Depression-related testosterone deficiency is linked to reduced cholesterol levels in Leydig cells of CUMS mice.

In brief: Male reproductive problems under psychological stress were widely studied. Using chronically unpredictable mild stress-treated mice, we found that reduced serum testosterone levels were related to the low level of cholesterol in the Leydig cells. Abstract: Testosterone deficiency in humans can be caused by depressive symptoms; however, the causes of this deficiency are incompletely understood. This study demonstrates that male mice with depression-like symptoms due to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) show reduced serum testosterone levels and disrupted sexual behaviors. However, the observed testosterone reductions were not caused by apoptosis of Leydig cells. Oil red O staining revealed that lipid droplets were dramatically decreased in Leydig cells, suggesting that defects in cholesterol uptake might be related to testosterone deficiency in depression-like mice. To investigate the potential mechanism, lipid homeostasis was examined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The results revealed that higher levels of sphingomyelins (SM 8:0;2O/28:1, 18:0;2O/22:2, 33:0;3O, 33:1;2O) were linked to decreased cholesterol levels. Further investigation indicated that testosterone biosynthesis from cholesterol in Leydig cells was impaired by the downregulation of Ldlr, Srb1, Lhr, and P450scc. Elevated levels of interferon signaling-associated pathways in depression-like mice testes may also contribute to decreased testosterone levels. Taken together, these findings provide a novel understanding of male reproductive problems under psychological stress and suggest that cholesterol uptake might be a causal factor in reduced testosterone production in depression-like mice.

Association between updated cardiovascular health construct and risks of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The American Heart Association (AHA) updated the construct and algorithm of cardiovascular health (CVH) recently. We aimed to explore the relationship between the new CVH score and the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). METHODS AND RESULTS: 3266 adults free of NAFLD identified via ultrasound were recruited in this prospective study. A modified AHA "Life's Essential 8" (mLE8, i.e., physical activity, nicotine exposure, sleep health, body mass index, blood lipids, blood glucose, and blood pressure) were collected to evaluate the CVH score. Then participants were categorized into low, moderate, and high CVH subgroups based on overall mLE8 CVH score. According to modified Life's Simple 7 (mLS7) CVH construct, participants were also subdivided into poor, intermediate, and ideal CVH subgroups. During a median 4.3 years follow-up, 623 incident cases of NAFLD were recorded. Compared to those with high CVH, participants with low CVH (adjusted OR = 2.56, 95% CI 1.55-4.24) and moderate CVH (adjusted OR = 1.83, 95% CI 1.17-2.85) had a significantly increased risk of incident NAFLD. Participants with poor CVH (mLS7) but without low CVH (mLE8) did not show a significant elevated risk of incident NAFLD (P = 0.1053). A significant trend was found between increased changes in mLE8 score and a lower risk of NAFLD occurrence. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggested high mLE8 CVH score was associated with a lower risk of NAFLD incidence. The new CVH construct showed a more reasonable classification of CVH status and was more robust in association with NAFLD risks compared with the original one.

Risk factor analysis and nomogram prediction model construction for NEC complicated by intestinal perforation.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical characteristics of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) complicated by intestinal perforation and predict the incidence of intestinal perforation in NEC. METHODS: Neonates diagnosed with NEC at the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University from January 2012 to May 2022 were enrolled, and the clinical data were collected and analyzed retrospectively. The patients were divided into two groups based on intestinal perforation occurrence or not. Mann-Whitney U tests, t-tests, chi-square tests, and fisher's exact tests were performed between-group comparisons. Logistic and lasso regressions were applied to screen independent risk factors for concomitant bowel perforation, and R software (RMS package) was used to formulate the nomogram prediction model. In addition, the receiver operating curve (ROC) and the calibration curve were drawn to verify the predictive power, while decision curve analysis (DCA) was constructed to evaluate the clinical applicability of the nomogram model. RESULTS: One hundred eighty neonates with NEC were included, of which 48 had intestinal perforations, and 132 did not; the overall incidence of intestinal perforation was 26.67% (48/180). Bloody stool (OR = 5.60), APTT ≥ 50 s (OR = 3.22), thrombocytopenia (OR = 4.74), and hypoalbuminemia (OR = 5.56) were identified as independent risk variables for NEC intestinal perforation (P < 0.05) through multivariate logistic regression analysis. These factors were then applied to develop a nomogram prediction model (C-index = 0.838) by using the R software. The area under the curve (AUC) for the nomogram in the training and validation cohorts were 0.838 (95% Cl: 0.768, 0.908) and 0.802 (95% CI: 0.659, 0.944), respectively. The calibration curve shown that the nomogram has a good predictive ability for predicting the risk of intestinal perforation occurrence. And the decision curve and clinical impact curve analyses demonstrated good clinical utility of the nomogram model. CONCLUSION: We found that Bloody stool, APTT ≥ 50 s, Thrombocytopenia, and hypoalbuminemia could be used as independent risk factors for predicting intestinal perforation in neonates with NEC. The nomogram model based on these variables had high predictive values to identify NEC patients with intestinal perforation.

