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1.
Physiol Rev ; 102(1): 339-341, 2022 01 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34494892

RESUMO

During the COVID-19 pandemic, efforts have been made worldwide to develop effective therapies to address the devastating immune-mediated effects of SARS-CoV-2. With the exception of monoclonal antibody-mediated therapeutics and preventive approaches such as mass immunization, most experimental or repurposed drugs have failed in large randomized clinical trials (https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/therapeutics-and-covid-19-living-guideline). The worldwide spread of SARS-CoV-2 virus revealed specific susceptibilities to the virus among the elderly and individuals with age-related syndromes. These populations were more likely to experience a hyperimmune response characterized by a treatment-resistant acute lung pathology accompanied by multiple organ failure. These observations underscore the interplay between the virus, the biology of aging, and outcomes observed in the most severe cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The ectoenzyme CD38 has been implicated in the process of "inflammaging" in aged tissues. In a current publication, Horenstein et al. present evidence to support the hypothesis that CD38 plays a central role in altered immunometabolism resulting from COVID-19 infection. The authors discuss a critical but underappreciated trifecta of CD38-mediated NAD+ metabolism, aging, and COVID-19 immune response and speculate that the CD38/NAD+ axis is a promising therapeutic target for this disease.


Assuntos
ADP-Ribosil Ciclase 1/metabolismo , COVID-19/fisiopatologia , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , SARS-CoV-2 , ADP-Ribosil Ciclase 1/genética , Envelhecimento , Regulação Enzimológica da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/genética , NAD/metabolismo
2.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A ; 121(11): e2211711120, 2024 Mar 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38408214

RESUMO

Today, relatively warm Circumpolar Deep Water is melting Thwaites Glacier at the base of its ice shelf and at the grounding zone, contributing to significant ice retreat. Accelerating ice loss has been observed since the 1970s; however, it is unclear when this phase of significant melting initiated. We analyzed the marine sedimentary record to reconstruct Thwaites Glacier's history from the early Holocene to present. Marine geophysical surveys were carried out along the floating ice-shelf margin to identify core locations from various geomorphic settings. We use sedimentological data and physical properties to define sedimentary facies at seven core sites. Glaciomarine sediment deposits reveal that the grounded ice in the Amundsen Sea Embayment had already retreated to within ~45 km of the modern grounding zone prior to ca. 9,400 y ago. Sediments deposited within the past 100+ y record abrupt changes in environmental conditions. On seafloor highs, these shifts document ice-shelf thinning initiating at least as early as the 1940s. Sediments recovered from deep basins reflect a transition from ice proximal to slightly more distal conditions, suggesting ongoing grounding-zone retreat since the 1950s. The timing of ice-shelf unpinning from the seafloor for Thwaites Glacier coincides with similar records from neighboring Pine Island Glacier. Our work provides robust new evidence that glacier retreat in the Amundsen Sea was initiated in the mid-twentieth century, likely associated with climate variability.

3.
Biol Reprod ; 110(2): 329-338, 2024 Feb 10.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37903065

RESUMO

Group B streptococcus (GBS) infection is a significant public health concern associated with adverse pregnancy complications and increased neonatal mortality and morbidity. However, the mechanisms underlying the impact of GBS on the fetal membrane, the first line of defense against pathogens, are not fully understood. Here, we propose that GBS induces senescence and inflammatory factors (IL-6 and IL-8) in the fetal membrane through interleukin-1 (IL-1). Utilizing the existing transcriptomic data on GBS-exposed human fetal membrane, we showed that GBS affects senescence-related pathways and genes. Next, we treated primary amnion epithelial cells with conditioned medium from the choriodecidual layer of human fetal membrane exposed to GBS (GBS collected choriodecidual [CD] conditioned medium) in the absence or presence of an IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra). GBS CD conditioned medium significantly increased ß-galactosidase activity, IL-6 and IL-8 release from the amnion epithelial cells. Cotreatment with IL1Ra reduced GBS-induced ß-galactosidase activity and IL-6 and IL-8 secretion. Direct treatment with IL-1α or IL-1ß confirmed the role of IL-1 signaling in the regulation of senescence in the fetal membrane. We further showed that GBS CD conditioned medium and IL-1 decreased cell proliferation in amnion epithelial cells. In summary, for the first time, we demonstrate GBS-induced senescence in the fetal membrane and present evidence of IL-1 pathway signaling between the choriodecidua and amnion layer of fetal membrane in a paracrine manner. Further studies will be warranted to understand the pathogenesis of adverse pregnancy outcomes associated with GBS infection and develop therapeutic interventions to mitigate these complications.


