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BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Pragmatic trials are increasingly used to study the implementation of weight loss interventions in real-world settings. This study compared researcher-measured body weights versus electronic medical record (EMR)-derived body weights from a pragmatic trial conducted in an underserved patient population. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The PROPEL trial randomly allocated 18 clinics to usual care (UC) or to an intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI) designed to promote weight loss. Weight was measured by trained technicians at baseline and at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months. A total of 11 clinics (6 UC/5 ILI) with 577 enrolled patients also provided EMR data (n = 561), which included available body weights over the period of the trial. RESULTS: The total number of assessments were 2638 and 2048 for the researcher-measured and EMR-derived body weight values, respectively. The correlation between researcher-measured and EMR-derived body weights was 0.988 (n = 1 939; p < 0.0001). The mean difference between the EMR and researcher weights (EMR-researcher) was 0.63 (2.65 SD) kg, and a Bland-Altman graph showed good agreement between the two data collection methods; the upper and lower boundaries of the 95% limits of agreement are -4.65 kg and +5.91 kg, and 71 (3.7%) of the values were outside the limits of agreement. However, at 6 months, percent weight loss in the ILI compared to the UC group was 7.3% using researcher-measured data versus 5.5% using EMR-derived data. At 24 months, the weight loss maintenance was 4.6% using the technician-measured data versus 3.5% using EMR-derived data. CONCLUSION: At the group level, body weight data derived from researcher assessments and an EMR showed good agreement; however, the weight loss difference between ILI and UC was blunted when using EMR data. This suggests that weight loss studies that rely on EMR data may require larger sample sizes to detect significant effects. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT02561221.
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Registros Eletrônicos de Saúde , Obesidade , Peso Corporal , Humanos , Estilo de Vida , Obesidade/diagnóstico , Obesidade/terapia , Redução de PesoRESUMO
Examine COVID-19 knowledge, concerns, behaviors, stress, and sources of information among patients in a safety-net health system in Louisiana. Research assistants surveyed participants via structured telephone interviews from April to October 2020. The data presented in this study were obtained in the pre-vaccine availability period. Of 623 adult participants, 73.5% were female, 54.7% Black, and 44.8% lived in rural small towns; mean age was 48.69. Half (50.5%) had spoken to a healthcare provider about the virus, 25.8% had been tested for COVID-19; 11.4% tested positive. Small town residents were less likely to be tested than those in cities (21.1% vs 29.3%, p = 0.05). Knowledge of COVID-19 symptoms and ways to prevent the disease increased from (87.9% in the spring to 98.9% in the fall, p < 0.001). Participants indicating that the virus had 'changed their daily routine a lot' decreased from 56.9% to 39.3% (p < 0.001). The main source of COVID-19 information was TV, which increased over time, 66.1-83.6% (p < 0.001). Use of websites (34.2%) did not increase. Black adults were more likely than white adults (80.7% vs 65.6%, p < 0.001) to rely on TV for COVID-19 information. Participants under 30 were more likely to get COVID-19 information from websites and social media (58.2% and 35.8% respectively). This study provides information related to the understanding of COVID-19 in rural and underserved communities that can guide clinical and public health strategies.
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COVID-19 , Mídias Sociais , Adulto , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Feminino , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , SARS-CoV-2 , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: End-of-life care for patients with cancer is often overly burdensome, and palliative and hospice care are underutilized. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether the mental health diagnoses of anxiety and depression were associated with variation in end-of-life care in metastatic cancer. METHODS: This study used electronic health data from 1,333 adults with metastatic cancer who received care at two academic health centers in Louisiana, USA, and died between 1/1/2011-12/31/2017. The study used descriptive statistics to characterize the sample and logistic regression to examine whether anxiety and depression diagnoses in the six months before death were associated with utilization outcomes (chemotherapy, intensive care unit [ICU] visits, emergency department visits, mechanical ventilation, inpatient hospitalization, palliative care encounters, and hospice utilization), while controlling for key demographic and health covariates. RESULTS: Patients (56.1% male; 65.6% White, 31.1% Black) commonly experienced depression (23.9%) and anxiety (27.2%) disorders within six months of death. Anxiety was associated with an increased likelihood of chemotherapy (odds ratio [OR] = 1.42, p = 0.016), ICU visits (OR = 1.40, p = 0.013), and inpatient hospitalizations (OR = 1.85, p < 0.001) in the 30 days before death. Anxiety (OR = 1.95, p < 0.001) and depression (OR = 1.34, p = 0.038) were associated with a greater likelihood of a palliative encounter. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with metastatic cancer who had an anxiety disorder were more likely to have burdensome end-of-life care, including chemotherapy, ICU visits, and inpatient hospitalizations in the 30 days before death. Depression and anxiety both increased the odds of palliative encounters. These results emphasize the importance of mental health considerations in end-of-life care.
