Collective-Mode Enhanced Matter-Wave Optics.

In contrast to light, matter-wave optics of quantum gases deals with interactions even in free space and for ensembles comprising millions of atoms. We exploit these interactions in a quantum degenerate gas as an adjustable lens for coherent atom optics. By combining an interaction-driven quadrupole-mode excitation of a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) with a magnetic lens, we form a time-domain matter-wave lens system. The focus is tuned by the strength of the lensing potential and the oscillatory phase of the quadrupole mode. By placing the focus at infinity, we lower the total internal kinetic energy of a BEC comprising 101(37) thousand atoms in three dimensions to 3/2 k_{B}·38_{-7}^{+6} pK. Our method paves the way for free-fall experiments lasting ten or more seconds as envisioned for tests of fundamental physics and high-precision BEC interferometry, as well as opens up a new kinetic energy regime.

Automated Non-Contact Respiratory Rate Monitoring of Neonates Based on Synchronous Evaluation of a 3D Time-of-Flight Camera and a Microwave Interferometric Radar Sensor.

This paper introduces an automatic non-contact monitoring method based on the synchronous evaluation of a 3D time-of-flight (ToF) camera and a microwave interferometric radar sensor for measuring the respiratory rate of neonates. The current monitoring on the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) has several issues which can cause pressure marks, skin irritations and eczema. To minimize these risks, a non-contact system made up of a 3D time-of-flight camera and a microwave interferometric radar sensor is presented. The 3D time-of-flight camera delivers 3D point clouds which can be used to calculate the change in distance of the moving chest and from it the respiratory rate. The disadvantage of the ToF camera is that the heartbeat cannot be determined. The microwave interferometric radar sensor determines the change in displacement caused by the respiration and is even capable of measuring the small superimposed movements due to the heartbeat. The radar sensor is very sensitive towards movement artifacts due to, e.g., the baby moving its arms. To allow a robust vital parameter detection the data of both sensors was evaluated synchronously. In this publication, we focus on the first step: determining the respiratory rate. After all processing steps, the respiratory rate determined by the radar sensor was compared to the value received from the 3D time-of-flight camera. The method was validated against our gold standard: a self-developed neonatal simulation system which can simulate different breathing patterns. In this paper, we show that we are the first to determine the respiratory rate by evaluating the data of an interferometric microwave radar sensor and a ToF camera synchronously. Our system delivers very precise breaths per minute (BPM) values within the norm range of 20-60 BPM with a maximum difference of 3 BPM (for the ToF camera itself at 30 BPM in normal mode). Especially in lower respiratory rate regions, i.e., 5 and 10 BPM, the synchronous evaluation is required to compensate the drawbacks of the ToF camera. In the norm range, the ToF camera performs slightly better than the radar sensor.

The effect of coronal splits on the structural stability of bi-condylar tibial plateau fractures: a biomechanical investigation.

INTRODUCTION: Surgical treatment of bi-condylar tibial plateau fractures is still challenging due to the complexity of the fracture and the difficult surgical approach. Coronal fracture lines are associated with a high risk of fixation failure. However, previous biomechanical studies and fracture classifications have disregarded coronal fracture lines. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study aimed to develop a clinically relevant fracture model (Fracture C) and compare its mechanical behavior with the traditional Horwitz model (Fracture H). Twelve samples of fourth-generation tibia Sawbones were utilized to realize two fracture models with (Fracture C) or without (Fracture H) a coronal fracture line and both fixed with lateral locking plates. Loading of the tibial plateau was introduced through artificial femur condyles to cyclically load the fracture constructs until failure. Stiffness, fracture gap movements, failure loads as well as relative displacements and rotations of fracture fragments were measured. RESULTS: The presence of a coronal fracture line reduced fracture construct stiffness by 43% (p = 0.013) and decreased the failure load by 38% from 593 ± 159 to 368 ± 63 N (p = 0.016). Largest displacements were observed at the medial aspect between the tibial plateau and the tibial shaft in the longitudinal direction. Again, the presence of the coronal fracture line reduced the stability of the fragments and created increased joint incongruities. CONCLUSIONS: Coronal articular fracture lines substantially affect the mechanical response of tibia implant structures specifically on the medial side. With this in mind, utilizing a clinically relevant fracture model for biomechanical evaluations regarding bi-condylar tibial plateau fractures is strongly recommended.

Correlation of circular differential optical absorption with geometric chirality in plasmonic meta-atoms.

