RESUMO
A series of aminooxadiazoles was optimized for inhibition of Cdc7. Early lead isoquinoline 1 suffered from modest cell potency (cellular IC50=0.71 µM measuring pMCM2), low selectivity against structurally related kinases, and high IV clearance in rats (CL=18 L/h/kg). Extensive optimization resulted in azaindole 26 (Cdc7 IC50=1.1 nM, pMCM2 IC50=32 nM) that demonstrated robust lowering of pMCM2 in a mouse pharmacodynamic (PD) model when dosed orally. Modifications to improve the pharmacokinetic profile of this series were guided by trapping experiments with glutathione in rat hepatocytes.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/antagonistas & inibidores , Oxidiazóis/química , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/antagonistas & inibidores , Animais , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/química , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Camundongos , Camundongos Nus , Estrutura Molecular , Oxidiazóis/síntese química , Oxidiazóis/farmacologia , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/síntese química , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/química , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/química , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/metabolismo , Ratos , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de XenoenxertoRESUMO
Structure-activity relationship (SAR) investigations of a novel class of triazolopyridazinone p38α mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitors are disclosed. From these studies, increased in vitro potency was observed for 2,6-disubstituted phenyl moieties and N-ethyl triazolopyridazinone cores due to key contacts with Leu108, Ala157 and Val38. Further investigation led to the identification of three compounds, 3g, 3j and 3m that are highly potent inhibitors of LPS-induced MAPKAP kinase 2 (MK2) phosphorylation in 50% human whole blood (hWB), and possess desirable in vivo pharmacokinetic and kinase selectivity profiles.
Assuntos
Proteína Quinase 14 Ativada por Mitógeno/antagonistas & inibidores , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Piridazinas/farmacologia , Triazóis/farmacologia , Cristalografia por Raios X , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Humanos , Proteína Quinase 14 Ativada por Mitógeno/metabolismo , Modelos Moleculares , Estrutura Molecular , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/síntese química , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/química , Piridazinas/síntese química , Piridazinas/química , Estereoisomerismo , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Triazóis/síntese química , Triazóis/químicaRESUMO
The novel biotransformation of an aminopyrrolidine to an aminopiperidine during the metabolism of 5-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methyl-2-((2R)-2-(((1-methylethyl)amino)methyl)-1-pyrrolidinyl)-6-(4-pyridinyl)-4(3H)-pyrimidinone (AMG657417) was investigated using the NADPH-fortified S9 fraction from human liver. The major metabolite (M18) had a protonated molecule (MH(+) m/z 438) identical to that of AMG657417 except that it eluted earlier on a reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The structure of M18 had been identified as 5-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methyl-2-((1-(1-methylethyl)-3-piperidinyl)amino)-6-(4-pyridinyl)-4(3H)-pyrimidinone (I) by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and proton NMR. M18 was not observed when AMG657417 was incubated with either microsomal or cytosolic fraction from human liver, suggesting the involvement of both microsomal and cytosolic enzymes in the biotransformation. The reaction mechanisms have been elucidated by trapping the intermediates formed during the biotransformation. An aldehyde intermediate was initially produced by hydroxylation and opening of the pyrrolidine ring of the parent molecule, followed by intramolecular Schiff-base formation between the exocyclic isopropylamine nitrogen and the aldehyde carbonyl to form a piperidinyl iminium ion. The iminium ion was then reduced to the piperidine product. The presence of the aldehyde intermediate was verified by the formation of semicarbazide conjugates in human liver microsomal, S9, and recombinant CYP3A4 incubations of AMG657417. The presence of the piperidinyl iminium ion intermediate was confirmed by the formation of cyanide conjugates in the incubations in human liver S9. Two cyanide conjugates with identical protonated molecule and product ion mass spectra were observed, indicating the likelihood of diastereomer formation. A chemical inhibition study in NADPH-fortified S9 fraction indicated that the oxidation of AMG657417 was catalyzed almost exclusively by CYP3A.