Assuntos
Âmnio , Interleucina-8 , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Gravidez , Âmnio/metabolismo , beta-Galactosidase , Senescência Celular , Meios de Cultivo Condicionados/farmacologia , Células Epiteliais/metabolismo , Interleucina-6/metabolismo , Interleucina-8/metabolismo , Streptococcus agalactiae/metabolismo , Interleucina-1
4.
Nature ; 546(7658): 401-405, 2017 06 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28538723

RESUMO

Zika virus (ZIKV) is causing an unprecedented epidemic linked to severe congenital abnormalities. In July 2016, mosquito-borne ZIKV transmission was reported in the continental United States; since then, hundreds of locally acquired infections have been reported in Florida. To gain insights into the timing, source, and likely route(s) of ZIKV introduction, we tracked the virus from its first detection in Florida by sequencing ZIKV genomes from infected patients and Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. We show that at least 4 introductions, but potentially as many as 40, contributed to the outbreak in Florida and that local transmission is likely to have started in the spring of 2016-several months before its initial detection. By analysing surveillance and genetic data, we show that ZIKV moved among transmission zones in Miami. Our analyses show that most introductions were linked to the Caribbean, a finding corroborated by the high incidence rates and traffic volumes from the region into the Miami area. Our study provides an understanding of how ZIKV initiates transmission in new regions.


Assuntos
Infecção por Zika virus/epidemiologia , Infecção por Zika virus/virologia , Zika virus/genética , Aedes/virologia , Animais , Região do Caribe/epidemiologia , Surtos de Doenças/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , Florida/epidemiologia , Genoma Viral/genética , Humanos , Incidência , Epidemiologia Molecular , Mosquitos Vetores/virologia , Zika virus/isolamento & purificação , Infecção por Zika virus/transmissão
5.
Nature ; 546(7658): 411-415, 2017 06 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28538734

RESUMO

Although the recent Zika virus (ZIKV) epidemic in the Americas and its link to birth defects have attracted a great deal of attention, much remains unknown about ZIKV disease epidemiology and ZIKV evolution, in part owing to a lack of genomic data. Here we address this gap in knowledge by using multiple sequencing approaches to generate 110 ZIKV genomes from clinical and mosquito samples from 10 countries and territories, greatly expanding the observed viral genetic diversity from this outbreak. We analysed the timing and patterns of introductions into distinct geographic regions; our phylogenetic evidence suggests rapid expansion of the outbreak in Brazil and multiple introductions of outbreak strains into Puerto Rico, Honduras, Colombia, other Caribbean islands, and the continental United States. We find that ZIKV circulated undetected in multiple regions for many months before the first locally transmitted cases were confirmed, highlighting the importance of surveillance of viral infections. We identify mutations with possible functional implications for ZIKV biology and pathogenesis, as well as those that might be relevant to the effectiveness of diagnostic tests.


Assuntos
Filogenia , Infecção por Zika virus/transmissão , Infecção por Zika virus/virologia , Zika virus/genética , Zika virus/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Brasil/epidemiologia , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Culicidae/virologia , Surtos de Doenças/estatística & dados numéricos , Genoma Viral/genética , Mapeamento Geográfico , Honduras/epidemiologia , Humanos , Metagenoma/genética , Epidemiologia Molecular , Mosquitos Vetores/virologia , Mutação , Vigilância em Saúde Pública , Porto Rico/epidemiologia , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Zika virus/classificação , Zika virus/patogenicidade , Infecção por Zika virus/diagnóstico , Infecção por Zika virus/epidemiologia
6.
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol ; 322(3): C521-C545, 2022 03 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35138178