We report a strong correlation between the calculated broadband circular differential optical absorption (CDOA) and the geometric chirality of plasmonic meta-atoms with two-dimensional chirality. We investigate this correlation using three common gold meta-atom geometries: L-shapes, triangles, and nanorod dimers, over a broad range of geometric parameters. We show that this correlation holds for both contiguous plasmonic meta-atoms and non-contiguous structures which support plasmonic coupling effects. A potential application for this correlation is the rapid optimization of plasmonic nanostructure for maximum broadband CDOA.

Test of the Gravitational Redshift with Galileo Satellites in an Eccentric Orbit.

On August 22, 2014, the satellites GSAT-0201 and GSAT-0202 of the European GNSS Galileo were unintentionally launched into eccentric orbits. Unexpectedly, this has become a fortunate scientific opportunity since the onboard hydrogen masers allow for a sensitive test of the redshift predicted by the theory of general relativity. In the present Letter, we describe an analysis of approximately three years of data from these satellites including three different clocks. For one of these, we determine the test parameter quantifying a potential violation of the combined effects of the gravitational redshift and the relativistic Doppler shift. The uncertainty of our result is reduced by more than a factor 4 as compared to the values of Gravity Probe A obtained in 1976.

Femtosecond X-ray protein nanocrystallography.

X-ray crystallography provides the vast majority of macromolecular structures, but the success of the method relies on growing crystals of sufficient size. In conventional measurements, the necessary increase in X-ray dose to record data from crystals that are too small leads to extensive damage before a diffraction signal can be recorded. It is particularly challenging to obtain large, well-diffracting crystals of membrane proteins, for which fewer than 300 unique structures have been determined despite their importance in all living cells. Here we present a method for structure determination where single-crystal X-ray diffraction 'snapshots' are collected from a fully hydrated stream of nanocrystals using femtosecond pulses from a hard-X-ray free-electron laser, the Linac Coherent Light Source. We prove this concept with nanocrystals of photosystem I, one of the largest membrane protein complexes. More than 3,000,000 diffraction patterns were collected in this study, and a three-dimensional data set was assembled from individual photosystem I nanocrystals (∼200 nm to 2 µm in size). We mitigate the problem of radiation damage in crystallography by using pulses briefer than the timescale of most damage processes. This offers a new approach to structure determination of macromolecules that do not yield crystals of sufficient size for studies using conventional radiation sources or are particularly sensitive to radiation damage.

Removal of Multiple Contaminants from Water by Polyoxometalate Supported Ionic Liquid Phases (POM-SILPs).

The simultaneous removal of organic, inorganic, and microbial contaminants from water by one material offers significant advantages when fast, facile, and robust water purification is required. Herein, we present a supported ionic liquid phase (SILP) composite where each component targets a specific type of water contaminant: a polyoxometalate-ionic liquid (POM-IL) is immobilized on porous silica, giving the heterogeneous SILP. The water-insoluble POM-IL is composed of antimicrobial alkylammonium cations and lacunary polyoxometalate anions with heavy-metal binding sites. The lipophilicity of the POM-IL enables adsorption of organic contaminants. The silica support can bind radionuclides. Using the POM-SILP in filtration columns enables one-step multi-contaminant water purification. The results show how multi-functional POM-SILPs can be designed for advanced purification applications.

Application of an ePix100 detector for coherent scattering using a hard X-ray free-electron laser.

A prototype ePix100 detector was used in small-angle scattering geometry to capture speckle patterns from a static sample using the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) hard X-ray free-electron laser at 8.34 keV. The average number of detected photons per pixel per pulse was varied over three orders of magnitude from about 23 down to 0.01 to test the detector performance. At high average photon count rates, the speckle contrast was evaluated by analyzing the probability distribution of the pixel counts at a constant scattering vector for single frames. For very low average photon counts of less than 0.2 per pixel, the `droplet algorithm' was first applied to the patterns for correcting the effect of charge sharing, and then the pixel count statistics of multiple frames were analyzed collectively to extract the speckle contrast. Results obtained using both methods agree within the uncertainty intervals, providing strong experimental evidence for the validity of the statistical analysis. More importantly it confirms the suitability of the ePix100 detector for X-ray coherent scattering experiments, especially at very low count rates with performances surpassing those of previously available LCLS detectors.

Simulations of sinusoidal nanotextures for coupling light into c-Si thin-film solar cells.