Assuntos
Citocromo P-450 CYP3A/metabolismo , Piperidinas/farmacocinética , Pirimidinonas/farmacocinética , Pirrolidinas/farmacocinética , Biotransformação , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/métodos , Humanos , Hidroxilação , Cetoconazol/farmacologia , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética/métodos , Espectrometria de Massas/métodos , Microssomos Hepáticos/enzimologia , Microssomos Hepáticos/metabolismo , Piperidinas/metabolismo , Pirimidinonas/metabolismo , Pirrolidinas/metabolismo , Semicarbazidas/metabolismoRESUMO
A novel class of pyrazolopyridazine p38alpha mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitors is disclosed. A structure activity relationship (SAR) investigation was conducted driven by the ability of these compounds to inhibit the p38alpha enzyme, the secretion of TNFalpha in a LPS-challenged THP1 cell line and TNFalpha-induced production of IL-8 in the presence of 50% human whole blood (hWB). This study resulted in the discovery of several inhibitors with IC(50) values in the single-digit nanomolar range in hWB. Further investigation of the pharmacokinetic profiles of these lead compounds led to the identification of three potent and orally bioavailable p38alpha inhibitors 2h, 2m, and 13h. Inhibitor 2m was found to be highly selective for p38alpha/beta over a panel of 402 other kinases in Ambit screening, and was highly efficacious in vivo in the inhibition of TNFalpha production in LPS-stimulated Lewis rats with an ED(50) of ca. 0.08mg/kg.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios/química , Benzamidas/química , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/química , Pirazóis/química , Piridazinas/química , Proteínas Quinases p38 Ativadas por Mitógeno/antagonistas & inibidores , Administração Oral , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios/síntese química , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacocinética , Benzamidas/síntese química , Benzamidas/farmacocinética , Sítios de Ligação , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Cristalografia por Raios X , Humanos , Interleucina-8 , Lipopolissacarídeos/toxicidade , Masculino , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/síntese química , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacocinética , Pirazóis/síntese química , Pirazóis/farmacocinética , Piridazinas/síntese química , Piridazinas/farmacocinética , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismo , Proteínas Quinases p38 Ativadas por Mitógeno/metabolismoRESUMO
A novel class of fused pyrazole-derived inhibitors of p38alpha mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is disclosed. These inhibitors were evaluated for their ability to inhibit the p38alpha enzyme, the secretion of TNFalpha in a LPS-challenged THP1 cell line and TNFalpha-induced production of IL-8 in 50% human whole blood. This series was optimized through a SAR investigation to provide inhibitors with IC(50) values in the low single-digit nanomolar range in whole blood. Further investigation of their pharmacokinetic profiles led to the identification of two potent and orally bioavailable p38 inhibitors 10 m and 10 q. Inhibitor 10 m was found to be efficacious in vivo in the inhibition of TNFalpha production in LPS-stimulated Lewis rats with an ED(50) of 0.1mg/kg while 10 q was found to have an ED(50) of 0.05-0.07 mg/kg.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios/química , Proteína Quinase 14 Ativada por Mitógeno/antagonistas & inibidores , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/química , Pirazóis/química , Piridonas/química , Administração Oral , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios/administração & dosagem , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacocinética , Sítios de Ligação , Linhagem Celular , Simulação por Computador , Cristalografia por Raios X , Humanos , Interleucina-8/sangue , Lipopolissacarídeos/farmacologia , Masculino , Proteína Quinase 14 Ativada por Mitógeno/metabolismo , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/administração & dosagem , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacocinética , Pirazóis/administração & dosagem , Pirazóis/farmacocinética , Piridonas/administração & dosagem , Piridonas/farmacocinética , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismoRESUMO
Lck, or lymphocyte specific kinase, is a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase of the Src family expressed in T-cells and NK cells. Genetic evidence from knockout mice and human mutations demonstrates that Lck kinase activity is critical for T-cell receptor-mediated signaling, leading to normal T-cell development and activation. A small molecule inhibitor of Lck is expected to be useful in the treatment of T-cell-mediated autoimmune and inflammatory disorders and/or organ transplant rejection. In this paper, we describe the structure-guided design, synthesis, structure-activity relationships, and pharmacological characterization of 2-amino-6-phenylpyrimido[5',4':5,6]pyrimido[1,2- a]benzimidazol-5(6 H)-ones, a new class of compounds that are potent inhibitors of Lck. The most promising compound of this series, 6-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-((4-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)phenyl)amino)pyrimido[5',4':5,6]pyrimido-[1,2- a]benzimidazol-5(6 H)-one ( 25), exhibits potent inhibition of Lck kinase activity. This activity translates into inhibition of in vitro cell-based assays and in vivo models of T-cell activation and arthritis, respectively.