Aging-associated HELIOS deficiency in naive CD4+ T cells alters chromatin remodeling and promotes effector cell responses.

Immune aging combines cellular defects in adaptive immunity with the activation of pathways causing a low-inflammatory state. Here we examined the influence of age on the kinetic changes in the epigenomic and transcriptional landscape induced by T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation in naive CD4+ T cells. Despite attenuated TCR signaling in older adults, TCR activation accelerated remodeling of the epigenome and induced transcription factor networks favoring effector cell differentiation. We identified increased phosphorylation of STAT5, at least in part due to aberrant IL-2 receptor and lower HELIOS expression, as upstream regulators. Human HELIOS-deficient, naive CD4+ T cells, when transferred into human-synovium-mouse chimeras, infiltrated tissues more efficiently. Inhibition of IL-2 or STAT5 activity in T cell responses of older adults restored the epigenetic response pattern to the one seen in young adults. In summary, reduced HELIOS expression in non-regulatory naive CD4+ T cells in older adults directs T cell fate decisions toward inflammatory effector cells that infiltrate tissue.

Mitochondrial aspartate regulates TNF biogenesis and autoimmune tissue inflammation.

Misdirected immunity gives rise to the autoimmune tissue inflammation of rheumatoid arthritis, in which excess production of the cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a central pathogenic event. Mechanisms underlying the breakdown of self-tolerance are unclear, but T cells in the arthritic joint have a distinctive metabolic signature of ATPlo acetyl-CoAhi proinflammatory effector cells. Here we show that a deficiency in the production of mitochondrial aspartate is an important abnormality in these autoimmune T cells. Shortage of mitochondrial aspartate disrupted the regeneration of the metabolic cofactor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, causing ADP deribosylation of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) sensor GRP78/BiP. As a result, ribosome-rich ER membranes expanded, promoting co-translational translocation and enhanced biogenesis of transmembrane TNF. ERrich T cells were the predominant TNF producers in the arthritic joint. Transfer of intact mitochondria into T cells, as well as supplementation of exogenous aspartate, rescued the mitochondria-instructed expansion of ER membranes and suppressed TNF release and rheumatoid tissue inflammation.

ProBDNF contributed to patrolling monocyte infiltration and renal damage in systemic lupus erythematosus.

Monocyte aberrations have been increasingly recognized as contributors to renal damage in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), however, recognition of the underlying mechanisms and modulating strategies is at an early stage. Our studies have demonstrated that brain-derived neurotrophic factor precursor (proBDNF) drives the progress of SLE by perturbing antibody-secreting B cells, and proBDNF facilitates pro-inflammatory responses in monocytes. By utilizing peripheral blood from patients with SLE, GEO database and spontaneous MRL/lpr lupus mice, we demonstrated in the present study that CX3CR1+ patrolling monocytes (PMo) numbers were decreased in SLE. ProBDNF was specifically expressed in CX3CR1+ PMo and was closely correlated with disease activity and the degree of renal injury in SLE patients. In MRL/lpr mice, elevated proBDNF was found in circulating PMo and the kidney, and blockade of proBDNF restored the balance of circulating and kidney-infiltrating PMo. This blockade also led to the reversal of pro-inflammatory responses in monocytes and a noticeable improvement in renal damage in lupus mice. Overall, the results indicate that the upregulation of proBDNF in PMo plays a crucial role in their infiltration into the kidney, thereby contributing to nephritis in SLE. Targeting of proBDNF offers a potential therapeutic role in modulating monocyte-driven renal damage in SLE.

P75NTR+CD64+ neutrophils promote sepsis-induced acute lung injury.

Patients suffering from sepsis-induced acute lung injury (ALI) exhibit a high mortality rate, and their prognosis is closely associated with infiltration of neutrophils into the lungs. In this study, we found a significant elevation of CD64+ neutrophils, which highly expressed p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) in peripheral blood of mice and patients with sepsis-induced ALI. p75NTR+CD64+ neutrophils were also abundantly expressed in the lung of ALI mice induced by lipopolysaccharide. Conditional knock-out of the myeloid lineage's p75NTR gene improved the survival rates, attenuated lung tissue inflammation, reduced neutrophil infiltration and enhanced the phagocytic functions of CD64+ neutrophils. In vitro, p75NTR+CD64+ neutrophils exhibited an upregulation and compromised phagocytic activity in blood samples of ALI patients. Blocking p75NTR activity by soluble p75NTR extracellular domain peptide (p75ECD-Fc) boosted CD64+ neutrophils phagocytic activity and reduced inflammatory cytokine production via regulation of the NF-κB activity. The findings strongly indicate that p75NTR+CD64+ neutrophils are a novel pathogenic neutrophil subpopulation promoting sepsis-induced ALI.