We numerically study coupling of light into silicon (Si) on glass using different square and hexagonal sinusoidal nanotextures. After describing sinusoidal nanotextures mathematically, we investigate how their design affects coupling of light into Si using a rigorous solver of Maxwell's equations. We discuss nanotextures with periods between 350 nm and 1050 nm and aspect ratios up to 0.5. The maximally observed gain in the maximal achievable photocurrent density coupled into the Si absorber is 7.0 mA/cm2 and 3.6 mA/cm2 for a layer stack without and with additional antireflective silicon nitride layers, respectively. A promising application is the use as smooth anti-reflective coatings in liquid-phase crystallized Si thin-film solar cells.

Correction of complex nonlinear signal response from a pixel array detector.

The pulsed free-electron laser light sources represent a new challenge to photon area detectors due to the intrinsic spontaneous X-ray photon generation process that makes single-pulse detection necessary. Intensity fluctuations up to 100% between individual pulses lead to high linearity requirements in order to distinguish small signal changes. In real detectors, signal distortions as a function of the intensity distribution on the entire detector can occur. Here a robust method to correct this nonlinear response in an area detector is presented for the case of exposures to similar signals. The method is tested for the case of diffuse scattering from liquids where relevant sub-1% signal changes appear on the same order as artifacts induced by the detector electronics.

X-ray detectors at the Linac Coherent Light Source.

Free-electron lasers (FELs) present new challenges for camera development compared with conventional light sources. At SLAC a variety of technologies are being used to match the demands of the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) and to support a wide range of scientific applications. In this paper an overview of X-ray detector design requirements at FELs is presented and the various cameras in use at SLAC are described for the benefit of users planning experiments or analysts looking at data. Features and operation of the CSPAD camera, which is currently deployed at LCLS, are discussed, and the ePix family, a new generation of cameras under development at SLAC, is introduced.

Energy-dispersive X-ray emission spectroscopy using an X-ray free-electron laser in a shot-by-shot mode.

The ultrabright femtosecond X-ray pulses provided by X-ray free-electron lasers open capabilities for studying the structure and dynamics of a wide variety of systems beyond what is possible with synchrotron sources. Recently, this "probe-before-destroy" approach has been demonstrated for atomic structure determination by serial X-ray diffraction of microcrystals. There has been the question whether a similar approach can be extended to probe the local electronic structure by X-ray spectroscopy. To address this, we have carried out femtosecond X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) at the Linac Coherent Light Source using redox-active Mn complexes. XES probes the charge and spin states as well as the ligand environment, critical for understanding the functional role of redox-active metal sites. Kß(1,3) XES spectra of Mn(II) and Mn(2)(III,IV) complexes at room temperature were collected using a wavelength dispersive spectrometer and femtosecond X-ray pulses with an individual dose of up to >100 MGy. The spectra were found in agreement with undamaged spectra collected at low dose using synchrotron radiation. Our results demonstrate that the intact electronic structure of redox active transition metal compounds in different oxidation states can be characterized with this shot-by-shot method. This opens the door for studying the chemical dynamics of metal catalytic sites by following reactions under functional conditions. The technique can be combined with X-ray diffraction to simultaneously obtain the geometric structure of the overall protein and the local chemistry of active metal sites and is expected to prove valuable for understanding the mechanism of important metalloproteins, such as photosystem II.

Polyoxometalate ionic liquids as self-repairing acid-resistant corrosion protection.

Corrosion is a global problem for any metallic structure or material. Herein we show how metals can easily be protected against acid corrosion using hydrophobic polyoxometalate-based ionic liquids (POM-ILs). Copper metal disks were coated with room-temperature POM-ILs composed of transition-metal functionalized Keggin anions [SiW11 O39 TM(H2 O)](n-) (TM=Cu(II) , Fe(III) ) and quaternary alkylammonium cations (Cn H2 n+1 )4 N(+) (n=7-8). The corrosion resistance against acetic acid vapors and simulated "acid rain" was significantly improved compared with commercial ionic liquids or solid polyoxometalate coatings. Mechanical damage to the POM-IL coating is self-repaired in less than one minute with full retention of the acid protection properties. The coating can easily be removed and recovered by rinsing with organic solvents.

A Time-of-Flight and Radar Dataset of a neonatal Thorax Simulator with synchronized Reference Sensor Signals for respiratory Rate Detection.

