Association between HLA-DR4 haplotypes and tuberculin skin test response in the Aché population.

The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system has a major role in the regulation of the immune response as it is involved in the defense against pathogens. Evidence for association with tuberculosis (TB) is more consistent for class II than for class I HLA genes. TB is important among indigenous peoples in South America, not only because of its historical role in regional depopulation, but also because it is still widespread. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of HLA class II alleles, haplotypes and genotypes and tuberculin skin test response (TST) in 76 individuals of the Aché population. Poisson Regression was employed to assess risk genotypes. DRB1*04, DQA1*03 and DQB1*03:02 were associated with TST response in this population.

Distribution patterns of variability for 18 immune system genes in Amerindians--relationship with history and epidemiology.

Native American populations generally have a higher prevalence of infectious diseases than non-Native populations and this fact can induce different pressures in their immune system. We investigated the patterns of population differentiation (FST ) of 32 polymorphisms related to adaptive immune response in four Native American populations (Aché, Guarani-Kaiowá, Guarani-Ñandeva and Kaingang), and the results were compared with the three major world population data [Yoruba of Ibadan, Nigeria (YRI), Utah residents with northern and Western Europe ancestry (CEU) and Han Chinese of Beijing, China (CHB)] available in the HapMap database. The Aché clearly differentiated from the other Amerindians, but when all Native Americans were compared with the samples of other ethnic groups the lowest difference (0.08) was found with CHB (Asians), the second lowest (0.15) with YRI (Africans) and the most marked with CEU (European-derived). The considerable intra and interethnic differences found can be explained both in terms of diverse evolutionary distances and more recent environmental pathogen exposures; and they should be appropriately considered prior to any specific public health action.

Women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder compared to normal females: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study.

Lack of sexual interest is the most common sexual complaint among women. However, factors affecting sexual desire in women have rarely been studied. While the role of the brain in integrating the sensory, attentional, motivational, and motor aspects of sexual response is commonly acknowledged as important, little is known about specific patterns of brain activation and sexual interest or response, particularly among women. We compared 20 females with no history of sexual dysfunction (NHSD) to 16 women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) in a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study that included assessment of subjective sexual arousal, peripheral sexual response using a vaginal photoplethysmograph (VPP), as well as brain activation across three time points. Video stimuli included erotic, sports, and relaxing segments. Subjective arousal to erotic stimuli was significantly greater in NHSD participants compared with HSDD. In the erotic-sports contrast, NHSD women showed significantly greater activation in the bilateral entorhinal cortex than HSDD women. In the same contrast, HSDD females demonstrated higher activation than NHSD females in the medial frontal gyrus (Brodmann area (BA) 10), right inferior frontal gyrus (BA 47) and bilateral putamen. There were no between group differences in VPP-correlated brain activation and peripheral sexual response was not significantly associated with either subjective sexual response or brain activation patterns. Findings were consistent across the three experimental sessions. The results suggest differences between women with NHSD and HSDD in encoding arousing stimuli, retrieval of past erotic experiences, or both. The findings of greater activation in BA 10 and BA 47 among women with HSDD suggest that this group allocated significantly more attention to monitoring and/or evaluating their responses than NHSD participants, which may interfere with normal sexual response.

The cell cycle program of polypeptide labeling in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.

The cell cycle program of polypeptide labeling in syndhronous cultures of wild-type Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was analyzed by pulse-labeling cells with 35SO4 = or [3H]arginine at different cell cycle stages. Nearly 100 labeled membrane and soluble polypeptides were resolved and studied using one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The labeling experiments produced the following results. (a) Total 35SO4 = and [3H]arginine incorporation rates varied independently throughout the cell cycle. 35SO4 = incorporation was highest in the mid-light phase, while [3H]arginine incorporation peaked in the dark phase just before cell division. (b) The relative labeling rate for 20 of 100 polypeptides showed significant fluctuations (3-12 fold) during the cell cycle. The remaining polypeptides were labeled at a rate commensurate with total 35SO4 = or [3H]arginine incorporation. The polypeptides that showed significant fluctuations in relative labeling rates served as markers to identify cell cycle stages. (c) The effects of illumination conditions on the apparent cell cycle stage-specific labeling of polypeptides were tested. Shifting light-grown asynchronous cells to the dark had an immediate and pronounced effect on the pattern of polypeptide labeling, but shifting dark-phase syndhronous cells to the light had little effect. The apparent cell cycle variations in the labeling of ribulose 1,5-biphosphate (RUBP)-carboxylase were strongly influenced by illumination effects. (d) Pulse-chase experiments with light-grown asynchronous cells revealed little turnover or inter-conversion of labeled polypeptides within one cell generation, meaning that major polypeptides, whether labeled in a stage-specific manner or not, do not appear transiently in the cell cycle of actively dividing, light-grown cells. The cell cycle program of labeling was used to analyze effects of a temperature-sensitive cycle blocked (cb) mutant. A synchronous culture of ts10001 was shifted to restrictive temperature before its block point to prevent it from dividing. The mutant continued its cell cycle program of polypeptide labeling for over a cell generation, despite its inability to divide.