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/síntese química , Artrite/tratamento farmacológico , Benzimidazóis/síntese química , Proteína Tirosina Quinase p56(lck) Linfócito-Específica/antagonistas & inibidores , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/síntese química , Pirimidinonas/síntese química , Administração Oral , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/química , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/farmacologia , Benzimidazóis/química , Benzimidazóis/farmacologia , Cristalografia por Raios X , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Desenho de Fármacos , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Ativação Enzimática/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Injeções Intradérmicas , Interleucina-2/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Modelos Moleculares , Estrutura Molecular , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/química , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Pirimidinonas/química , Pirimidinonas/farmacologia , Ratos , Ratos Endogâmicos Lew , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Estereoisomerismo , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Linfócitos T/efeitos dos fármacos , Linfócitos T/metabolismoRESUMO
The lymphocyte-specific kinase (Lck), a member of the Src family of cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases, is expressed in T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. Genetic evidence, including knockout mice and human mutations, demonstrates that Lck kinase activity is critical for normal T cell development, activation, and signaling. Selective inhibition of Lck is expected to offer a new therapy for the treatment of T-cell-mediated autoimmune and inflammatory disease. With the aid of X-ray structure-based analysis, aminopyrimidine amides 2 and 3 were designed from aminoquinazolines 1, which had previously been demonstrated to exhibit potent inhibition of Lck and T cell proliferation. In this report, we describe the synthesis and structure-activity relationships of a series of novel aminopyrimidine amides 3 possessing improved cellular potency and selectivity profiles relative to their aminoquinazoline predecessors 1. Orally bioavailable compound 13b inhibited the anti-CD3-induced production of interleukin-2 (IL-2) in mice in a dose-dependent manner (ED 50 = 9.4 mg/kg).
Assuntos
Amidas/farmacologia , Proteína Tirosina Quinase p56(lck) Linfócito-Específica/antagonistas & inibidores , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Pirimidinas/farmacologia , Linfócitos T/efeitos dos fármacos , Administração Oral , Amidas/síntese química , Amidas/química , Animais , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Cristalografia por Raios X , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Desenho de Fármacos , Ativação Enzimática/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Humanos , Interleucina-2/antagonistas & inibidores , Interleucina-2/metabolismo , Células Matadoras Naturais/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Matadoras Naturais/metabolismo , Lipopolissacarídeos/farmacologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Knockout , Modelos Moleculares , Estrutura Molecular , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/síntese química , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/química , Pirimidinas/síntese química , Pirimidinas/química , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Transdução de Sinais/fisiologia , Estereoisomerismo , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Linfócitos T/metabolismoRESUMO
The lymphocyte-specific kinase (Lck) is a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase of the Src family expressed in T cells and NK cells. Genetic evidence in both mice and humans demonstrates that Lck kinase activity is critical for signaling mediated by the T cell receptor (TCR), which leads to normal T cell development and activation. A small molecule inhibitor of Lck is expected to be useful in the treatment of T cell-mediated autoimmune and inflammatory disorders and/or organ transplant rejection. In this paper, we describe the synthesis, structure-activity relationships, and pharmacological characterization of 2-aminopyrimidine carbamates, a new class of compounds with potent and selective inhibition of Lck. The most promising compound of this series, 2,6-dimethylphenyl 2-((3,5-bis(methyloxy)-4-((3-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)propyl)oxy)phenyl)amino)-4-pyrimidinyl(2,4-bis(methyloxy)phenyl)carbamate (43) exhibits good activity when evaluated in in vitro assays and in an in vivo model of T cell activation.