Mitochondrial and metabolic dysfunction of peripheral immune cells in multiple sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by the infiltration of inflammatory cells and demyelination of nerves. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in the pathogenesis of MS, as studies have shown abnormalities in mitochondrial activities, metabolism, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) levels, and mitochondrial morphology in immune cells of individuals with MS. The presence of mitochondrial dysfunctions in immune cells contributes to immunological dysregulation and neurodegeneration in MS. This review provided a comprehensive overview of mitochondrial dysfunction in immune cells associated with MS, focusing on the potential consequences of mitochondrial metabolic reprogramming on immune function. Current challenges and future directions in the field of immune-metabolic MS and its potential as a therapeutic target were also discussed.

DL-3-n-Butylphthalide Ameliorates Post-stroke Emotional Disorders by Suppressing Neuroinflammation and PANoptosis.

Post-stroke emotional disorders such as post-stroke anxiety and post-stroke depression are typical symptoms in patients with stroke. They are closely associated with poor prognosis and low quality of life. The State Food and Drug Administration of China has approved DL-3-n-butylphthalide (NBP) as a treatment for ischemic stroke (IS). Clinical research has shown that NBP alleviates anxiety and depressive symptoms in patients with IS. Therefore, this study explored the role and molecular mechanisms of NBP in cases of post-stroke emotional disorders using network pharmacology and experimental validation. The results showed that NBP treatment significantly increased the percentage of time spent in the center of the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rats in the open field test and the percentage of sucrose consumption in the sucrose preference test. Network pharmacology results suggest that NBP may regulate neuroinflammation and cell death. Further experiments revealed that NBP inhibited the toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway, decreased the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1ß, and interleukin-6, and M1-type microglia markers (CD68, inducible nitric oxide synthase), and reduced the expression of PANoptosis-related molecules including caspase-1, caspase-3, caspase-8, gasdermin D, and mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein in the hippocampus of the MACO rats. These findings demonstrate that the mechanisms through which NBP ameliorates post-stroke emotional disorders in rats are associated with inhibiting neuroinflammation and PANoptosis, providing a new strategy and experimental basis for treating post-stroke emotional disorders.

Mitochondria as disease-relevant organelles in rheumatoid arthritis.

Mitochondria are the controllers of cell metabolism and are recognized as decision makers in cell death pathways, organizers of cytoplasmic signaling networks, managers of cellular stress responses, and regulators of nuclear gene expression. Cells of the immune system are particularly dependent on mitochondrial resources, as they must swiftly respond to danger signals with activation, trafficking, migration, and generation of daughter cells. Analogously, faulty immune responses that lead to autoimmunity and tissue inflammation rely on mitochondria to supply energy, cell building blocks and metabolic intermediates. Emerging data endorse the concept that mitochondrial fitness, and the lack of it, is of particular relevance in the autoimmune disease rheumatoid arthritis (RA) where deviations of bioenergetic and biosynthetic flux affect T cells during early and late stages of disease. During early stages of RA, mitochondrial deficiency allows naïve RA T cells to lose self-tolerance, biasing fundamental choices of the immune system toward immune-mediated tissue damage and away from host protection. During late stages of RA, mitochondrial abnormalities shape the response patterns of RA effector T cells engaged in the inflammatory lesions, enabling chronicity of tissue damage and tissue remodeling. In the inflamed joint, autoreactive T cells partner with metabolically reprogrammed tissue macrophages that specialize in antigen-presentation and survive by adapting to the glucose-deplete tissue microenvironment. Here, we summarize recent data on dysfunctional mitochondria and mitochondria-derived signals relevant in the RA disease process that offer novel opportunities to deter autoimmune tissue inflammation by metabolic interference.

Expression of proBDNF/p75NTR in peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients with sepsis and its impact on lymphocyte differentiation. / ProBDNF/p75NTRåœ¨è„“æ¯’ç—‡æ‚£è€ å¤–å‘¨è¡€æ·‹å·´ç»†èƒžä¸­çš„è¡¨è¾¾å˜åŒ–åŠå¯¹æ·‹å·´ç»†èƒžåˆ†åŒ–çš„å½±å“.

