the synergy coefficient of MNBs+FT was up to 2.44. ESR analysis indicated that ·OH was the predominant active species during the degradation of CR and MNBs+FT improved the utilization efficiency of H2O2 and produced more ·OH. Besides, the MNBs+FT could extend the pH range of the high-efficiency oxidation reaction, and it could also keep a high degradation rate under neutral conditions, which eliminated the process of adjusting the pH and reduced the anti-corrosion requirements of the equipment. According to the economic analysis results, the total cost of treatment for the MNBs/FT was about 13% of the cost of only the Fenton process. This study provides a reference for the application of MNBs+FT systems in full-scale dye wastewater treatment.

Ovarian seromucinous carcinoma: an independent epithelial ovarian cancer?

BACKGROUND: 2020 World Health Organization Classification of Female Genital Tumors removed ovarian seromucinous carcinoma as a distinct entity and recategorized it as ovarian endometrioid carcinoma with mucinous differentiation according to its pathological features. The aim of this study was to find whether ovarian seromucinous carcinoma truly represented a distinct category of ovarian tumors or an analogue of ovarian endometrioid carcinoma. METHODS: Twelve patients diagnosed with ovarian seromucinous carcinoma and received surgery at the Xiangya Hospital from January 2010 to December 2019 were included in this study. Clinicopathological features such as clinical symptoms, serological indicators, surgical information, postoperative findings, chemotherapy sensitivity, follow-up information, HE staining and IHC staining images and other clinicopathologic features were collected. Using t-test and Kaplan Meier to perform statistical analysis. Pathological review was conducted using the 2014 World Health Organization criteria. All pathological diagnoses were reviewed by two experienced pathologists. RESULTS: The age of 12 patients diagnosed with ovarian seromucinous carcinoma ranged from 23 to 68 years, with a median age of 46.8 years. Serum level of CA125 was elevated in 10 patients, and CA125/CEA ratio was less than 25 in 6 patients. Eleven patients underwent radical ovarian cancer surgery, and one patient underwent fertility preservation surgery. The progression free survival and overall survival of ovarian seromucinous carcinoma is 46.8 months and 50.2 months. Kaplan-Meier survival curve showed that the prognosis of ovarian seromucinous carcinoma and ovarian endometrioid carcinoma was significantly different (P = 0.03). The prognosis of ovarian seromucinous carcinoma and ovarian mucinous carcinoma was similar. CONCLUSION: Although ovarian seromucinous carcinoma and ovarian endometrioid carcinoma are similar in pathologic morphology, their clinical features and prognosis are significantly different. The signs, serum biomarker and prognosis of the ovarian seromucinous carcinoma are similar with ovarian mucinous carcinoma. Therefore, ovarian seromucinous carcinoma is not suitable to be directly classified as ovarian endometrioid carcinoma.

Metformin impairs the growth of liver kinase B1-intact cervical cancer cells.

OBJECTIVE: Metformin is one of the most widely used drugs for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Recent investigations demonstrated that application of metformin reduces cancer risk. The present study aimed to determine the role of liver kinase B1 (LKB1) in the response of cervical cancer cells to metformin. METHODS: LKB1 expression and the integrity of LKB1-AMPK signaling were determined with immunoblot in 6 cervical cancer cell lines. Cellular sensitivity to metformin was analyzed with MTT assay. RESULTS: Metformin inhibited growth of cervical cancer cells, C33A, Me180, and CaSki, but was less effective against HeLa, HT-3, and MS751 cells. Analyzing the expression status and the integrity of LKB1-AMPK-mTOR signaling, we found that cervical cancer cells sensitive to metformin were LKB1 intact and exerted an integral AMPK-mTOR signaling response after the treatment. Ectopic expression of LKB1 with stable transduction system or inducible expression construct in endogenous LKB1 deficient cells improved the activation of AMPK, promoted the inhibition of mTOR, and prompted the sensitivity of cells to metformin. In contrast, knock-down of LKB1 compromised cellular response to metformin. Our further investigation demonstrated that metformin could induce both apoptosis and autophagy in cervical cancer cells when LKB1 is expressed. CONCLUSIONS: Metformin is a potential drug for the treatment of cervical cancers, in particular to those with intact LKB1 expression. Administration of cell metabolism agonists may enhance LKB1 tumor suppression, inhibit cell growth, and reduce tumor cell viability via the activation of LKB1-AMPK signaling.

DNA Repair Protein HELQ and XAB2 as Chemoresponse and Prognosis Biomarkers in Ascites Tumor Cells of High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer.

Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is an important mediator for responsiveness of platinum-based chemotherapy. Our study is aimed at investigating the NER-related genes expression in ascites tumor cells and its application in the prediction of chemoresponse in high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSC) patients. The relationship between 16 NER-related genes and the prognosis of ovarian cancer was analyzed in the TCGA database. NER-related genes including HELQ and XAB2 expressions were determined via immunocytochemistry in ascites cell samples from 92 ovarian cancer patients prior to primary cytoreduction surgery. Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox model were used to investigate the association between NER-related gene expression and prognosis/chemotherapeutic response. Predicting models were constructed using a training cohort of 60 patients and validated in a validation cohort of 32 patients. We found that high expression of HELQ and XAB2 in the training cohort was associated with poor prognosis (for HELQ, P = 0.001, HR = 2.83, 95% CI: 1.46-5.49; for XAB2, P = 0.008, HR = 2.38, 95% CI: 1.23-4.63) and platinum resistance (for HELQ, P < 0.001; for XAB2, P = 0.006). In the validation cohort, the combination of HELQ and XAB2 (AUC = 0.863) showed the highest AUC. The expression levels of HELQ (RR 5.7, 95% CI 1.7-19.2) and XAB2 (RR 3.2, 95% CI 0.9-10.8) in ascites tumor cells were positively correlated to the risk of platinum resistance. In summary, we revealed that the expression levels of HELQ and XAB2 are candidate predictors for primary chemotherapy responsiveness and prognosis in HGSC. Ascites cytology is applicable as a promising method for chemosensitivity prediction in HGSC.

Development and validation of MRI-based model for the preoperative prediction of macrotrabecular hepatocellular carcinoma subtype.

BACKGROUND: Macrotrabecular hepatocellular carcinoma (MTHCC) has a poor prognosis and is difficult to diagnose preoperatively. The purpose is to build and validate MRI-based models to predict the MTHCC subtype. METHODS: Two hundred eight patients with confirmed HCC were enrolled. Three models (model 1: clinicoradiologic model; model 2: fusion radiomics signature; model 3: combined model 1 and model 2) were built based on their clinical data and MR images to predict MTHCC in training and validation cohorts. The performance of the models was assessed using the area under the curve (AUC). The clinical utility of the models was estimated by decision curve analysis (DCA). A nomogram was constructed, and its calibration was evaluated. RESULTS: Model 1 is easier to build than models 2 and 3, with a good AUC of 0.773 (95% CI 0.696-0.838) and 0.801 (95% CI 0.681-0.891) in predicting MTHCC in training and validation cohorts, respectively. It performed slightly superior to model 2 in both training (AUC 0.747; 95% CI 0.689-0.806; p = 0.548) and validation (AUC 0.718; 95% CI 0.618-0.810; p = 0.089) cohorts and was similar to model 3 in the validation (AUC 0.866; 95% CI 0.801-0.928; p = 0.321) but inferior in the training (AUC 0.889; 95% CI 0.851-0.926; p = 0.001) cohorts. The DCA of model 1 had a higher net benefit than the treat-all and treat-none strategy at a threshold probability of 10%. The calibration curves of model 1 closely aligned with the true MTHCC rates in the training (p = 0.355) and validation sets (p = 0.364). CONCLUSION: The clinicoradiologic model has a good performance in diagnosing MTHCC, and it is simpler and easier to implement, making it a valuable tool for pretherapeutic decision-making in patients.

Adsorption of direct yellow brown D3G from aqueous solution using loaded modified low-cost lignite: Performance and mechanism.

Low-cost lignite-based, copper-containing adsorbents (Cu-raw) were developed through a simple ultrasonic impregnation protocol for enhanced adsorption of direct yellow brown D3G (DYB) from aqueous solutions while treating copper-containing wastewater. The adsorbent was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersion spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The adsorption isotherms and kinetics were studied, and the factors that affect the adsorption, such as adsorbent dosage and solution pH, were investigated. The results showed that DYB adsorption was highly pH dependent and the isotherm of adsorption could be well described by the Langmuir-Freundlich model and the maximum DYB adsorption capacity was estimated to be 369 mg/g at 25°C. The electrostatic and chelating interactions were the main interfacial interaction mechanism, and the synergetic removal performance of lignite toward cationic metal ions and anionic dye was shown. The kinetic data were well fitted to the pseudo-second-order equation, indicating that chemical sorption was the rate-limiting step. The findings reported in this work highlight the potential of using lignite as an effective low-cost adsorbent for the removal of organic pollutants from wastewater.

Characteristics of Moisture Transfer and Surface Crack Development of a Single Lignite Particle Driven by Humidity Difference.