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Cuidados Paliativos na Terminalidade da Vida , Neoplasias , Assistência Terminal , Adulto , Ansiedade/epidemiologia , Ansiedade/terapia , Transtornos de Ansiedade/epidemiologia , Transtornos de Ansiedade/terapia , Depressão/epidemiologia , Depressão/terapia , Feminino , Hospitalização , Humanos , Masculino , Neoplasias/terapia , Cuidados Paliativos/métodos , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
AIM: To investigate the association between visit-to-visit HbA1c variability and the risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study of 29 260 patients with at least four HbA1c measurements obtained within 2 years of their first diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. Different HbA1c variability markers were calculated, including the standard deviation (SD), coefficient of variation (CV) and adjusted SD. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate the association of these HbA1c variability markers with incident cardiovascular disease. RESULTS: During a mean follow-up of 4.18 years, a total of 3746 incident cardiovascular disease cases were diagnosed. Multivariate-adjusted hazard ratios for cardiovascular disease across the first, second, third and fourth quartiles of HbA1c SD values were 1.00, 1.30 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.18-1.42), 1.40 (95% CI 1.26-1.55) and 1.59 (95% CI 1.41-1.77) (P for trend <.001), respectively. When we utilized HbA1c CV and adjusted HbA1c SD values as exposures, similar positive associations were observed. HbA1c variability was also associated with the risk of first and recurrent severe hypoglycaemic events. A mediating effect of severe hypoglycaemia was observed between HbA1c variability and incident cardiovascular disease. CONCLUSIONS: Large visit-to-visit HbA1c variability is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. Severe hypoglycaemia may mediate the association between HbA1c variability and incident cardiovascular disease.
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Doenças Cardiovasculares , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Glicemia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/etiologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicações , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/epidemiologia , Hemoglobinas Glicadas/análise , Humanos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in COVID-19 burden have been widely reported. Using data from the state health departments of Alabama and Louisiana aggregated to residential Census tracts, we assessed the relationship between social vulnerability and COVID-19 testing rates, test positivity, and incidence. Data were cumulative for the period of February 27, 2020 to October 7, 2020. We estimated the association of the 2018 Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) overall score and theme scores with COVID-19 tests, test positivity, and cases using multivariable negative binomial regressions. We adjusted for rurality with 2010 Rural-Urban Commuting Area codes. Regional effects were modeled as fixed effects of counties/parishes and state health department regions. The analytical sample included 1160 Alabama and 1105 Louisiana Census tracts. In both states, overall social vulnerability and vulnerability themes were significantly associated with increased COVID-19 case rates (RR 1.57, 95% CI 1.45-1.70 for Alabama; RR 1.36, 95% CI 1.26-1.46 for Louisiana). There was increased COVID-19 testing with higher overall vulnerability in Louisiana (RR 1.26, 95% CI 1.14-1.38), but not in Alabama (RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.89-1.02). Consequently, test positivity in Alabama was significantly associated with social vulnerability (RR 1.66, 95% CI 1.57-1.75), whereas no such relationship was observed in Louisiana (RR 1.05, 95% CI 0.98-1.12). Social vulnerability is a risk factor for COVID-19 infection, particularly among racial/ethnic minorities and those in disadvantaged housing conditions without transportation. Increased testing targeted to vulnerable communities may contribute to reduction in test positivity and overall COVID-19 disparities.