OBJECTIVES: Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by the host's imbalanced response to infection. Due to lack of effective treatments, it has always been the difficulty and focus of clinical treatment of sepsis. Studies have shown that pro-brain-derived neurotrophic factor (proBDNF) binds to the high-affinity total neurotrophic factor p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR), which activates downstream signaling cascades and disrupts immunological inflammation and plays an important role in the progression of sepsis. This study aims to explore the expression changes of lymphocyte-derived proBDNF/p75NTR in patients with sepsis and its effect on lymphocyte differentiation. METHODS: From the healthy donors (control group, n=40) and sepsis patients (sepsis group, n=40) admitted to the hospital for the first time, peripheral blood samples and blood routine clinical detection indicators were obtained. By using flow cytometry, the proportion of lymphocyte subsets and their expression of proBDNF/p75NTR were examined. The peripheral blood lymphocytes were isolated from the control group and incubated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Flow cytometry analysis technology was used to detect the expression of proBDNF/p75NTR on LPS-treated lymphocyte subsets. On this basis, we investigated the effects on lymphocyte differentiation by inhibiting p75NTR. RESULTS: White blood cell count, neutrophil count, and neutrophil percentage of the patients in the sepsis group at admission were significantly higher than those in the control group; on the contrary, lymphocyte count and lymphocyte percentage in the sepsis group were lower than those in the control group (all P<0.001). The patients in the sepsis group had considerably greater neutrophil/lymphocyte and monocyte/lymphocyte ratios than those in the control group (both P<0.05). In the peripheral blood of sepsis patients, proBDNF expression was upregulated on CD19+ B cells, whereas p75NTR expression was elevated on B cells, CD4+ T cells, and CD8+ T cells (all P<0.05). ProBDNF/p75NTR expression was upregulated by LPS stimulation in vitro in peripheral blood cells of the control group (P<0.05), and this tendency was similar to the expression alterations in peripheral lymphocytes of the sepsis group. Inhibition of p75NTR increased CD4+ T cell and CD19+ B cell percentages, cytokine expression of IL-4 and IL-10, and reduced IL-1ß and IL-6 production (all P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The immunosuppressive state of sepsis patients is indicated by a reduction in lymphocyte count and an increase in the proportion of inactive neutrophils. ProBDNF/p75NTR expression is upregulated in the peripheral blood lymphocytes of sepsis patients, and p75NTR inhibition may control lymphocyte differentiation involved in sepsis progression.

The regulatory role of ProBDNF in monocyte function: Implications in Stanford type-A aortic dissection disease.

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor precursor (proBDNF) has been reported to strengthen the dysfunction of monocytes/macrophages in animal studies. However, it is still unknown the roles of proBDNF in the dysfunction of monocytes in the inflammatory diseases in humans. In the present study, we showed that proBDNF and pan neurotrophic receptor p75 were significantly upregulated in monocytes from healthy donors (HD) after lipopolysaccharide treatment. Exogenous proBDNF treatment upregulated CD40 and proinflammatory cytokines expression in monocytes including interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. In Stanford type-A acute aortic dissection (AAD) patients, proBDNF was upregulated in CD14+ CD163+ CX3CR1+ M2- but not CD14+ CD68+ CCR2+ M1-like monocytes. In addition, sera from AAD patients activated gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines in cultured PBMCs from HD, which was attenuated by proBDNF monoclonal antibody (Ab-proB) treatment. These findings suggested that upregulation of proBDNF in M2-like monocytes may contribute to the proinflammatory response in the AAD.

An alternatively transcribed TAZ variant negatively regulates JAK-STAT signaling.

Type I interferon (IFN)-induced Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling drives the expression of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) to mediate antiviral response. The strength and duration of JAK-STAT signaling are tightly regulated to ensure effective antiviral defense while avoiding pathological inflammation and autoimmunity. Here, we report that cTAZ, an isoform of the Hippo pathway effector TAZ, is transcribed by an alternative promoter. Although majority of C-terminal sequences of TAZ is retained, cTAZ is not regulated by the Hippo signaling and does not mediate its growth-inhibitory functions. Instead, cTAZ negatively regulates JAK-STAT signaling by inhibiting STAT1/2 nuclear localization and ISG expression, and its expression is induced by type I IFN Thus, cTAZ functions as a modulator of JAK-STAT signaling and may play a role in fine-tuning cellular antiviral response.

ProBDNF promotes sepsis-associated encephalopathy in mice by dampening the immune activity of meningeal CD4+ T cells.