Sex pheromone of the codling moth: structure and synthesis.

The structure of a sex pheromone of the codling moth. Laspeyresia pomonella (L.), has been determined by spectrometric and chemical degradative techniques and by synthesis to be (2Z, 6E)-7-methyl-3-propyl-2,6-decadien-1-ol. In field cage tests the synthesized sex pheromone was as attractive as the natural, but neither was as attractive as ten virgin females per trap.

Intravenous infusions of heparin and penicillins.

The chemical stability and anticoagulant activity of heparin (20 U/ml) were studied in five intravenous fluids at room temperature. Heparin remained stable and active for 24 hours in normal saline, but there was a rapid inactivation of 40 to 55% in solutions containing dextrose or lactate, as measured by chemical and biological methods.High concentrations of benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, or methicillin had no effect on heparin activity in normal saline or dextrose 5%: nor was the stability of the penicillins in these fluids affected to any marked extent by the presence of heparin. Ampicillin was, however, found to be unstable in dextrose 5%, and it would be preferable for it not to be added to dextrose infusions. It is concluded that heparin may be given intravenously in normal saline with benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, or methicillin but several other antibiotics were found to be unsuitable for concurrent infusion with heparin.

Cytokine gene polymorphisms are associated with susceptibility to tuberculosis in an Amerindian population.

SETTING: Cytokines play an important role in anti-tuberculosis immune response, combined with antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes. Immune response gene polymorphisms have been reported to be associated with tuberculosis (TB) susceptibility in some but not all studies. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association of immune response genes with susceptibility to tuberculin skin test (TST) reactivity and/or TB. DESIGN: Fourteen single nucleotide polymorphisms were genotyped in 96 individuals of the Aché, a native Paraguayan population, by allelic discrimination using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Univariate and multivariate Poisson regression were employed to assess risk genotypes. RESULTS: A higher prevalence of purified protein derivative reactivity was associated with the TNF-α CCA/TCG haplotype (PR 1.298, 95%CI 1.059-1.589) and with the IL-10 AT/CC diplotype (PR 1.181, 95% CI 1.024-1.362), and the presence of the IL-8 rs4073 T allele was associated with protection against TB (PR 0.482, 95%CI 0.273-0.851). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that polymorphisms in genes associated with immune response are involved in TST reactivity and susceptibility to TB in the Aché population.

Autoradiographic studies of nicotinic acid utilization in human-mouse heterokaryons and inhibition of utilization in newly-formed hybrid cells.

Although most mammalian cell lines can utilize either nicotinic acid or nicotinamide for the biosynthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), thymidine kinase-deficient, mouse 3T3-4F cells are unable to utilize nicotinic acid. When 3T3-4E cells were fused with human D98/AH2 cells, autoradiography showed that the resultant heterokaryons synthesized NAD from nicotinic acid at rates comparable to the human parental cell. The rate of nicotinic acid utilization in heterokaryons remained unchanged over the four-day period of study following cell fusion. In contrast to the results observed with heterokaryons, nicotinic acid utilization was markedly reduced in hybrid cells. Of 100 hybrid clones examined at four or five days following cell fusion, 60 utilized nicotinic acid at rates less than one tenth that of the parental human cell. Similar results were observed in hybrid clones at nine or ten days following fusion. Uniformly high rates of NAD biosynthesis were observed in hybrid clones with nicotinamide as the precursor. This excludes the possibility that the reduction in nicotinic acid utilization in hybrid cells is due to a general metabolic dysfunction. The biochemical mechanism by which nicotinic acid utilization is markedly reduced has not been determined with certainty, however, several observations suggest genetic suppression.

Nonhomologous RNA-RNA recombination events at the 3' nontranslated region of the Sindbis virus genome: hot spots and utilization of nonviral sequences.