In this paper we present an open-source Time-of-Flight and radar dataset of a neonatal thorax simulator for the development of respiratory rate detection algorithms. As it is very difficult to gain recordings of (preterm) neonates and there is hardly any open-source data available, we built our own neonatal thorax simulator which simulates the movement of the thorax due to respiration. We recorded Time-of-Flight (ToF) and radar data at different respiratory rates in a range of 5 to 80 breaths per minute (BPM) and with varying upstroke heights. As gold standard a laser micrometer was used. The open-source data can be used to test new algorithms for non-contact respiratory rate detection.

Risk of Interprosthetic Femur Fracture Is Associated with Implant Spacing-A Biomechanical Study.

BACKGROUND: Ipsilateral revision surgeries of total hip or knee arthroplasties due to periprosthetic fractures or implant loosening are becoming more frequent in aging populations. Implants in revision arthroplasty usually require long anchoring stems. Depending on the residual distance between two adjacent knee and hip implants, we assume that the risk of interprosthetic fractures increases with a reduction in the interprosthetic distance. The aim of the current study was to investigate the maximum strain within the femoral shaft between two ipsilateral implants tips. METHODS: A simplified physical model consisting of synthetic bone tubes and metallic implant cylinders was constructed and the surface strains were measured using digital image correlation. The strain distribution on the femoral shaft was analyzed in 3-point- and 4-point-bending scenarios. The physical model was transferred to a finite element model to parametrically investigate the effects of the interprosthetic distance and the cortical thickness on maximum strain. Strain patterns for all parametric combinations were compared to the reference strain pattern of the bone without implants. RESULTS: The presence of an implant reduced principal strain values but resulted in distinct strain peaks at the locations of the implant tips. A reduced interprosthetic distance and thinner cortices resulted in strain peaks of up to 180% compared to the reference. At low cortical thicknesses, the strain peaks increased exponentially with a decrease in the interprosthetic distance. An increasing cortical thickness reduced the peak strains at the implant tips. CONCLUSIONS: A minimum interprosthetic distance of 10 mm seems to be crucial to avoid the accumulation of strain peaks caused by ipsilateral implant tips. Interprosthetic fracture management is more important in patients with reduced bone quality.

Parameter optimization in a finite element mandibular fracture fixation model using the design of experiments approach.

Only a few mandibular bone finite element (FE) models have been validated in literature, making it difficult to assess the credibility of the models. In a comparative study between FE models and biomechanical experiments using a synthetic polyamide 12 (PA12) mandible model, we investigate how material properties and boundary conditions affect the FE model's accuracy using the design of experiments approach. Multiple FE parameters, such as contact definitions and the materials' elastic and plastic deformation characteristics, were systematically analyzed for an intact mandibular model and transferred to the fracture fixation model. In a second step, the contact definitions for the titanium screw and implant (S-I), implant and PA12 mandible (I-M), and interfragmentary (IF) PA12 segments were optimized. Comparing simulated deformations (from 0 to -5 mm) and reaction forces (from 10 to 1'415 N) with experimental results showed a strong sensitivity to FE mechanical properties and contact definitions. The results suggest that using the bonded definition for the screw-implant contact of the fracture plate is ineffective. The contact friction parameter set with the highest agreement was identified: titanium screw and implant µ = 0.2, implant and PA12 mandible µ = 0.2, interfragmentary PA12 mandible µ = 0.1. The simulated reaction force (RMSE = 26.60 N) and surface displacement data (RMSE = 0.19 mm) of the FE analysis showed a strong agreement with the experimental biomechanical data. The results were generated through parameter optimization which means that our findings need to be validated in the event of a new dataset with deviating anatomy. Conclusively, the predictive capability of the FE model can be improved by FE model calibration through experimental testing. Validated preoperative quasi-static FE analysis could allow engineers and surgeons to accurately estimate how the implant's choice and placement suit the patient's biomechanical needs.

A Critical Comparison of Comparators Used to Demonstrate Credibility of Physics-Based Numerical Spine Models.

The ability of new medical devices and technology to demonstrate safety and effectiveness, and consequently acquire regulatory approval, has been dependent on benchtop, in vitro, and in vivo evidence and experimentation. Regulatory agencies have recently begun accepting computational models and simulations as credible evidence for virtual clinical trials and medical device development. However, it is crucial that any computational model undergo rigorous verification and validation activities to attain credibility for its context of use before it can be accepted for regulatory submission. Several recently published numerical models of the human spine were considered for their implementation of various comparators as a means of model validation. The comparators used in each published model were examined and classified as either an engineering or natural comparator. Further, a method of scoring the comparators was developed based on guidelines from ASME V&V40 and the draft guidance from the US FDA, and used to evaluate the pertinence of each comparator in model validation. Thus, this review article aimed to score the various comparators used to validate numerical models of the spine in order to examine the comparator's ability to lend credibility towards computational models of the spine for specific contexts of use.