Roles of plasma leptin and resistin in novel subgroups of type 2 diabetes driven by cluster analysis.

BACKGROUND: A novel classification has been introduced to promote precision medicine in diabetes. The current study aimed to investigate the relationship between leptin and resistin levels with novel refined subgroups in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS: The k-means analysis was conducted to cluster 541 T2DM patients into the following four subgroups: mild obesity-related diabetes (MOD), severe insulin-deficient diabetes (SIDD), severe insulin-resistant diabetes (SIRD) and mild age-related diabetes (MARD). Individuals meeting the exclusion criteria were eliminated, the data for 285 patients were analyzed. Characteristics were determined using various clinical parameters. Both the leptin and resistin levels were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: The highest levels of plasma leptin were in the MOD group with relatively lower levels in the SIDD and SIRD groups (P < 0.001). The SIRD group had a higher resistin concentration than the MARD group (P = 0.024) while no statistical significance in resistin levels was found between the SIDD and MOD groups. Logistic regression demonstrated that plasma resistin was associated with a higher risk of diabetic nephropathy (odds ratios (OR) = 2.255, P = 0.001). According to receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, the area under the curve (AUC) of resistin (0.748, 95% CI 0.610-0.887) was significantly greater than that of HOMA2-IR (0.447, 95% CI 0.280-0.614) (P < 0.05) for diabetic nephropathy in the SIRD group. CONCLUSIONS: Leptin levels were different in four subgroups of T2DM and were highest in the MOD group. Resistin was elevated in the SIRD group and was closely related to diabetic nephropathy.

Elevated circulating high-sensitivity cardiac troponin t and cardiac remodeling in obesity.

BACKGROUND: It is well established that body mass index (BMI) and troponins are independently associated. However, whether the obesity could cause myocardial injury independent of coronary heart disease (CHD) remains unclear. This study focuses on the relationship between BMI and troponins, and whether this relationship is being attenuated when CHD is accounted for. METHODS: In populations without acute ischemic events, 383 patients with coronary artery stenosis less than 75% were included, that is, people who have not yet reached the indications for coronary intervention, and of them 70 patients being obese according to BMI ≥ 28 kg/m2. Continuous variables were represented as mean ± SD or median(inter quartile range[IQR]). Chi-square test was adopted for categorical data. Correlations between variables were evaluated by Spearman analysis, multiple regression or logistic regression. RESULTS: The circulating hs-cTnT level was higher in the obese group [8(6,11) ng/L vs. 6(4,9) ng/L; p < 0.001). In subgroup analysis based on the presence or absence of coronary heart disease(CHD), the adjusted ß(95%CI) for circulating hs-cTnT exhibited a proportional relationship with BMI when the non-obesity were defined as the reference[ß; 2.22(95%CI, 0.73 to 3.71) in non-CHD, 5.58(95%CI, 0.70 to 10.46) in CHD, p < 0.05]. Additionally, the degree of coronary stenosis has shown a positive correlation with circulating hs-cTnT (rho = 0.1162; p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: When CHD is taken into account, obesity is independently associated to the elevation of circulating hs-cTnT, a biomarker of myocardial injury, potentially indicating the impact of obesity on non-ischemic subclinical myocardial injury.