BACKGROUND: Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) increases the mortality of septic patients, but its mechanism remains unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the roles of T lymphocytes, proBDNF, and their interaction in the pathogenesis of SAE. METHODS: Fear conditioning tests were conducted for cognitive assessment in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 5 mg kg-1)-induced septic mice. Meninges and peripheral blood were harvested for flow cytometry or qPCR. FTY720 and monoclonal anti-proBDNF antibody (McAb-proB) were used to investigate the effect of lymphocyte depletion and blocking proBDNF on the impaired cognitive functions in the septic mice. RESULTS: In the septic mice, cognitive function was impaired, the percentage of CD4+ T cells were decreased in the meninges (P = 0.0021) and circulation (P = 0.0222), and pro-inflammatory cytokines were upregulated, but the anti-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-4 (P < 0.0001) and IL-13 (P = 0.0350) were downregulated in the meninges. Lymphocyte depletion by intragastrically treated FTY720 (1 mg kg-1) for 1 week ameliorated LPS-induced learning deficit. In addition, proBDNF was increased in the meningeal (P = 0.0042) and peripheral (P = 0.0090) CD4+ T cells. Intraperitoneal injection of McAb-proB (100 µg) before LPS treatment significantly alleviated cognitive dysfunction, inhibited the downregulation of meningeal (P = 0.0264) and peripheral (P = 0.0080) CD4+ T cells, and normalized the gene expression of cytokines in the meninges. However, intra-cerebroventricular McAb-proB injection (1 µg) did not have such effect. Finally, exogenous proBDNF downregulated the percentage of CD4+ T cells in cultured splenocytes from septic mice (P = 0.0021). CONCLUSION: Upregulated proBDNF in immune system promoted the pathogenesis of SAE through downregulating the circulating CD4+ T cells, limiting its infiltration into the meninges and perturbing the meningeal pro-/anti-inflammatory homeostasis.

Roles of NMDA and dopamine in food-foraging decision-making strategies of rats in the social setting.

BACKGROUND: In highly complex social settings, an animal's motivational drive to pursue an object depends not only on the intrinsic properties of the object, but also on whether the decision-making animal perceives an object as being the most desirable among others. Mimetic desire refers to a subject's preference for objects already possessed by another subject. To date, there are no appropriate animal models for studying whether mimetic desire is at play in guiding the decision-making process. Furthermore, the neuropharmacological bases of decision-making processes are not well understood. In this study, we used an animal model (rat) to investigate a novel food-foraging paradigm for decision-making, with or without a mimetic desire paradigm. RESULTS: Faced with the choice of foraging in a competitive environment, rats preferred foraging for the desirable object, indicating the rats' ability for decision-making. Notably, treatment with the non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist MK-801, but not with the dopamine D1 or D2 receptor antagonists, SCH23390 and haloperidol, respectively, suppressed the food foraging preference when there was a competing resident rat in the cage. None of these three antagonists affected the food-foraging preference for palatable food. Moreover, MK-801 and SCH23390, but not haloperidol, were able to abolish the desirable environment effect on standard food-foraging activities in complex social settings. CONCLUSIONS: These results highlight the concept that mimetic desire exerts a powerful influence on food-foraging decision-making in rats and, further, illustrate the various roles of the glutamatergic and dopaminergic systems in mediating these processes.

Dexmedetomidine attenuates acute stress-impaired learning and memory in mice by maintaining the homeostasis of intestinal flora.

Dexmedetomidine (Dex) has been used in surgery to improve patients' postoperative cognitive function. However, the role of Dex in stress-induced anxiety-like behaviors and cognitive impairment is still unclear. In this study, we tested the role of Dex in anxiety-like behavior and cognitive impairment induced by acute restrictive stress and analyzed the alterations of the intestinal flora to explore the possible mechanism. Behavioral and cognitive tests, including open field test, elevated plus-maze test, novel object recognition test, and Barnes maze test, were performed. Intestinal gut Microbe 16S rRNA sequencing was analyzed. We found that intraperitoneal injection of Dex significantly improved acute restrictive stress-induced anxiety-like behavior, recognition, and memory impairment. After habituation in the environment, mice (male, 8 weeks, 18-23 g) were randomly divided into a control group (control, N = 10), dexmedetomidine group (Dex, N = 10), AS with normal saline group (AS + NS, N = 10) and AS with dexmedetomidine group (AS + Dex, N = 10). By the analysis of intestinal flora, we found that acute stress caused intestinal flora disorder in mice. Dex intervention changed the composition of the intestinal flora of acute stress mice, stabilized the ecology of the intestinal flora, and significantly increased the levels of Blautia (A genus of anaerobic bacteria) and Coprobacillus. These findings suggest that Dex attenuates acute stress-impaired learning and memory in mice by maintaining the homeostasis of intestinal flora.