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COVID-19 , Alabama/epidemiologia , Teste para COVID-19 , Humanos , Incidência , Louisiana , SARS-CoV-2 , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Estados UnidosRESUMO
AIM: To compare the cardiovascular risks between users and non-users of sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors based on electronic medical record data from a large integrated healthcare system in South Louisiana. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Demographic, anthropometric, laboratory and medication prescription information for patients with type 2 diabetes who were new users of SGLT2 inhibitors, either as initial treatments or as add-on treatments, were obtained from electronic health records. Mediation analysis was performed to evaluate the association of use of SGLT2 inhibitors and changes of metabolic risk factors with the risk of incident ischaemic heart disease. RESULTS: A total of 5338 new users of SGLT2 inhibitors were matched with 13 821 non-users. During a mean follow-up of 3.26 years, 2302 incident cases of ischaemic heart disease were defined. After adjusting for multiple confounding factors, patients using SGLT2 inhibitors had a lower risk of incident ischaemic heart disease compared to patients not using SGLT2 inhibitors (hazard ratio [HR] 0.63, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.54-0.73). Patients using SGLT2 inhibitors also had a lower risk of incident ischaemic heart disease within 6 months (HR 0.36, 95% CI 0.25-0.44), 12 months (HR 0.40, 95% CI 0.32-0.49), 24 months (HR 0.53, 95% CI 0.43-0.60) and 36 months (HR 0.65, 95% CI 0.54-0.73), respectively. Reductions in systolic blood pressure partly mediated lowering risk of ischaemic heart disease among patients using SGLT2 inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS: The real-world data in the present study show the contribution of SGLT2 inhibitors to reducing risk of ischaemic heart disease, and their benefits beyond glucose-lowering.
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Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Inibidores da Dipeptidil Peptidase IV , Isquemia Miocárdica , Inibidores do Transportador 2 de Sódio-Glicose , Simportadores , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicações , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/epidemiologia , Glucose , Humanos , Louisiana , Isquemia Miocárdica/epidemiologia , Isquemia Miocárdica/prevenção & controle , Sódio , Inibidores do Transportador 2 de Sódio-Glicose/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Several prospective studies have evaluated the association between body mass index (BMI) and death risk among patients with diabetes mellitus; however, the results have been inconsistent. METHODS AND RESULTS: We performed a prospective cohort study of 19 478 black and 15 354 white patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate the association of different levels of BMI stratification with all-cause mortality. During a mean follow-up of 8.7 years, 4042 deaths were identified. The multivariable-adjusted (age, sex, smoking, income, and type of insurance) hazard ratios for all-cause mortality associated with BMI levels (18.5-22.9, 23-24.9, 25-29.9, 30-34.9 [reference group], 35-39.9, and ≥40 kg/m(2)) at baseline were 2.12 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.80-2.49), 1.74 (95% CI, 1.46-2.07), 1.23 (95% CI, 1.08-1.41), 1.00, 1.19 (95% CI, 1.03-1.39), and 1.23 (95% CI, 1.05-1.43) for blacks and 1.70 (95% CI, 1.42-2.04), 1.51 (95% CI, 1.27-1.80), 1.07 (95% CI, 0.94-1.21), 1.00, 1.07 (95% CI, 0.93-1.23), and 1.20 (95% CI, 1.05-1.38) for whites, respectively. When stratified by age, smoking status, patient type, or the use of antidiabetic drugs, a U-shaped association was still present. When BMI was included in the Cox model as a time-dependent variable, the U-shaped association of BMI with all-cause mortality risk did not change. CONCLUSIONS: The present study indicated a U-shaped association of BMI with all-cause mortality risk among black and white patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. A significantly increased risk of all-cause mortality was observed among blacks with BMI <30 kg/m(2) and ≥35 kg/m(2) and among whites with BMI <25 kg/m(2) and ≥40 kg/m(2) compared with patients with BMI of 30 to 34.9 kg/m(2).