Assuntos
Aminopiridinas/síntese química , Anti-Inflamatórios/síntese química , Carbamatos/síntese química , Proteína Tirosina Quinase p56(lck) Linfócito-Específica/antagonistas & inibidores , Pirimidinas/síntese química , Administração Oral , Aminopiridinas/química , Aminopiridinas/farmacologia , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios/química , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Disponibilidade Biológica , Carbamatos/química , Carbamatos/farmacologia , Cristalografia por Raios X , Humanos , Técnicas In Vitro , Células Jurkat , Ativação Linfocitária , Teste de Cultura Mista de Linfócitos , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Modelos Moleculares , Estrutura Molecular , Pirimidinas/química , Pirimidinas/farmacologia , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Linfócitos T/efeitos dos fármacos , Linfócitos T/imunologiaRESUMO
The lymphocyte-specific kinase (Lck) is a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase of the Src family expressed in T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. Genetic evidence in both mice and humans demonstrates that Lck kinase activity is critical for signaling mediated by the T cell receptor (TCR), which leads to normal T cell development and activation. Selective inhibition of Lck is expected to offer a new therapy for the treatment of T-cell-mediated autoimmune and inflammatory disease. Screening of our kinase-preferred collection identified aminoquinazoline 1 as a potent, nonselective inhibitor of Lck and T cell proliferation. In this report, we describe the synthesis and structure-activity relationships of a series of novel aminoquinazolines possessing in vitro mechanism-based potency. Optimized, orally bioavailable compounds 32 and 47 exhibit anti-inflammatory activity (ED(50) of 22 and 11 mg/kg, respectively) in the anti-CD3-induced production of interleukin-2 (IL-2) in mice.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/síntese química , Benzamidas/síntese química , Proteína Tirosina Quinase p56(lck) Linfócito-Específica/antagonistas & inibidores , Quinazolinas/síntese química , Administração Oral , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/química , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/farmacologia , Benzamidas/química , Benzamidas/farmacologia , Disponibilidade Biológica , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Cultivadas , Feminino , Humanos , Técnicas In Vitro , Interleucina-2/biossíntese , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Modelos Moleculares , Quinazolinas/química , Quinazolinas/farmacologia , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Linfócitos T/citologia , Linfócitos T/efeitos dos fármacos , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/biossínteseRESUMO
In nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the threonine(790)-methionine(790) (T790M) point mutation of EGFR kinase is one of the leading causes of acquired resistance to the first generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), such as gefitinib and erlotinib. Herein, we describe the optimization of a series of 7-oxopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidinyl-derived irreversible inhibitors of EGFR kinase. This led to the discovery of compound 24 which potently inhibits gefitinib-resistant EGFR(L858R,T790M) with 100-fold selectivity over wild-type EGFR. Compound 24 displays strong antiproliferative activity against the H1975 nonsmall cell lung cancer cell line, the first line mutant HCC827 cell line, and promising antitumor activity in an EGFR(L858R,T790M) driven H1975 xenograft model sparing the side effects associated with the inhibition of wild-type EGFR.
RESUMO
p38 MAP kinase is a key enzyme in the proinflammatory response and a large number of compounds have been studied as potential therapeutic drugs. This review summarizes the bioanalytical methods used for the analysis of p38 MAP kinase inhibitors, with a special focus on sample preparation and chromatographic analysis. Biological sample extraction techniques utilized included protein precipitation, liquid-liquid extraction and SPE. Applications include determinations of compounds in a variety of biological fluids and tissues. Extracted samples are typically separated by reverse-phase LC and quantitated either by UV or MS/MS detection. The benefits and limitations of each sample preparation strategy are discussed. The importance of chromatographic separation to avoid matrix effect and interference from endogenous compounds or drug-related biotransformation products are also discussed herein.