RESUMO

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) acts as a cofactor in several oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions and is a substrate for a number of nonredox enzymes. NAD is fundamental to a variety of cellular processes including energy metabolism, cell signaling, and epigenetics. NAD homeostasis appears to be of paramount importance to health span and longevity, and its dysregulation is associated with multiple diseases. NAD metabolism is dynamic and maintained by synthesis and degradation. The enzyme CD38, one of the main NAD-consuming enzymes, is a key component of NAD homeostasis. The majority of CD38 is localized in the plasma membrane with its catalytic domain facing the extracellular environment, likely for the purpose of controlling systemic levels of NAD. Several cell types express CD38, but its expression predominates on endothelial cells and immune cells capable of infiltrating organs and tissues. Here we review potential roles of CD38 in health and disease and postulate ways in which CD38 dysregulation causes changes in NAD homeostasis and contributes to the pathophysiology of multiple conditions. Indeed, in animal models the development of infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders, fibrosis, metabolic diseases, and age-associated diseases including cancer, heart disease, and neurodegeneration are associated with altered CD38 enzymatic activity. Many of these conditions are modified in CD38-deficient mice or by blocking CD38 NADase activity. In diseases in which CD38 appears to play a role, CD38-dependent NAD decline is often a common denominator of pathophysiology. Thus, understanding dysregulation of NAD homeostasis by CD38 may open new avenues for the treatment of human diseases.


Assuntos
Glicosídeo Hidrolases , NAD , ADP-Ribosil Ciclase 1/genética , ADP-Ribosil Ciclase 1/metabolismo , Animais , Células Endoteliais/metabolismo , Camundongos , NAD/metabolismo , NAD+ Nucleosidase/metabolismo
7.
Biochem Biophys Res Commun ; 513(2): 486-493, 2019 05 28.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30975470

RESUMO

Tissue nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) decline has been implicated in aging. We have recently identified CD38 as a central regulator involved in tissue NAD+ decline during the aging process. CD38 is an ecto-enzyme highly expressed in endothelial and inflammatory cells. To date, the mechanisms that regulate CD38 expression in aging tissues characterized by the presence of senescent cells is not completely understood. Cellular senescence has been described as a hallmark of the aging process and these cells are known to secrete several factors including cytokines and chemokines through their senescent associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Here we investigated if the cellular senescence phenotype is involved in the regulation of CD38 expression and its NADase activity. We observed that senescent cells do not have high expression of CD38. However, the SASP factors secreted by senescent cells induced CD38 mRNA and protein expression and increased CD38-NADase activity in non-senescent cells such as endothelial cells or bone marrow derived macrophages. Our data suggest a link between cellular senescence and NAD+ decline in which SASP-mediated upregulation of CD38 can disrupt cellular NAD+ homeostasis.


Assuntos
ADP-Ribosil Ciclase 1/metabolismo , Senescência Celular , NAD/metabolismo , ADP-Ribosil Ciclase 1/análise , Envelhecimento , Animais , Células Cultivadas , Células Endoteliais/citologia , Células Endoteliais/metabolismo , Feminino , Células Endoteliais da Veia Umbilical Humana , Humanos , Macrófagos/citologia , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Pessoa de Meia-Idade
8.
Cytokine ; 107: 9-17, 2018 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29153940

RESUMO

Muscle wasting is a decline in skeletal muscle mass and function that is associated with aging, obesity, and a spectrum of pathologies including cancer. Cancer-associated wasting not only reduces quality of life, but also directly impacts cancer mortality, chemotherapeutic efficacy, and surgical outcomes. There is an incomplete understanding of the role of tumor-derived factors in muscle wasting and sparse knowledge of how these factors impact in vivo muscle regeneration. Here, we identify several cytokines/chemokines that negatively impact in vitro myogenic differentiation. We show that one of these cytokines, CXCL1, potently antagonizes in vivo muscle regeneration and interferes with in vivo muscle satellite cell homeostasis. Strikingly, CXCL1 triggers a robust and specific neutrophil/M2 macrophage response that likely underlies or exacerbates muscle repair/regeneration defects. Taken together, these data highlight the pleiotropic nature of a novel tumor-derived cytokine and underscore the importance of cytokines in muscle progenitor cell regulation.