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Índice de Massa Corporal , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/etnologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/mortalidade , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , População Negra/etnologia , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Modelos de Riscos Proporcionais , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Taxa de Sobrevida , População Branca/etnologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Previous studies have evaluated the association of body mass index (BMI) with the risk of all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality among diabetic patients, and results were controversial. No studies have focused on the association between BMI and stroke risk among diabetic patients. We aimed to examine the association of BMI with stroke risk among diabetic patients. METHODS: We performed a prospective cohort study with 29,554 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate the association of different levels of BMI with stroke risk. RESULTS: During a mean follow-up period of 8.3 years, 2883 participants developed stroke (2821 ischemic and 109 hemorrhagic). The multivariable-adjusted (age, sex, race, smoking, income, and type of insurance) hazard ratios associated with different levels of BMI at baseline (18.5-24.9 [reference group], 25-29.9, 30-34.9, 35-39.9, and ≥40 kg/m(2)) were 1.00, 0.86, 0.83, 0.76, and 0.70 (Ptrend<0.001) for total stroke, 1.00, 0.87, 0.85, 0.78, and 0.72 (Ptrend <0.001) for ischemic stroke, and 1.00, 0.76, 0.72, 0.54, and 0.53 (Ptrend=0.034) for hemorrhagic stroke, respectively. When we used an updated mean or the last visit value of BMI, the inverse association of BMI with stroke risk did not change. This inverse association was consistent among patients of different races, sex, ages, HbA1c levels, never and current smoking, and patients with and without using glucose-lowering, cholesterol-lowering, or antihypertensive agents. CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrates an inverse association between BMI and stroke risk among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Índice de Massa Corporal , Isquemia Encefálica/epidemiologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/epidemiologia , Hemorragias Intracranianas/epidemiologia , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/epidemiologia , Isquemia Encefálica/complicações , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/metabolismo , Feminino , Hemoglobinas Glicadas/metabolismo , Humanos , Hemorragias Intracranianas/complicações , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Sobrepeso/epidemiologia , Estatística como Assunto , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/etiologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: We examined electronic health records (EHRs) to assess the impact of systems change on tobacco use screening, treatment, and quit rates among low-income primary care patients in Louisiana. METHODS: We examined EHR data on 79,777 patients with more than 1.2 million adult primary care encounters from January 1, 2009, through January 31, 2012, for evidence of systems change. We adapted a definition of "systems change" to evaluate a tobacco screening and treatment protocol used by medical staff during primary care visits at 7 sites in a public hospital system. RESULTS: Six of 7 sites met the definition of systems change, with routine screening rates for tobacco use higher than 50%. Within the first year, a 99.7% screening rate was reached. Sites had a 9.5% relative decrease in prevalence over the study period. Patients were 1.03 times more likely to sustain quit with each additional intervention (95% confidence interval = 1.02, 1.04). CONCLUSIONS: EHRs can be used to demonstrate that routine clinical interventions with low-income primary care patients result in reductions in tobacco use and sustained quits.
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Registros Eletrônicos de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Pobreza , Atenção Primária à Saúde/organização & administração , Abandono do Hábito de Fumar/métodos , Fumar/terapia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Protocolos Clínicos , Prestação Integrada de Cuidados de Saúde/organização & administração , Prestação Integrada de Cuidados de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , Humanos , Louisiana , Masculino , Programas de Rastreamento , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Atenção Primária à Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Setor Público , Fumar/epidemiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Sex differences in macrovascular disease, especially in stroke, are observed across studies of epidemiology. We studied a large sample of patients with type 2 diabetes to better understand the relationship between glycaemic control and stroke risk. METHODS: We prospectively investigated the sex-specific association between different levels of HbA(1c) and incident stroke risk among 10,876 male and 19,278 female patients with type 2 diabetes. RESULTS: During a mean follow-up of 6.7 years, 2,949 incident cases of stroke were identified. The multivariable-adjusted HRs of stroke associated with different levels of HbA(1c) at baseline (HbA(1c) <6.0% [<42 mmol/mol], 6.0-6.9% [42-52 mmol/mol] [reference group], 7.0-7.9% [53-63 mmol/mol], 8.0-8.9% [64-74 mmol/mol], 9.0-9.9% [75-85 mmol/mol] and ≥10.0% [≥86 mmol/mol]) were 0.96 (95% CI 0.80, 1.14), 1.00, 1.04 (0.85, 1.28), 1.11 (0.89, 1.39), 1.10 (0.86, 1.41) and 1.22 (0.92, 1.35) (p for trend = 0.66) for men, and 1.03 (0.90, 1.18), 1.00, 1.09 (0.94, 1.26), 1.19 (1.00, 1.42), 1.32 (1.09, 1.59) and 1.42 (1.23, 1.65) (p for trend <0.001) for women, respectively. The graded association between HbA(1c) during follow-up and stroke risk was observed among women (p for trend = 0.066). When stratified by race, whether with or without glucose-lowering agents, this graded association of HbA(1c) with stroke was still present among women. When stratified by age, the adjusted HRs were significantly higher in women older than 55 years compared with younger women. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: The current study suggests a graded association between HbA1c and the risk of stroke among women with type 2 diabetes. Poor control of blood sugar has a stronger effect in diabetic women older than 55 years.