Assuntos
Cromatografia Líquida/métodos , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem/métodos , Proteínas Quinases p38 Ativadas por Mitógeno/antagonistas & inibidores , Animais , Análise Química do Sangue/métodos , Humanos , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/sangue , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/urina , Manejo de Espécimes , Urinálise/métodos , Proteínas Quinases p38 Ativadas por Mitógeno/sangue , Proteínas Quinases p38 Ativadas por Mitógeno/urinaRESUMO
A LC-MS/MS method was developed for the determination of a p38 MAP kinase inhibitor (Compound I) and its amide hydrolyzed metabolite (M7) in Cynomolgus monkey plasma over the concentration range of 1.00-1000ng/mL. Stable isotope labeled compounds (d(3)-Compound I and d(3)-M7) were used as internal standards (IS). Samples were prepared using protein precipitation in the 96-well format with a 30µL plasma sample volume. Chromatographic separation was performed with reversed-phase liquid chromatography on a Varian Monochrom C(18) (100mm×2.00mm, 5µm) analytical column. The mobile phases were 5mM ammonium formate in acetonitrile/water (95/5, v/v) pH 7.0 and 5mM ammonium formate in acetonitrile/water (5/95, v/v) pH 7.0. Gradient elution, at a flow rate of 550µL/min, was used to separate Compound I and M7. Positive atmospheric pressure chemical ionization was utilized with detection by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). Total run time was about 3.2min. This method was validated following the current Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidance for bioanalytical method validation. The intra- and inter-day precision (% CV) and accuracy (% bias) at all concentrations tested were below 15% for both analytes. The mean recoveries for Compound I, M7, d(3)-Compound I, and d(3)-M7 were 106%, 107%, 108% and 105%, respectively. The method was successfully applied to support a GLP toxicokinetic study in Cynomolgus monkeys after oral administration of Compound I. A total of 48 samples (â¼12.5% of the total number of samples) were selected for incurred sample reanalysis (ISR). The % difference between the reassay concentrations and the original concentrations were all less than 20% of their mean values and met the acceptance criteria for ISR.
Assuntos
Amidas/química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/análise , Proteínas Quinases p38 Ativadas por Mitógeno/antagonistas & inibidores , Acetonitrilas/química , Administração Oral , Animais , Área Sob a Curva , Calibragem , Técnicas de Química Analítica , Cromatografia Líquida/métodos , Inibidores Enzimáticos/sangue , Feminino , Formiatos/química , Íons , Macaca fascicularis , Masculino , Controle de Qualidade , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem/métodos , Água/químicaRESUMO
The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) plays an important role in the production of proinflammatory cytokines, making it an attractive target for the treatment of various inflammatory diseases. A series of pyridazinopyridinone compounds were designed as novel p38 kinase inhibitors. A structure-activity investigation identified several compounds possessing excellent potency in both enzyme and human whole blood assays. Among them, compound 31 exhibited good pharmacokinetic properties and showed excellent selectivity against other related kinases. In addition, 31 demonstrated efficacy in a collagen-induced arthritis disease model in rats.