The mechanism of RNA-RNA recombination at the 3' nontranslated region (3'NTR) of the Sindbis virus (SIN) genome was studied by using nonreplicative RNA precursors. The 11.7-kb SIN genome was transcribed in vitro as two nonoverlapping RNA fragments. RNA-1 contained the entire 11.4-kb protein coding sequence of SIN and also carried an additional 1.8-kb nonviral sequence at its 3' end. RNA-2 carried the remaining 0.26 or 0.3 kb of the SIN genome containing the 3'NTR. Transfection of these two fragments into BHK cells resulted in vivo RNA-RNA recombination and release of infectious SIN recombinants. Eighteen plaque-purified recombinant viruses were sequenced to precisely map the RNA-RNA crossover sites at the 3'NTR. Sixteen of the 18 recombinants were found to be genetically heterogeneous at the 3'NTR. Two major clustered sites within the 3'NTR of RNA-2 were found to be fused to multiple locations on the nonviral sequence of RNA-1, resulting in insertions of 10 to 1,085 nucleotides at the 3'NTR. Sequence analysis of crossover sites suggested only limited homology and heteroduplex-forming capability between substrate RNAs. Analysis of additional 23 recombinant viruses generated by mutagenized donor and acceptor templates supports the occurrence of recombination hot spots on donor templates. Introduction of a 17-nucleotide rudimentary replicase recognition signal in the acceptor template alone did not induce the polymerase to reinitiate at the 17-nucleotide signal. Interestingly, deletion of a 24-nucleotide hot spot locus on the donor template abolished crossover events at one of the two sites and allowed the polymerase to reinitiate at the 17-nucleotide replicase recognition signal inserted at the acceptor template. The possible roles of RNA-protein and RNA-RNA interactions in the differential regulation of apparent pausing, template selection, and reinitiation are discussed.

In vivo addition of poly(A) tail and AU-rich sequences to the 3' terminus of the Sindbis virus RNA genome: a novel 3'-end repair pathway.

Alphaviruses are mosquito-transmitted RNA viruses that cause important diseases in both humans and livestock. Sindbis virus (SIN), the type species of the alphavirus genus, carries a 11.7-kb positive-sense RNA genome which is capped at its 5' end and polyadenylated at its 3' end. The 3' nontranslated region (3'NTR) of the SIN genome carries many AU-rich motifs, including a 19-nucleotide (nt) conserved element (3'CSE) and a poly(A) tail. This 3'CSE and the adjoining poly(A) tail are believed to regulate the synthesis of negative-sense RNA and genome replication in vivo. We have recently demonstrated that the SIN genome lacking the poly(A) tail was infectious and that de novo polyadenylation could occur in vivo (K. R. Hill, M. Hajjou, J. Hu, and R. Raju, J. Virol. 71:2693-2704, 1997). Here, we demonstrate that the 3'-terminal 29-nt region of the SIN genome carries a signal for possible cytoplasmic polyadenylation. To further investigate the polyadenylation signals within the 3'NTR, we generated a battery of mutant genomes with mutations in the 3'NTR and tested their ability to generate infectious virus and undergo 3' polyadenylation in vivo. Engineered SIN genomes with terminal deletions within the 19-nt 3'CSE were infectious and regained their poly(A) tail. Also, a SIN genome carrying the poly(A) tail but lacking a part or the entire 19-nt 3'CSE was also infectious. Sequence analysis of viruses generated from these engineered SIN genomes demonstrated the addition of a variety of AU-rich sequence motifs just adjacent to the poly(A) tail. The addition of AU-rich motifs to the mutant SIN genomes appears to require the presence of a significant portion of the 3'NTR. These results indicate the ability of alphavirus RNAs to undergo 3' repair and the existence of a pathway for the addition of AU-rich sequences and a poly(A) tail to their 3' end in the infected host cell. Most importantly, these results indicate the ability of alphavirus replication machinery to use a multitude of AU-rich RNA sequences abutted by a poly(A) motif as promoters for negative-sense RNA synthesis and genome replication in vivo. The possible roles of cytoplasmic polyadenylation machinery, terminal transferase-like enzymes, and the viral polymerase in the terminal repair processes are discussed.

RNA-RNA recombination in Sindbis virus: roles of the 3' conserved motif, poly(A) tail, and nonviral sequences of template RNAs in polymerase recognition and template switching.