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Complicações do Diabetes/sangue , Complicações do Diabetes/epidemiologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/sangue , Hemoglobinas Glicadas/análise , Fatores Sexuais , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/sangue , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/epidemiologia , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Glicemia , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Hiperglicemia/sangue , Louisiana , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Análise Multivariada , Modelos de Riscos Proporcionais , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
The association of estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) with cardiovascular disease risk among patients with type 2 diabetes is unclear. Here we prospectively investigated the race-specific association of estimated GFR with the risk of coronary heart disease and stroke among 11,940 Caucasian and 16,451 African-American patients. During mean follow-up of 6.1-6.8 years, 6647 coronary heart disease and 2750 stroke incident cases were identified. Age- and sex-adjusted hazard ratios of coronary heart disease associated with baseline estimated GFR (90 or more, 75-89, 60-74, 30-59, and 15-29 ml/min per 1.73 m2) were 1.00, 1.04, 1.13, 1.37, and 2.07 (significant trend) for African Americans, and 1.00, 1.09, 1.10, 1.31, and 2.18 (significant trend) for Caucasians, respectively. A significantly increased stroke risk was observed among both African-American and Caucasian participants with an estimated GFR under 60 ml/min per 1.73 m2. When using the updated mean values of estimated GFR, these significant associations became stronger. Participants with mildly decreased estimated GFR (60-89 ml/min per 1.73 m2) during follow-up were also at a significantly higher risk of coronary heart disease and stroke. Thus, even mildly reduced estimated GFR at baseline (under 75 ml/min per 1.73 m2) and during follow-up (under 90 ml/min per 1.73 m2) increased the risk of incident coronary heart disease and stroke among both African-American and Caucasian type 2 diabetes patients.
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População Negra , Doença das Coronárias/etnologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/etnologia , Nefropatias Diabéticas/etnologia , Taxa de Filtração Glomerular , Rim/fisiopatologia , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/etnologia , População Branca , Adulto , Idoso , Doença das Coronárias/diagnóstico , Doença das Coronárias/fisiopatologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/diagnóstico , Nefropatias Diabéticas/diagnóstico , Nefropatias Diabéticas/fisiopatologia , Feminino , Hospitais Universitários , Humanos , Incidência , Estudos Longitudinais , Louisiana/epidemiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Prospectivos , Medição de Risco , Fatores de Risco , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/diagnóstico , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/fisiopatologia , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Health informatics systems are a proven tool for tobacco control interventions. To address the needs of low-income groups, the Tobacco Control Initiative was established in partnership with the Louisiana State University Health Care Services Division to provide cost-effective tobacco use cessation services through the health informatics system in the state public hospital system. METHODS: In this study we used a Web-based, result-reporting application to monitor and assess the effect of the 2009 federal cigarette tax increase. We assessed readiness to quit tobacco use before and after a cigarette tax increase among low-income tobacco users who were outpatients in a public hospital system. RESULTS: Overall, there was an increase in readiness to quit, from 22% during the first week of February to 33% during the first week of April, when the tax went into effect. Smokers who were female, 31 or older, African American, and assessed at a clinic visit in April were more likely to report readiness to quit than were men, those aged 30 or younger, those who were white, and those who were assessed at a clinic visit in February. CONCLUSION: A health informatics system that efficiently tracks trends in readiness to quit can be used in combination with other strategies and thus optimize efforts to control tobacco use. Our data suggest that a cigarette tax increase affects smokers' readiness to quit and provides an opportunity to intervene at the most beneficial time.