Assuntos
Citocinas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pulmonares/metabolismo , Desenvolvimento Muscular , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Mioblastos/metabolismo , Animais , Diferenciação Celular , Linhagem Celular , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Quimiocina CXCL1/metabolismo , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Camundongos da Linhagem 129 , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Músculo Esquelético/patologia , Músculo Esquelético/fisiopatologia , Regeneração , Transplante Heterólogo
9.
Sci Adv ; 10(31): eadn9188, 2024 Aug 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39083596

RESUMO

Knowledge gaps about how the ocean melts Antarctica's ice shelves, borne from a lack of observations, lead to large uncertainties in sea level predictions. Using high-resolution maps of the underside of Dotson Ice Shelf, West Antarctica, we reveal the imprint that ice shelf basal melting leaves on the ice. Convection and intermittent warm water intrusions form widespread terraced features through slow melting in quiescent areas, while shear-driven turbulence rapidly melts smooth, eroded topographies in outflow areas, as well as enigmatic teardrop-shaped indentations that result from boundary-layer flow rotation. Full-thickness ice fractures, with bases modified by basal melting and convective processes, are observed throughout the area. This new wealth of processes, all active under a single ice shelf, must be considered to accurately predict future Antarctic ice shelf melt.

10.
Cytokine ; 64(3): 652-9, 2013 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24075100

RESUMO

The transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGFß1) and NFκB pathways are important regulators of epidermal homeostasis, inflammatory responses and carcinogenesis. Previous studies have shown extensive crosstalk between these pathways that is cell type and context dependent, but this has not been well-characterized in epidermal keratinocytes. Here we show that in primary mouse keratinocytes, TGFß1 induces NFκB-luciferase reporter activity that is dependent on both NFκB and Smad3. TGFß1-induced NFκB-luciferase activity was blocked by the IκB inhibitor parthenolide, the IκB super-repressor, a dominant negative TGFß1-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) and genetic deletion of NFκB1. Coexpression of NFκB p50 or p65 subunits enhanced NFκB-luciferase activity. Similarly, inhibition of the TGFß1 type I receptor with SB431542 or genetic deletion of Smad3 blocked TGFß1 induction of NFκB-luciferase. TGFß1 rapidly induced IKK phosphorylation but did not cause a detectable decrease in cytoplasmic IκB levels or nuclear translocation of NFκB subunits, although EMSA showed rapid NFκB nuclear binding activity that could be blocked by SB431542 treatment. TNFα, a well characterized NFκB target gene was also induced by TGFß1 and this was blocked in NFκB+/- and -/- keratinocytes and by the IκB super-repressor. To test the effects of the TGFß1 pathway on a biologically relevant activator of NFκB, we exposed mice and primary keratinocytes in culture to UVB irradiation. In primary keratinocytes UVB caused a detectable increase in levels of Smad2 phosphorylation that was dependent on ALK5, but no significant increase in SBE-dependent gene expression. Inhibition of TGFß1 signaling in primary keratinocytes with SB431542 or genetic deletion of Tgfb1 or Smad3 suppressed UVB induction of TNFα message. Similarly, UVB induction of TNFα mRNA was blocked in skin of Tgfb1+/- mice. These studies demonstrate that intact TGFß1 signaling is required for NFκB-dependent gene expression in mouse keratinocytes and skin and suggest that a convergence of these pathways in the nucleus rather than the cytoplasm may be critical for regulation of inflammatory pathways in skin by TGFß1.


Assuntos
Expressão Gênica/genética , Queratinócitos/metabolismo , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta1/metabolismo , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Benzamidas/farmacologia , Células Cultivadas , Dioxóis/farmacologia , Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Expressão Gênica/efeitos da radiação , Immunoblotting , Queratinócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Queratinócitos/efeitos da radiação , Luciferases/genética , Luciferases/metabolismo , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , NF-kappa B/genética , Receptores de Fatores de Crescimento Transformadores beta/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptores de Fatores de Crescimento Transformadores beta/metabolismo , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa , Proteína Smad3/genética , Proteína Smad3/metabolismo , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta1/genética , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta1/farmacologia , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/genética , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismo , Raios Ultravioleta
11.
Front Mol Biosci ; 10: 906606, 2023.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36968274