Sindbis virus (SIN), a mosquito-transmitted animal RNA virus, carries a 11.7-kb positive-sense RNA genome which is capped and polyadenylated. We recently reported that the SIN RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) could initiate negative-strand RNA synthesis from a 0.3-kb 3'-coterminal SIN RNA fragment and undergo template switching in vivo (M. Hajjou, K. R. Hill, S. V. Subramaniam, J. Y. Hu, and R. Raju, J. Virol. 70:5153-5164, 1996). To identify and characterize the viral and nonviral sequences which regulate SIN RNA synthesis and recombination, a series of SIN RNAs carrying altered 3' ends were tested for the ability to produce infectious virus or to support recombination in BHK cells. The major findings of this report are as follows: (i) the 3'-terminal 20-nucleotides (nt) sequence along with the abutting poly(A) tail of the SIN genome fully supports negative-strand synthesis, genome replication, and template switching; (ii) a full-length SIN RNA carrying the 3'-terminal 24 nt but lacking the poly(A) tail is noninfectious; (iii) SIN RNAs which carry 3' 64 nt or more without the poly(A) tail are infectious and regain their poly(A) tail in vivo; (iv) donor templates lacking the poly(A) tail do not support template switching; (v) full-length SIN RNAs lacking the poly(A) tail but carrying 3' nonviral extensions, although debilitated to begin with, evolve into rapidly growing poly(A)-carrying mutants; (vi) poly(A) or poly(U) motifs positioned internally within the acceptor templates, in the absence of other promoter elements within the vicinity, do not induce the jumping polymerase to reinitiate at these sites; and (vii) the junction site selection on donor templates occurs independently of the sequences around the acceptor sites. In addition to furthering our understanding of RNA recombination, these studies give interesting clues as to how the alphavirus polymerase interacts with its 3' promoter elements of genomic RNA and nonreplicative RNAs. This is the first report that an in vitro-synthesized alphavirus RNA lacking a poly(A) tail can initiate infection and produce 3' polyadenylated viral genome in vivo.

Perceived self-efficacy and headache-related disability.

BACKGROUND: Headache-specific self-efficacy refers to patients' confidence that they can take actions that prevent headache episodes or manage headache-related pain and disability. According to social cognitive theory, perceptions of self-efficacy influence an individual's adaptation to persistent headaches by influencing cognitive, affective, and physiological responses to headache episodes as well as the initiation and persistence of efforts to prevent headache episodes. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present study was to construct and validate a brief measure of headache specific self-efficacy and to examine the relationship between self-efficacy and headache-related disability. METHODS: A sample of 329 patients seeking treatment for benign headache disorders completed the Headache Management Self-Efficacy Scale and measures of headache-specific locus of control, coping, psychological distress, and headache-related disability. A subset of 262 patients also completed 4 weeks of daily headache recordings. RESULTS: As predicted, patients who were confident they could prevent and manage their headaches also believed that the factors influencing their headaches were potentially within their control. In addition, self-efficacy scores were positively associated with the use of positive psychological coping strategies to both prevent and manage headache episodes and negatively associated with anxiety. Multiple regression analyses revealed that headache severity, locus-of-control beliefs, and self-efficacy beliefs each explained independent variance in headache-related disability.

Psychosocial correlates and impact of chronic tension-type headaches.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the psychosocial correlates of chronic tension-type headache and the impact of chronic tension-type headache on work, social functioning, and well-being. METHODS: Two hundred forty-five patients (mean age = 37.0 years) with chronic tension-type headache as a primary presenting problem completed an assessment protocol as part of a larger treatment outcome study. The assessment included a structured diagnostic interview, the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form, Disability Days/Impairment Ratings, Recurrent Illness Impact Profile, Beck Depression Inventory, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-Trait Form, Primary Care Evaluation for Mental Disorders, and the Hassles Scale Short Form. Comparisons were made with matched controls (N = 89) and, secondarily, with Medical Outcomes Study data for the general population, arthritis, and back problem samples. RESULTS: About two thirds of those with chronic tension-type headache recorded daily or near daily (> or =25 days per month) headaches with few (12%) recording headaches on less than 20 days per month. Despite the fact that patients reported that their headaches had occurred at approximately the present frequency for an average of 7 years, chronic tension-type headache sufferers were largely lapsed consulters (54% of subjects) or current consulters in primary care (81% of consulters). Significant impairments in functioning and well-being were evident in chronic tension-type headache and were captured by each of the assessment devices. Although headache-related disability days were reported by 74% of patients (mean = 7 days in previous 6 months), work or social functioning was severely impaired in only a small minority of patients. Sleep, energy level, and emotional well-being were frequently impaired with about one third of patients recording impairments in these areas on 10 or more days per month. Most patients with chronic tension-type headache continued to carry out daily life responsibilities when in pain, although role performance at times was clearly impaired by headaches and well-being was frequently impaired. Chronic tension-type headache sufferers were 3 to 15 times more likely than matched controls to receive a diagnosis of an anxiety or mood disorder with almost half of the patients exhibiting clinically significant levels of anxiety or depression. Affective distress and severity of headaches (Headache Index) were important determinants of headache impact/impairment. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic tension-type headache has a greater impact on individuals' lives than has generally been realized, with affective distress being an important correlate of impairment. If treatment is to remedy impairment in functioning, affective distress, as well as pain, thus needs to be addressed.