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Pobreza , Abandono do Hábito de Fumar/economia , Abandono do Hábito de Fumar/psicologia , Fumar/economia , Impostos , Produtos do Tabaco/economia , Adulto , Comércio/legislação & jurisprudência , Feminino , Humanos , Louisiana , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fumar/epidemiologia , Fumar/legislação & jurisprudênciaRESUMO
Importance: Although there are many regional and national studies on the trends in the incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), the trends in the incidence of GDM among the Medicaid population are lacking, especially before and during coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19). Objective: To investigate the trends in the incidence of GDM before and during COVID-19 pandemic (2016-2021) among the Louisiana Medicaid population. Design, Setting, and Participants: This study included 111,936, Louisiana Medicaid pregnant women of age 18-50 between January 1, 2016, to December 31, 2021. Main Outcomes and Measures: Pregnancies, GDM, and pre-pregnancy diabetes cases were identified by using the Tenth Revisions of the International Classification of Disease code. The annual incidence of GDM and annual prevalence of pre-pregnancy diabetes were calculated for each age and race subgroup. Results: The age-standardized incidence of GDM increased from 10.2% in 2016 to 14.8 in 2020 and decreased to 14.0% in 2021. The age-standardized prevalence of pre-pregnancy diabetes increased from 2.8% in 2016 to 3.4% in 2018 and decreased to 2.3% in 2021. The age-standardized rate of GDM was the highest among Asian women (23.0%), then White women (15.5%), and African American women (13.9%) (p for difference <0.001). The COVID-19 pandemic saw an increase in the incidence of GDM, with a rise in prominent GDM risk factors, such as obesity and sedentary behaviors, suggesting an association. Conclusion and Relevance: The incidence of GDM significantly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. Potential reasons might include increased sedentary behavior and increased prevalence of obesity. GDM is a major public health issue, and the prevention of GDM is particularly essential for the Louisiana Medicaid population owing to the high prevalence of GDM-related risk factors in this population.
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INTRODUCTION: The objective of this study was to determine the burden of influenza disease in patients with or without diabetes in a population of American adults to understand the benefits of seasonal vaccination. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study using electronic medical records totaling 1,117,263 from two Louisiana healthcare providers spanning January 2012 through December 2017. Adults 18 years or older with two or more records within the study period were included. The primary outcome quantified was influenza-related diagnosis during inpatient (IP) or emergency room (ER) visits and risk reduction with the timing of immunization. RESULTS: Influenza-related IP or ER visits totaled 0.0122-0.0169 events per person within the 2013-2016 influenza seasons. Subjects with diabetes had a 5.6-fold more frequent influenza diagnosis for IP or ER visits than in subjects without diabetes or 3.7-fold more frequent when adjusted for demographics. Early immunization reduced the risk of influenza healthcare utilization by 66% for subjects with diabetes or 67% for subjects without diabetes when compared with later vaccination for the 2013-2016 influenza seasons. Older age and female sex were associated with a higher incidence of influenza, but not a significant change in risk reduction from vaccination. CONCLUSIONS: The risk for influenza-related healthcare utilization was 3.7-fold higher if patients had diabetes during 2013-2016 influenza seasons. Early immunization provides a significant benefit to adults irrespective of a diabetes diagnosis. All adults, but particularly patients with diabetes, should be encouraged to get the influenza vaccine at the start of the influenza season.
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Diabetes Mellitus , Vacinas contra Influenza , Influenza Humana , Vacinação , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Influenza Humana/prevenção & controle , Influenza Humana/epidemiologia , Influenza Humana/complicações , Estudos Retrospectivos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Vacinas contra Influenza/administração & dosagem , Vacinação/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Idoso , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiologia , Incidência , Estações do Ano , Seguimentos , Serviço Hospitalar de Emergência/estatística & dados numéricos , Hospitalização/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Pediatric ankle injuries are a common presentation in the emergency department (ED). A quarter of pediatric ankle fractures show no radiographic evidence of a fracture. Physicians often correlate non-weight bearing and tenderness with an occult fracture. We present this study to predict the probability of an occult fracture using radiographic soft-tissue swelling on initial ED radiographs. METHODS: This is a retrospective study at a Level 1 pediatric trauma center from 2021 to 22. Soft-tissue swelling between the lateral malleolus and skin was measured on radiographs, and weight-bearing status was documented. Statistical analysis was conducted using Stata software. DISCUSSION: The study period involved 32 patients with an occult fracture, with 8 (25%) diagnosed with a fracture on follow-up radiographs. The probability of an occult fracture was calculated as a function of the ankle swelling in millimeters (mm) using a computer-generated predictive model. False-negative and false-positive rates were plotted as a function of the degree of ankle swelling. CONCLUSION: Magnitude of ankle soft-tissue swelling as measured on initial ED radiographs is predictive of an occult fracture. Although weight-bearing status was not a sign of occult fracture, it improves the predictive accuracy of soft-tissue swelling.