RESUMO

Metabolic homeostasis balances the production and consumption of energetic molecules to maintain active, healthy cells. Cellular stress, which disrupts metabolism and leads to the loss of cellular homeostasis, is important in age-related diseases. We focus here on the role of organelle dysfunction in age-related diseases, including the roles of energy deficiencies, mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, changes in metabolic flux in aging (e.g., Ca2+ and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), and alterations in the endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria contact sites that regulate the trafficking of metabolites. Tools for single-cell resolution of metabolite pools and metabolic flux in animal models of aging and age-related diseases are urgently needed. High-resolution mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) provides a revolutionary approach for capturing the metabolic states of individual cells and cellular interactions without the dissociation of tissues. mass spectrometry imaging can be a powerful tool to elucidate the role of stress-induced cellular dysfunction in aging.

12.
Sci Data ; 9(1): 275, 2022 06 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35672417

RESUMO

The Southern Ocean surrounding Antarctica is a region that is key to a range of climatic and oceanographic processes with worldwide effects, and is characterised by high biological productivity and biodiversity. Since 2013, the International Bathymetric Chart of the Southern Ocean (IBCSO) has represented the most comprehensive compilation of bathymetry for the Southern Ocean south of 60°S. Recently, the IBCSO Project has combined its efforts with the Nippon Foundation - GEBCO Seabed 2030 Project supporting the goal of mapping the world's oceans by 2030. New datasets initiated a second version of IBCSO (IBCSO v2). This version extends to 50°S (covering approximately 2.4 times the area of seafloor of the previous version) including the gateways of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and the Antarctic circumpolar frontal systems. Due to increased (multibeam) data coverage, IBCSO v2 significantly improves the overall representation of the Southern Ocean seafloor and resolves many submarine landforms in more detail. This makes IBCSO v2 the most authoritative seafloor map of the area south of 50°S.

13.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A ; 105(27): 9349-54, 2008 Jul 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18591670

RESUMO

We characterize a sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling domain restricted to the adventitial layer of artery wall that supports resident Sca1-positive vascular progenitor cells (AdvSca1). Using patched-1 (Ptc1(lacZ)) and patched-2 (Ptc2(lacZ)) reporter mice, adventitial Shh signaling activity was first detected at embryonic day (E) 15.5, reached the highest levels between postnatal day 1 (P1) and P10, was diminished in adult vessels, and colocalized with a circumferential ring of Shh protein deposited between the media and adventitia. In Shh(-/-) mice, AdvSca1 cells normally found at the aortic root were either absent or greatly diminished in number. Using a Wnt1-cre lineage marker that identifies cells of neural crest origin, we found that neither the adventitia nor AdvSca1 cells were labeled in arteries composed of neural crest-derived smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Although AdvSca1 cells do not express SMC marker proteins in vivo, they do express transcription factors thought to be required for SMC differentiation, including serum response factor (SRF) and myocardin family members, and readily differentiate to SMC-like cells in vitro. However, AdvSca1 cells also express potent repressors of SRF-dependent transcription, including Klf4, Msx1, and FoxO4, which may be critical for maintenance of the SMC progenitor phenotype of AdvSca1 cells in vivo. We conclude that a restricted domain of Shh signaling is localized to the arterial adventitia and may play important roles in maintenance of resident vascular SMC progenitor cells in the artery wall.


Assuntos
Artérias/metabolismo , Tecido Conjuntivo/metabolismo , Proteínas Hedgehog/metabolismo , Miócitos de Músculo Liso/citologia , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/metabolismo , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Células-Tronco/citologia , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Aorta/citologia , Aorta/embriologia , Artérias/citologia , Artérias/embriologia , Ataxina-1 , Ataxinas , Separação Celular , Embrião de Mamíferos/citologia , Embrião de Mamíferos/metabolismo , Proteínas Hedgehog/deficiência , Fator 4 Semelhante a Kruppel , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Miócitos de Músculo Liso/metabolismo , Células-Tronco/metabolismo
14.
Neurosci Lett ; 750: 135740, 2021 04 17.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33600903

RESUMO

Recognizing that STEM disciplines, including neuroscience, have a long way to go to attract and retain diverse talent, educators can take action by being more intentional about their departmental curricula, course design, and pedagogical strategies. A deep body of research suggests that one way we can promote inclusion is through the use of high impact practices (HIPs). These active learning teaching practices promote deep learning and student engagement and have been shown to have a positive differential impact on historically underserved student populations. Here we describe the characteristics of two different types of HIP courses, makerspace classes, and course-based undergraduate research experiences (CUREs). In addition, we provide ideas for how these courses can be structured to help all students engage and learn. With experience overseeing a large campus-wide program introducing these course types to the curriculum, we also provide insights about faculty experiences and assessment. We propose that including these types of courses in a curriculum can engage a more diverse group of students to choose neuroscience as a major and as a career.