The research on moisture transfer characteristics and surface crack development of a single lignite particle (SLP) driven by humidity difference is helpful to achieve a better understanding of the fragmentation characteristics of lignite during the moisture transfer process. This is of great significance to the safe operation of a drying system. The characteristics of moisture transfer within SLP driven by humidity difference were studied in different stages. Six drying equations commonly used in the literature were selected to describe the moisture transfer behavior. The apparent diffusion coefficient (D eff) of moisture in each stage was calculated to compare the driving forces of moisture transfer in different stages. The surface crack rate (CR) was used to quantitatively analyze the fragmentation characteristics of SLP caused by moisture transfer. The results showed that the moisture transfer process of SLP driven by humidity difference can be divided into three stages, and stage I is the main moisture removal stage. The larger the particle size, the longer the stage I, while less moisture is removed in this stage. A logarithmic drying equation best simulates the moisture transfer process of SLP. The larger the particle size, the larger the D eff value in each stage. The driving force of moisture transfer in stage I is the largest, which is the opposite of a thermal drying process. CR for SLP has experienced a rapid increase - stable at the highest value - rapid decrease - stable during the moisture transfer process driven by the humidity difference.

Molecular alterations and clinical relevance in cervical carcinoma and precursors (Review).

Cervical cancer is one of the most common types of cancer and the fourth leading cause of cancer­related deaths in women. The occurrence and development of cervical cancer is a multifactorial and multilevel process, which usually occurs alongside a continuous high­risk human papillomavirus infection. With further developments in molecular biology and the advancement of sequencing technology, the role of biomarkers in cervical diseases has been gradually recognized. Therefore, it remains a priority to identify key molecular markers that can be used for the screening and triaging of the lesions. In recent years, numerous studies have been conducted in order to identify important markers for cervical diseases. The present review aimed to summarize the molecular alterations and clinical relevance of chromosomal alterations, DNA polymorphisms, the DNA methylation status, histone modifications, and alterations in microRNA and protein expression levels. Accumulating evidence suggests that molecular alterations may reflect the degree and the prognosis of the disease. Although significant progress has been made in the field of cervical cancer research, further samples and experiments are still required to identify crucial molecules.

Correction to: Mass spectrometry-based proteomic capture of proteins bound to the MACC1 promoter in colon cancer.

In the original publication of the article, Acknowledgements section was published incorrectly. The correct Acknowledgements is given in this Correction.

Mass spectrometry-based proteomic capture of proteins bound to the MACC1 promoter in colon cancer.

MACC1 (metastasis associated in colon cancer 1) is a key driver that induces metastasis in colon cancer. However, the mechanisms by which MACC1 expression is transcriptionally regulated and the factors enriched at the MACC1 promoter remain largely unknown. The binding of proteins to specific DNA sites in the genome is a major determinant of genomic maintenance and the regulation of specific genes. The study herein utilized two methods to study the binding proteins of the MACC1 promoter region in colon cancer. Specifically, we adopted CRISPR-based chromatin affinity purification with mass spectrometry (CRISPR-ChAP-MS) and a biotin-streptavidin pulldown assay coupled with MS to identify the specific proteome bound to the MACC1 promoter in two colon cell lines with different metastatic potential. A total of 24 proteins were identified by CRISPR-ChAP-MS as binding to the MACC1 promoter, among which c-JUN was validated by ChIP-PCR. A total of 739 binding protein candidates were identified by biotin-streptavidin pulldown assays coupled with MS, of which HNF4G and PAX6 were validated and compared for their binding to the same promoter sites in the two cell lines. Our studies suggest distinctive proteomic factors associated with the MACC1 promoter in colon cells with different metastatic potential. The dynamic regulatory factors accumulated at the promoter of MACC1 may provide novel insights into the regulatory mechanisms of MACC1 transcription.

[Clinicopathologic features and diagnosis of 18 patients with angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the clinical and pathologic features of angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma(AITL) and provide evidence for diagnosis. METHODS: Eighteen AITL patients (9 males and 9 females aged from 14 to 70 years) were retrospectively analyzed in Xiangya Hospital of Central South University from July 2002 to September 2007. RESULTS: Characteristic features at the presentation of AITL included generalized lymphadenopathy, fever, splenomegaly, and skin rashes with polyclonal hyper-gammaglobulinemia and other hematological abnormalities (such as Coombs-positive hemolytic anemia), which often involved the bone marrow and had well-described histologic features. The positive rate for CXCL13 was 93.3%. CONCLUSION: Repeated lymphadenbiopsy is helpful for AITL diagnosis. Routine histological and immunohistochemical examinations (especially including CXCL13) play significant role in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of AITL.