Assuntos
Antirreumáticos/síntese química , Piridazinas/síntese química , Piridonas/síntese química , Proteínas Quinases p38 Ativadas por Mitógeno/antagonistas & inibidores , Fator 2 Ativador da Transcrição/metabolismo , Animais , Antirreumáticos/farmacocinética , Antirreumáticos/farmacologia , Artrite Experimental/induzido quimicamente , Artrite Experimental/tratamento farmacológico , Sítios de Ligação , Colágeno , Feminino , Humanos , Interleucina-8/biossíntese , Interleucina-8/sangue , Lipopolissacarídeos/farmacologia , Masculino , Modelos Moleculares , Fosforilação , Piridazinas/farmacocinética , Piridazinas/farmacologia , Piridonas/farmacocinética , Piridonas/farmacologia , Ratos , Ratos Endogâmicos Lew , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/biossíntese , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/farmacologiaRESUMO
The p38alpha mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase is a central signaling molecule in many proinflammatory pathways, regulating the cellular response to a multitude of external stimuli including heat, ultraviolet radiation, osmotic shock, and a variety of cytokines especially interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Thus, inhibitors of this enzyme are postulated to have significant therapeutic potential for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and Crohn's disease, as well as other diseases where aberrant cytokine signaling is the driver of disease. In this communication, we describe a novel class of 7-alkyl-1,5-bis-aryl-pyrazolopyridinone-based p38alpha inhibitors. In particular, compound 3f is highly potent in the enzyme and cell-based assays, selective in an Ambit kinase screen, and efficacious (ED(50) < or = 0.01 mg/kg) in the rat collagen induced arthritis (CIA) model.
Assuntos
Descoberta de Drogas , Proteína Quinase 14 Ativada por Mitógeno/antagonistas & inibidores , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/administração & dosagem , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Piridonas/administração & dosagem , Piridonas/farmacologia , Administração Oral , Animais , Artrite/induzido quimicamente , Artrite/tratamento farmacológico , Colágeno/farmacologia , Humanos , Masculino , Proteína Quinase 14 Ativada por Mitógeno/química , Modelos Moleculares , Conformação Molecular , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/síntese química , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacocinética , Piridonas/síntese química , Piridonas/farmacocinética , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Especificidade por SubstratoRESUMO
The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is a central signaling molecule in many proinflammatory pathways, regulating the cellular response to a multitude of external stimuli including heat, ultraviolet radiation, osmotic shock, and a variety of cytokines especially interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Thus, inhibitors of this enzyme are postulated to have significant therapeutic potential for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, osteoporosis, and many other diseases where aberrant cytokine signaling is the driver of disease. Herein, we describe a novel class of 3-amino-7-phthalazinylbenzoisoxazole-based inhibitors. With relatively low molecular weight, these compounds are highly potent in enzyme and cell-based assays, with minimal protein shift in 50% human whole blood. Compound 3c was efficacious (ED 50 = 0.05 mg/kg) in the rat collagen induced arthritis (CIA) model.
Assuntos
Aminas/química , Benzeno/química , Isoxazóis/administração & dosagem , Isoxazóis/farmacologia , Proteína Quinase 14 Ativada por Mitógeno/antagonistas & inibidores , Ftalazinas/química , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/administração & dosagem , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Administração Oral , Animais , Artrite/induzido quimicamente , Artrite/tratamento farmacológico , Artrite/enzimologia , Cristalografia por Raios X , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Humanos , Isoxazóis/química , Isoxazóis/uso terapêutico , Proteína Quinase 14 Ativada por Mitógeno/química , Proteína Quinase 14 Ativada por Mitógeno/metabolismo , Modelos Moleculares , Estrutura Molecular , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/síntese química , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/química , Ratos , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Investigations into the structure-activity relationships (SAR) of a series of phthalazine-based inhibitors of p38 are described. These efforts originated from quinazoline 1 and through rational design led to the development of a series of orally bioavailable, potent, and selective inhibitors. Kinase selectivity was achieved by exploiting a collection of interactions with p38alpha including close contact to Ala157, occupation of the hydrophobic gatekeeper pocket, and a residue flip with Gly110. Substitutions on the phthalazine influenced the pharmacokinetic properties, of which compound 16 displayed the most desirable profile. Oral dosing (0.03 mg/kg) of 16 in rats 1 h prior to LPS challenge gave a >50% decrease in TNFalpha production.