Assuntos
Neurociências/educação , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Aprendizagem Baseada em Problemas/métodos , Materiais de Ensino
15.
Carcinogenesis ; 31(6): 1116-23, 2010 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20172950

RESUMO

Transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFbeta1) expression is elevated by tumor promoters in the mouse skin, but its role in tumor promotion has not been well defined. To investigate this, we have compared TGFbeta1+/+ and +/- mice in a two-stage skin chemical carcinogenesis protocol. Surprisingly, TGFbeta1+/- mice had fewer number and incidence of benign papillomas, reduced epidermal and tumor cell proliferation and reduced epidermal TGFbeta1 and nuclear p-Smad2 localization in response to the tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) compared with TGFbeta1+/+ mice. Maximal TPA activation of protein kinase C (PKCalpha) as measured by activity assays and activation of target genes and induction of cornified envelopes correlated with TGFbeta1 gene dosage in keratinocytes and addition of exogenous TGFbeta1 restored the cornification defect in TGFbeta1+/- keratinocytes. Similarly, inhibition of ALK5-suppressed TPA-mediated PKCalpha activation suggesting that physiological levels of TGFbeta1 are required for maximal activation of PKC-dependent mitogenic responses. Paradoxically, the TPA-induced inflammatory response was greater in TGFbeta1+/- skin, but TGFbeta1+/+ papillomas had more tumor infiltrating myeloperoxidase-positive cells and pro-inflammatory gene expression was elevated in v-ras(Ha)-transduced TGFbeta1+/+ but not TGFbeta1+/- keratinocytes. Thus, ras activation switches TGFbeta1 to a pro-inflammatory cytokine. Despite this differential proliferative and inflammatory response to TPA and enhanced papilloma formation in the TGFbeta1+/+ mice, the frequency of malignant conversion was reduced compared with TGFbeta1+/- mice. Therefore, TGFbeta1 promotes benign tumors by modifying tumor promoter-induced cell proliferation and inflammation but retains a suppressive function for malignant conversion.


Assuntos
Papiloma/fisiopatologia , Neoplasias Cutâneas/fisiopatologia , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta1/fisiologia , Animais , Carcinógenos/toxicidade , Proliferação de Células , Transformação Celular Neoplásica , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Papiloma/induzido quimicamente , Papiloma/patologia , Neoplasias Cutâneas/induzido quimicamente , Neoplasias Cutâneas/patologia , Acetato de Tetradecanoilforbol/toxicidade
16.
Reprod Sci ; 27(11): 2104-2114, 2020 11.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32542535

RESUMO

Significant gaps exist in our knowledge of how cellular redox status, sometimes referred to as oxidative stress, impacts placental trophoblasts. The present study used tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) as a known generator of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the extravillous trophoblast cell line HTR-8/SVneo to examine the role of cellular redox disruption of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and the cytokine IL-6 in cell death. Cells were exposed to 0, 12.5, 25, or 50 µM TBHP for 4, 8, and 24 h to ascertain effects on cell viability, caspase 3/7 activity, PGE2 release, PTGS2 mRNA expression, and IL-6 release. Experiments with inhibitors included the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin, mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitors (PD169316, U0126, or SP600125), or treatments to counter expected consequences of TBHP-stimulated generation of ROS (deferoxamine [DFO], butylated hydroxyanisole [BHA], and N,N'-diphenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine [DPPD]) using 24-h exposure to 50 µM TBHP. Cell viability, measured by ATP content, decreased 24% relative to controls with a 24-h exposure to 50 µM TBHP, but not at lower TBHP concentrations nor at earlier time points. Exposure to 50 µM TBHP increased caspase 3/7 activity, an indicator of apoptosis, after 8 and 24 h. Antioxidant treatment markedly reduced TBHP-stimulated caspase 3/7 activity, PGE2 release, and IL-6 release. TBHP-stimulated IL-6 release was blocked by PD169316 but unaltered by indomethacin. These data suggest that TBHP-stimulated IL-6 release and caspase 3/7 activation were independent of PGE2 yet were interrupted by treatments with known antioxidant properties, providing new insight into relationships between PGE2, IL-6, and apoptosis under conditions of chemically induced cellular oxidation.