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Fraturas do Tornozelo , Edema , Fraturas Fechadas , Radiografia , Humanos , Fraturas do Tornozelo/diagnóstico por imagem , Estudos Retrospectivos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Edema/diagnóstico por imagem , Fraturas Fechadas/diagnóstico por imagem , Adolescente , Serviço Hospitalar de Emergência , Suporte de Carga , Probabilidade , Pré-Escolar , Valor Preditivo dos TestesRESUMO
PURPOSE: To investigate the enduring disparities in adverse COVID-19 events between urban and rural communities in the United States, focusing on the effects of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and therapeutic advances on patient outcomes. METHODS: Using National COVID Cohort Collaborative (N3C) data from 2021 to 2023, this retrospective cohort study examined COVID-19 hospitalization, inpatient death, and other adverse events. Populations were categorized into urban, urban-adjacent rural (UAR), and nonurban-adjacent rural (NAR). Adjustments included demographics, variant-dominant waves, comorbidities, region, and SARS-CoV-2 treatment and vaccination. Statistical methods included Kaplan-Meier survival estimates, multivariable logistic, and Cox regression. FINDINGS: The study included 3,018,646 patients, with rural residents constituting 506,204. These rural dwellers were older, had more comorbidities, and were less vaccinated than their urban counterparts. Adjusted analyses revealed higher hospitalization odds in UAR and NAR (aOR 1.07 [1.05-1.08] and 1.06 [1.03-1.08]), greater inpatient death hazard (aHR 1.30 [1.26-1.35] UAR and 1.37 [1.30-1.45] NAR), and greater risk of other adverse events compared to urban dwellers. Delta increased, while Omicron decreased, inpatient adverse events relative to pre-Delta, with rural disparities persisting throughout. Treatment effectiveness and vaccination were similarly protective across all cohorts, but dexamethasone post-ventilation was effective only in urban areas. Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir and molnupiravir better protected rural residents against hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS: Despite advancements in treatment and vaccinations, disparities in adverse COVID-19 outcomes persist between urban and rural communities. The effectiveness of some therapeutic agents appears to vary based on rurality, suggesting a nuanced relationship between treatment and geographic location while highlighting the need for targeted rural health care strategies.
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Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) are a group of high blood pressure disorders during pregnancy that are a leading cause of maternal and infant morbidity and mortality. The trend of HDP among the Medicaid population during the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) is severely lacking. To determine the trends in the annual prevalence of HDP among Louisiana Medicaid pregnant women before and during the COVID-19 pandemic (2016-2021), a total of 113,776 pregnant women aged 15-50 years was included in this study. For multiparous individuals, only the first pregnancy was used in the analyses. Women with a diagnosis of each type-specific HDP were identified by using the ICD-10 codes. The prevalence of HDP increased from 10.5% in 2016 to 17.7% in 2021. The highest race/ethnicity-specific incidence of HDP was seen in African American women (13.1%), then white women (9.4%), followed by other women (7.9%). HDP remains as a very prevalent and significant global health issue, especially in African American women. Obesity and physical inactivity are major risk factors of HDP, which became amplified during the COVID-19 pandemic and led to a higher prevalence of HDP. Severe HDP substantially increases the risk of mortality in offspring and long-term issues in both the mother and infant. This is very pertinent to the Medicaid population due to the disparities and barriers that diminish the quality of healthcare they receive.
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PURPOSE: Rural communities are among the most underserved and resource-scarce populations in the United States. However, there are limited data on COVID-19 outcomes in rural America. This study aims to compare hospitalization rates and inpatient mortality among SARS-CoV-2-infected persons stratified by residential rurality. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study from the National COVID Cohort Collaborative (N3C) assesses 1,033,229 patients from 44 US hospital systems diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 infection between January 2020 and June 2021. Primary outcomes were hospitalization and all-cause inpatient mortality. Secondary outcomes were utilization of supplemental oxygen, invasive mechanical ventilation, vasopressor support, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events or hospital readmission. The analytic approach estimates 90-day survival in hospitalized patients and associations between rurality, hospitalization, and inpatient adverse events while controlling for major risk factors using Kaplan-Meier survival estimates and mixed-effects logistic regression. FINDINGS: Of 1,033,229 diagnosed COVID-19 patients included, 186,882 required hospitalization. After adjusting for demographic differences and comorbidities, urban-adjacent and nonurban-adjacent rural dwellers with COVID-19 were more likely to be hospitalized (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.18, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.16-1.21 and aOR 1.29, CI 1.24-1.1.34) and to die or be transferred to hospice (aOR 1.36, CI 1.29-1.43 and 1.37, CI 1.26-1.50), respectively. All secondary outcomes were more likely among rural patients. CONCLUSIONS: Hospitalization, inpatient mortality, and other adverse outcomes are higher among rural persons with COVID-19, even after adjusting for demographic differences and comorbidities. Further research is needed to understand the factors that drive health disparities in rural populations.