Finite element analysis for better evaluation of rib fractures: A pilot study.

INTRODUCTION: Modeling rib fracture stability is challenging. Computer-generated finite element analysis (FEA) is an option for assessment of chest wall stability (CWS). The objective is to explore FEA as a means to assess CWS, hypothesizing it is a reliable approach to better understand rib fracture pathophysiology. METHODS: Thoracic anatomy was generated from standardized skeletal models with internal/external organs, soft tissue and muscles using Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine data. Material properties were assigned to bone, cartilage, skin and viscera. Simulation was performed using ANSYS Workbench (2020 R2, Canonsburg, PA). Meshing the model was completed identifying 1.3 and 2.1 million elements and nodes. An implicit solver was used for a linear/static FEA with all bony contacts identified and applied. All material behavior was modeled as isotropic/linear elastic. Six load cases were evaluated from a musculoskeletal AnyBody model; forward flexion, right/left lateral bending, right/left axial rotation and 5-kg weight arm lifting. Standard application points, directions of muscle forces, and joint positions were applied. Ten fracture cases (unilateral and bilateral) were defined and 66 model variations were simulated. Forty-three points were applied to each rib in the mid/anterior axillary lines to assess thoracic stability. Three assessment criteria were used to quantify thoracic motion: normalized mean absolute error, normalized root mean square error, and normalized interfragmentary motion. RESULTS: All three analyses demonstrated similar findings that rib fracture deformation and loss of CWS was highest for left/right axial rotation. Increased number of ribs fracture demonstrated more fracture deformation and more loss of CWS compared with a flail chest segment involving less ribs. A single rib fracture is associated with ~3% loss of CWS. Normalized interfragmentary motion deformation can increases by 230%. Chest wall stability can decrease by over 50% depending on fracture patterns. CONCLUSION: Finite element analysis is a promising technology for analyzing CWS. Future studies need to focus on clinical relevance and application of this technology. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Diagnostic Tests or Criteria; Level IV.

On the mechanisms of ionic conductivity in BaLiF3: a molecular dynamics study.

The mechanisms of ionic conductivity in BaLiF(3) are investigated using molecular simulations. Direct molecular dynamics simulations of (quasi) single crystalline super cell models hint at the preferred mobility mechanism which is based on fluoride interstitial (and to a smaller extent F(-) vacancy) migration. Analogous to previous modeling studies, the energy related to Frenkel defect formation in the ideal BaLiF(3) crystal was found as 4-5 eV which is in serious controversy to the experimentally observed activation barrier to ionic conductivity of only 1 eV. However, this controversy could be resolved by incorporating Ba(2+)↔ Li(+) exchange defects into the elsewise single crystalline model systems. Indeed, in the neighborhood of such cation exchange defects the F(-) Frenkel defect formation energy was identified to reduce to 1.3 eV whilst the cation exchange defect itself is related to a formation energy of 1.0 eV. Thus, our simulations hint at the importance of multiple defect scenarios for the ionic conductivity in BaLiF(3).

Reporting checklist for verification and validation of finite element analysis in orthopedic and trauma biomechanics.

Finite element analysis (FEA) has become a fundamental tool for biomechanical investigations in the last decades. Despite several existing initiatives and guidelines for reporting on research methods and results, there are still numerous issues that arise when using computational models in biomechanical investigations. According to our knowledge, these problems and controversies lie mainly in the verification and validation (V&V) process as well as in the set-up and evaluation of FEA. This work aims to introduce a checklist including a report form defining recommendations for FEA in the field of Orthopedic and Trauma (O&T) biomechanics. Therefore, a checklist was elaborated which summarizes and explains the crucial methodologies for the V&V process. In addition, a report form has been developed which contains the most important steps for reporting future FEA. An example of the report form is shown, and a template is provided, which can be used as a uniform basis for future documentation. The future application of the presented report form will show whether serious errors in biomechanical investigations using FEA can be minimized by this checklist. Finally, the credibility of the FEA in the clinical area and the scientific exchange in the community regarding reproducibility and exchangeability can be improved.