Multiple functions and regulatory network of miR-150 in B lymphocyte-related diseases.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play vital roles in the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Previous studies have shown that miR-150 is a crucial regulator of B cell proliferation, differentiation, metabolism, and apoptosis. miR-150 regulates the immune homeostasis during the development of obesity and is aberrantly expressed in multiple B-cell-related malignant tumors. Additionally, the altered expression of MIR-150 is a diagnostic biomarker of various autoimmune diseases. Furthermore, exosome-derived miR-150 is considered as prognostic tool in B cell lymphoma, autoimmune diseases and immune-mediated disorders, suggesting miR-150 plays a vital role in disease onset and progression. In this review, we summarized the miR-150-dependent regulation of B cell function in B cell-related immune diseases.

ProBDNF and its receptors in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: novel insights into the regulation of metabolism and mitochondria.

Immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) consist of a common and clinically diverse group of diseases. Despite remarkable progress in the past two decades, no remission is observed in a large number of patients, and no effective treatments have been developed to prevent organ and tissue damage. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor precursor (proBDNF) and receptors, such as p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) and sortilin, have been proposed to mediate intracellular metabolism and mitochondrial function to regulate the progression of several IMIDs. Here, the regulatory role of proBDNF and its receptors in seven typical IMIDs, including multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, allergic asthma, type I diabetes, vasculitis, and inflammatory bowel diseases, was investigated.

Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Precursor Contributes to a Proinflammatory Program in Monocytes/Macrophages After Acute Myocardial Infarction.

Background The imbalance of monocyte/macrophage polarization toward the preferential proinflammatory phenotype and a lack of normal inflammation resolution are present in acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Our previous study showed that upregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor precursor (proBDNF) in M2-like monocytes may contribute to the proinflammatory response in the Stanford type-A acute aortic dissection. The present study aimed to investigate the role of proBDNF signaling in monocytes/macrophages in the progress of AMI. Methods and Results We observed the upregulation of proBDNF in the proinflammatory monocytes of patients with AMI. The upregulation of proBDNF was also observed in the circulating proinflammatory Ly6Chigh monocytes and cardiac F4/80+CD86+ macrophages 3 days after AMI in a mice model. To neutralize proBDNF, the mice subjected to AMI were injected intraperitoneally with a monoclonal anti-proBDNF antibody. Echocardiography, 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining, and positron emission tomography/computed tomography results demonstrate that monoclonal anti-proBDNF antibody treatment further impaired cardiac functions, increased infarct size, and exacerbated the proinflammatory state. Moreover, the level of proinflammatory Ly6Chigh in the blood and F4/80+CD86+ in the heart was further increased in monoclonal anti-proBDNF antibody mice. RNA sequencing revealed that matrix metalloprotease-9 protein level was dramatically increased, along with the activated proinflammatory-related cytokines. Matrix metalloprotease-9 inhibitor treatment attenuated the deteriorated effect of monoclonal anti-proBDNF antibody on cardiac function and infarct areas. Conclusions Our study shows that endogenous proBDNF in monocytes/macrophages may exert protective roles in cardiac remodeling after AMI by regulating matrix metalloprotease-9 activity.

Long Non-Coding RNA RFPL3S Functions as a Biomarker of Prognostic and Immunotherapeutic Prediction in Testicular Germ Cell Tumor.