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COVID-19 , SARS-CoV-2 , Humanos , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , COVID-19/epidemiologia , COVID-19/terapia , População Rural , Estudos Retrospectivos , HospitalizaçãoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: While COVID-19 vaccines reduce adverse outcomes, post-vaccination SARS-CoV-2 infection remains problematic. We sought to identify community factors impacting risk for breakthrough infections (BTI) among fully vaccinated persons by rurality. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of US adults sampled between January 1 and December 20, 2021, from the National COVID Cohort Collaborative (N3C). Using Kaplan-Meier and Cox-Proportional Hazards models adjusted for demographic differences and comorbid conditions, we assessed impact of rurality, county vaccine hesitancy, and county vaccination rates on risk of BTI over 180 days following two mRNA COVID-19 vaccinations between January 1 and September 21, 2021. Additionally, Cox Proportional Hazards models assessed the risk of infection among adults without documented vaccinations. We secondarily assessed the odds of hospitalization and adverse COVID-19 events based on vaccination status using multivariable logistic regression during the study period. RESULTS: Our study population included 566,128 vaccinated and 1,724,546 adults without documented vaccination. Among vaccinated persons, rurality was associated with an increased risk of BTI (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.53, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.42-1.64, for urban-adjacent rural and 1.65, 1.42-1.91, for nonurban-adjacent rural) compared to urban dwellers. Compared to low vaccine-hesitant counties, higher risks of BTI were associated with medium (1.07, 1.02-1.12) and high (1.33, 1.23-1.43) vaccine-hesitant counties. Compared to counties with high vaccination rates, a higher risk of BTI was associated with dwelling in counties with low vaccination rates (1.34, 1.27-1.43) but not medium vaccination rates (1.00, 0.95-1.07). Community factors were also associated with higher odds of SARS-CoV-2 infection among persons without a documented vaccination. Vaccinated persons with SARS-CoV-2 infection during the study period had significantly lower odds of hospitalization and adverse events across all geographic areas and community exposures. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that community factors are associated with an increased risk of BTI, particularly in rural areas and counties with high vaccine hesitancy. Communities, such as those in rural and disproportionately vaccine hesitant areas, and certain groups at high risk for adverse breakthrough events, including immunosuppressed/compromised persons, should continue to receive public health focus, targeted interventions, and consistent guidance to help manage community spread as vaccination protection wanes.
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COVID-19 , Humanos , Adulto , COVID-19/epidemiologia , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , Vacinas contra COVID-19 , Estudos Retrospectivos , SARS-CoV-2 , Infecções Irruptivas , VacinaçãoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease, consisting of multiple molecular subtypes. Obesity has been associated with an increased risk for postmenopausal breast cancer, but few studies have examined breast cancer subtypes separately. Obesity is often complicated by type 2 diabetes, but the possible association of diabetes with specific breast cancer subtypes remains poorly understood. METHODS: In this retrospective case-control study, Louisiana Tumor Registry records of primary invasive breast cancer diagnosed in 2010-2015 were linked to electronic health records in the Louisiana Public Health Institute's Research Action for Health Network. Controls were selected from Research Action for Health Network and matched to cases by age and race. Conditional logistic regression was used to identify metabolic risk factors. Data analysis was conducted in 2020â2021. RESULTS: There was a significant association between diabetes and breast cancer for Luminal A, Triple-Negative Breast Cancer, and human epidermal growth factor 2âpositive subtypes. In multiple logistic regression, including both obesity status and diabetes as independent risk factors, Luminal A breast cancer was also associated with overweight status. Diabetes was associated with increased risk for Luminal A and Triple-Negative Breast Cancer in subgroup analyses, including women aged ≥50 years, Black women, and White women. CONCLUSIONS: Although research has identified obesity and diabetes as risk factors for breast cancer, these results underscore that comorbid risk is complex and may differ by molecular subtype. There was a significant association between diabetes and the incidence of Luminal A, Triple-Negative Breast Cancer, and human epidermal growth factor 2âpositive breast cancer in Louisiana.