Assuntos
Proteína Quinase 14 Ativada por Mitógeno/antagonistas & inibidores , Ftalazinas/química , Ftalazinas/farmacologia , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/química , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Animais , Células Cultivadas , Cristalografia por Raios X , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Humanos , Proteína Quinase 14 Ativada por Mitógeno/química , Proteína Quinase 14 Ativada por Mitógeno/metabolismo , Modelos Moleculares , Estrutura Molecular , Ftalazinas/síntese química , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/síntese química , Quinolinas/síntese química , Quinolinas/química , Quinolinas/farmacologia , Ratos , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
2,3-Diarylfuro[2,3-b]pyridine-4-amines are a novel class of potent and selective inhibitors of Lck. The discovery, synthesis, and structure activity relationships of this series of inhibitors are reported. The most promising compounds were also profiled to deduce their pharmacokinetic properties.
Assuntos
Proteína Tirosina Quinase p56(lck) Linfócito-Específica/antagonistas & inibidores , Piridinas/síntese química , Piridinas/farmacocinética , Aminas/síntese química , Aminas/farmacocinética , Animais , Humanos , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Farmacocinética , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/síntese química , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacocinética , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
4-Amino-5,6-biaryl-furo[2,3-d]pyrimidines were identified as potent non-selective inhibitors of Lck. A novel, divergent, and practical synthetic route was developed to access derivatives from bifunctional intermediates. Lead optimization was guided by X-ray crystallographic data, and preliminary SAR led to the identification of compounds with improved cellular potency and selectivity.
Assuntos
Proteína Tirosina Quinase p56(lck) Linfócito-Específica/antagonistas & inibidores , Pirimidinas/síntese química , Pirimidinas/farmacocinética , Relação Quantitativa Estrutura-Atividade , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios/síntese química , Humanos , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Interleucina-2/metabolismo , Teste de Cultura Mista de Linfócitos , Linfócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Farmacocinética , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/síntese química , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacocinética , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-DawleyRESUMO
Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is a cyclic 19 amino acid orexigenic neuropeptide. The action of MCH on feeding is thought to involve the activation of its respective G protein-coupled receptor MCH-R1. Consequently, antagonists that block MCH regulated MCH-R1 activity may provide a viable approach to the treatment of diet-induced obesity. This communication reports the discovery of a novel MCH-R1 receptor antagonist, the biarylether 7, identified through high throughput screening. The solid-phase synthesis and structure-activity relationship of related analogs is described.
Assuntos
Éteres/síntese química , Receptores do Hormônio Hipofisário/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptores de Somatostatina/antagonistas & inibidores , Técnicas de Química Combinatória , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Éteres/farmacologia , Humanos , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Obesidade/tratamento farmacológico , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
In a previous study, we used human liver microsomes for the first time to study cytochrome P450 (P450)-mediated oxidation of the flavonoid galangin. The combination of CYP1A2 and CYP2C9 produced a V(max)/K(m) value of 13.6 +/- 1.1 microl/min/mg of protein. In the present extended study, we determined glucuronidation rates for galangin with the same microsomes. Two major and one minor glucuronide were identified by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. The V(max)/K(m) values for the two major glucuronides conjugated in the 7- and 3-positions were 155 +/- 30 and 427 +/- 26 microl/min/mg of protein, thus, exceeding that of oxidation by 11 and 31 times, respectively. This highly efficient glucuronidation appeared to be catalyzed mainly by the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT)1A9 isoform but also by UGT1A1 and UGT2B15. Sulfation of galangin by the human liver cytosol, mediated mainly but not exclusively by sulfotransferase (SULT) 1A1, also appeared to be efficient. These conclusions were strongly supported by experiments using the S9 fraction of the human liver, in which all three metabolic pathways could be directly compared. When galangin metabolism was examined in fresh plated hepatocytes from six donors, glucuronidation clearly predominated followed by sulfation. Oxidation occurred only to a minor extent in two of the donors. This study for the first time establishes that glucuronidation and sulfation of galangin, and maybe other flavonoids, are more efficient than P450-mediated oxidation, clearly being the metabolic pathways of choice in intact cells and therefore likely also in vivo.