The incidence of testicular germ cell tumor (TGCT) is currently on the rise worldwide, of which 15%-30% of patients have occur recurrence and metastasis. However, clinical methods for diagnosing TGCT and judging its prognosis remained inadequate. In this study, we aimed to explore the possibility of testis-specific long-chain non-coding RNA (lncRNA) Ret finger protein-like 3S (RFPL3S) as a biomarker for TGCT diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment response by reviewing the TGCT gene expression data in Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) databases. The cohort data and DNA methylation data of TGCT in TCGA were downloaded from TGCA, UCSC XENA, and GEO. The bioinformatic tools were used, including GEPIA2, Kaplan-Meier Plotter, LinkedOmics, UCSC XENA, Sangerbox Tools, GSCA, and Tumor Immune Dysfunction and Exclusion. Compared with normal testicular tissues, the RFPL3S expression was significantly reduced in TGCT, and was significantly negatively correlated with the patient's Tumor, Node, Metastasis stage. Hypermethylation and low copy number of RFPL3S were present in TGCT, and low RFPL3S was associated with short disease-free and progression-free intervals. Silencing RFPL3S significantly enhanced the invasion ability and proliferation ability of TGCT cells as evaluated by Transwell and CCK-8 experiments. Additionally, RFPL3S expression was positively correlated with the infiltration of immune-activating cells such as B cells, CD8+ T cells, cytotoxic T cells, and natural killer cells, and negatively correlated with the infiltration of immunosuppressive cells such as Th17 and Th2. Higher RFPL3S expression was present in patients with immunotherapy benefits. In conclusion, we determined that the testis-specific lncRNA RFPL3S functioned as a tumor suppressor in TGCT and could be used as a prognostic predictor of TGCT, as well as a marker to predict the effect of TGCT immunotherapy.

Hyperactivity of the CD155 immune checkpoint suppresses anti-viral immunity in patients with coronary artery disease.

Pre-existent cardiovascular disease is a risk factor for weak anti-viral immunity, but underlying mechanisms remain undefined. Here, we report that patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) have macrophages (Mϕ) that actively suppress the induction of helper T cells reactive to two viral antigens: the SARS-CoV2 Spike protein and the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) glycoprotein 350. CAD Mϕ overexpressed the methyltransferase METTL3, promoting the accumulation of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) in Poliovirus receptor (CD155) mRNA. m6A modifications of positions 1635 and 3103 in the 3'UTR of CD155 mRNA stabilized the transcript and enhanced CD155 surface expression. As a result, the patients' Mϕ abundantly expressed the immunoinhibitory ligand CD155 and delivered negative signals to CD4+ T cells expressing CD96 and/or TIGIT receptors. Compromised antigen-presenting function of METTL3hi CD155hi Mϕ diminished anti-viral T cell responses in vitro and in vivo. LDL and its oxidized form induced the immunosuppressive Mϕ phenotype. Undifferentiated CAD monocytes had hypermethylated CD155 mRNA, implicating post-transcriptional RNA modifications in the bone-marrow in shaping anti-viral immunity in CAD.

Up-regulation of proBDNF/p75NTR signaling in antibody-secreting cells drives systemic lupus erythematosus.

Inappropriate expansion of antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) is typical of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), but the regulatory signaling of pathogenic ASCs is unclear. The present study shows that brain-derived neurotrophic factor precursor (proBDNF) and its high-affinity pan-75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) are highly expressed in CD19+CD27hiCD38hi ASCs in patients with SLE and in CD19+CD44hiCD138+ ASCs in lupus-like mice. The increased proBDNF+ ASCs were positively correlated with clinical symptoms and higher titers of autoantibodies in SLE. Administration of monoclonal antibodies against proBDNF or specific knockout of p75NTR in CD19+ B cells exerted a therapeutic effect on lupus mice by limiting the proportion of ASCs, reducing the production of autoantibodies and attenuating kidney injury. Blocking the biological function of proBDNF or p75NTR also inhibits ASC differentiation and antibody production in vitro. Together, these findings suggest that proBDNF-p75NTR signaling plays a critical pathogenic role in SLE through promoting ASC dysfunction.

The transcription factor RFX5 coordinates antigen-presenting function and resistance to nutrient stress in synovial macrophages.

Tissue macrophages (Mϕ) are essential effector cells in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), contributing to autoimmune tissue inflammation through diverse effector functions. Their arthritogenic potential depends on their proficiency to survive in the glucose-depleted environment of the inflamed joint. Here, we identify a mechanism that links metabolic adaptation to nutrient stress with the efficacy of tissue Mϕ to activate adaptive immunity by presenting antigen to tissue-invading T cells. Specifically, Mϕ populating the rheumatoid joint produce and respond to the small cytokine CCL18, which protects against cell death induced by glucose withdrawal. Mechanistically, CCL18 induces the transcription factor RFX5 that selectively upregulates glutamate dehydrogenase 1 (GLUD1), thus enabling glutamate utilization to support energy production. In parallel, RFX5 enhances surface expression of HLA-DR molecules, promoting Mϕ-dependent expansion of antigen-specific T cells. These data place CCL18 at the top of a RFX5-GLUD1 survival pathway and couple adaptability to nutrient conditions in the tissue environment to antigen-presenting function in autoimmune tissue inflammation.