Assuntos
Apoptose , Dinoprostona/metabolismo , Interleucina-6/metabolismo , Placenta/metabolismo , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Trofoblastos/metabolismo , terc-Butil Hidroperóxido/administração & dosagem , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular , Feminino , Humanos , Placenta/efeitos dos fármacos , Gravidez , Trofoblastos/efeitos dos fármacos
17.
JCSM Rapid Commun ; 3(2): 56-69, 2020.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32905522

RESUMO

Background: Muscle wasting is a debilitating co-morbidity affecting most advanced cancer patients. Alongside enhanced muscle catabolism, defects in muscle repair/regeneration contribute to cancer-associated wasting. Among the factors implicated in suppression of muscle regeneration are cytokines that interfere with myogenic signal transduction pathways. Less understood is how other cancer/wasting-associated cues, such as metabolites, contribute to muscle dysfunction. This study investigates how the metabolite succinate affects myogenesis and muscle regeneration. Methods: We leveraged an established ectopic metabolite treatment (cell permeable dimethyl-succinate) strategy to evaluate the ability of intracellular succinate elevation to 1) affect myoblast homeostasis (proliferation, apoptosis), 2) disrupt protein dynamics and induce wasting-associated atrophy, and 3) modulate in vitro myogenesis. In vivo succinate supplementation experiments (2% succinate, 1% sucrose vehicle) were used to corroborate and extend in vitro observations. Metabolic profiling and functional metabolic studies were then performed to investigate the impact of succinate elevation on mitochondria function. Results: We found that in vitro succinate supplementation elevated intracellular succinate about 2-fold, and did not have an impact on proliferation or apoptosis of C2C12 myoblasts. Elevated succinate had minor effects on protein homeostasis (~25% decrease in protein synthesis assessed by OPP staining), and no significant effect on myotube atrophy. Succinate elevation interfered with in vitro myoblast differentiation, characterized by significant decreases in late markers of myogenesis and fewer nuclei per myosin heavy chain positive structure (assessed by immunofluorescence staining). While mice orally administered succinate did not exhibit changes in overall body composition or whole muscle weights, these mice displayed smaller muscle myofiber diameters (~6% decrease in the mean of non-linear regression curves fit to the histograms of minimum feret diameter distribution), which was exacerbated when muscle regeneration was induced with barium chloride injury. Significant decreases in the mean of non-linear regression curves fit to the histograms of minimum feret diameter distributions were observed 7 days and 28 days post injury. Elevated numbers of myogenin positive cells (3-fold increase) supportive of the differentiation defects observed in vitro were observed 28 days post injury. Metabolic profiling and functional metabolic assessment of myoblasts revealed that succinate elevation caused both widespread metabolic changes and significantly lowered maximal cellular respiration (~35% decrease). Conclusions: This study broadens the repertoire of wasting-associated factors that can directly modulate muscle progenitor cell function and strengthens the hypothesis that metabolic derangements are significant contributors to impaired muscle regeneration, an important aspect of cancer-associated muscle wasting.

18.
Nat Metab ; 2(11): 1284-1304, 2020 11.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33199925

RESUMO

Decreased NAD+ levels have been shown to contribute to metabolic dysfunction during aging. NAD+ decline can be partially prevented by knockout of the enzyme CD38. However, it is not known how CD38 is regulated during aging, and how its ecto-enzymatic activity impacts NAD+ homeostasis. Here we show that an increase in CD38 in white adipose tissue (WAT) and the liver during aging is mediated by accumulation of CD38+ immune cells. Inflammation increases CD38 and decreases NAD+. In addition, senescent cells and their secreted signals promote accumulation of CD38+ cells in WAT, and ablation of senescent cells or their secretory phenotype decreases CD38, partially reversing NAD+ decline. Finally, blocking the ecto-enzymatic activity of CD38 can increase NAD+ through a nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN)-dependent process. Our findings demonstrate that senescence-induced inflammation promotes accumulation of CD38 in immune cells that, through its ecto-enzymatic activity, decreases levels of NMN and NAD+.


Assuntos
ADP-Ribosil Ciclase 1/metabolismo , Envelhecimento/metabolismo , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , NAD/biossíntese , ADP-Ribosil Ciclase 1/genética , ADP-Ribosil Ciclase 1/imunologia , Adipócitos Brancos/metabolismo , Tecido Adiposo Branco/metabolismo , Envelhecimento/imunologia , Animais , Transplante de Medula Óssea , Senescência Celular , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Inflamação/imunologia , Fígado/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Fígado/metabolismo , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/genética , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/imunologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Camundongos Transgênicos , Mononucleotídeo de Nicotinamida/metabolismo , Fenótipo
19.
Front Immunol ; 10: 1187, 2019.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31214171

RESUMO

CD38 (Cluster of Differentiation 38) is a multifunctional ecto-enzyme that metabolizes NAD+ and mediates nicotinamide dinucleotide (NAD+) and extracellular nucleotide homeostasis as well as intracellular calcium. CD38 is also an emerging therapeutic target under conditions in which metabolism is altered including infection, aging, and tumorigenesis. We describe multiple enzymatic activities of CD38, which may explain the breadth of biological roles observed for this enzyme. Of greatest significance is the role of CD38 as an ecto-enzyme capable of modulating extracellular NAD+ precursor availability: 1 to bacteria unable to perform de novo synthesis of NAD+; and 2 in aged parenchyma impacted by the accumulation of immune cells during the process of 'inflammaging'. We also discuss the paradoxical role of CD38 as a modulator of intracellular NAD+, particularly in tumor immunity. Finally, we provide a summary of therapeutic approaches to CD38 inhibition and 'NAD+ boosting' for treatment of metabolic dysfunction observed during aging and in tumor immunity. The present review summarizes the role of CD38 in nicotinamide nucleotide homeostasis with special emphasis on the role of CD38 as an immunomodulator and druggable target.


Assuntos
ADP-Ribosil Ciclase 1/metabolismo , Envelhecimento/metabolismo , Doenças Metabólicas/metabolismo , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Animais , Homeostase , Humanos , Imunidade , Imunomodulação
20.
J Palliat Med ; 21(9): 1334-1338, 2018 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29792535

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: More than 80% of patients with advanced cancer develop weight loss. Because preclinical data suggest poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors can treat this weight loss, this study was undertaken to explore the PARP inhibitor veliparib for this indication. OBJECTIVE: The current study was undertaken to analyze prospectively gathered data on weight in cancer patients on PARP inhibitors. DESIGN/SETTING: The current study relied on a previously published, prospectively conducted phase 1 single institution trial that combined veliparib and topotecan (NCT01012817) as antineoplastic therapy for advanced cancer patients. Serial weight data and, when available and clinically relevant, computerized tomography scans were also examined. MEASUREMENTS: The primary endpoint was 10% or greater weight gain from trial enrollment. RESULTS: Nearly all 60 patients lost weight over time. Only one patient manifested a 10% or greater gain in weight. However, review of computerized tomography L3 images showed this weight gain was a manifestation of ascites. Four other patients gained 5% of their baseline weight. However, findings in two patients with available radiographs showed no evidence of muscle augmentation. CONCLUSIONS: The addition of the PARP inhibitor veliparib to chemotherapy does not appear to result in notable weight gain or in weight maintenance in patients with advanced cancer. Interventions other than PARP inhibitors should be considered for the palliation/treatment of cancer-associated weight loss.


Assuntos
Benzimidazóis/uso terapêutico , Caquexia/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Inibidores de Poli(ADP-Ribose) Polimerases/uso terapêutico , Redução de Peso/efeitos dos fármacos , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Prospectivos , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Inibidores da Topoisomerase/uso terapêutico , Topotecan/uso terapêutico
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