The Association between Antidiabetic Agents and Leukocyte Telomere Length in the Novel Classification of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

AIMS: This study aimed to explore the new role of telomere length (TL) in the novel classification of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients driven by cluster analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 541 T2DM patients were divided into 4 subgroups by k-means analysis: mild obesity-related diabetes (MOD), severe insulin-deficient diabetes (SIDD), severe insulin-resistant diabetes (SIRD), and mild age-related diabetes (MARD). After patients with insufficient data were excluded, further analysis was conducted on 246 T2DM patients. The TL was detected using telomere restriction fragment, and the related diabetic indexes were also measured by clinical standard procedures. RESULTS: The MARD group had significantly shorter TLs than the MOD and SIDD groups. Then, we subdivided all T2DM patients into the MARD and NONMARD groups, which included the MOD, SIDD, and SIRD groups. The TLs of the MARD group, associated with age, were discovered to be significantly shorter than those of the NONMARD group (p = 0.0012), and this difference in TL disappeared after metformin (p = 0.880) and acarbose treatment (p = 0.058). The linear analysis showed that metformin can more obviously reduce telomere shortening in the MARD group (r = 0.030, 95% CI 0.010-0.051, p = 0.004), and acarbose can more apparently promote telomere attrition in the SIRD group (r = -0.069, 95% CI -0.100 to -0.039, p< 0.001) compared with other T2DM patients after adjusting for age and gender. CONCLUSIONS: The MARD group was found to have shorter TLs and benefit more from the antiaging effect of metformin than other T2DM. Shorter TLs were observed in the SIRD group after acarbose use.

[Compound heterozygous NDUFS1 variants identified in a Chinese pedigree affected with mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I deficiency].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the genetic basis for a Chinese pedigree with suspected mitochondrial functional defects through combined next-generation sequencing (NGS), copy number variation sequencing (CNV-seq), and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequencing. METHODS: Clinical data of the proband and his family members were collected. The patient and his parents were subjected to family-trio whole-exome sequencing (WES), CNV-seq and mtDNA variant detection. Candidate variant was verified by Sanger sequencing. RESULTS: Trio-WES revealed that the proband has carried compound heterozygous variants of the NDUFS1 gene, including a paternally derived c.64C>T (p.R22X) nonsense variant and a maternally derived c.845A>G (p.N282S) missense variant. Both variants may cause loss of protein function. No variant that may cause the phenotype was identified by CNV-seq and mtDNA variant analysis. CONCLUSION: Children with suspected mitochondrial disorders may have no specific syndromes or laboratory findings. A comprehensive strategy including mtDNA testing may facilitate the diagnosis and early clinical interventions.

[Extraperitoneal robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy through single incision: Establishment and application of a modified channel].

Objective: To assess the feasibility and validity of the establishment of a modified channel for extraperitoneal robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RARP) through single incision. METHODS: From November 2020 to January 2021, 35 cases of localized PCa were treated by extraperitoneal RARP through single incision in our center. All the operations were performed by the same surgeon, none via the multichannel port for the establishment of the channel. We recorded and analyzed the intra- and postoperative parameters, operation cost, complications, pathological findings and follow-up data. RESULTS: All the operations were successfully completed, without conversion to open surgery or additional channels, or serious postoperative complications, the time for establishing the extraperitoneal space averaging 25.4 (20.0－45.0) min, the operation time 67.3 (35.0－125.0) min, intraoperative blood loss 75.5 (60.0－150.0) ml, time to first postoperative anal exhaust 26 (8－48) h, and postoperative hospital stay 7.89 (7－10) d. Postoperative pathology showed adenocarcinoma in all the cases, with Gleason score (GS) 3+3 in 9 (25.7%), GS 3+4 in 9 (25.7%), GS 4+3 in 8 (22.9%), and GS ≥ 8 in 9 (25.7%) of the cases, 23 (65.7%) in the

Association of leukocyte telomere length with metabolic syndrome in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND: Leukocyte telomere length (LTL) has been revealed to be associated with aging-related diseases such as metabolic syndrome (MetS) and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We aimed to investigate the correlation of LTL with MetS and its components in T2DM patients in this cross-sectional study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 344 T2DM patients were enrolled into this study. LTL was measured by Southern blot-based terminal restriction fragment length analysis. MetS was clinically defined by 2007 Chinese Guidelines on Prevention and Treatment of Dyslipidemia in Adults. RESULTS: Of 344 T2DM patients, 53% had MetS. T2DM patients with MetS had significantly longer LTL than those without MetS (6451.95 ± 51.10 base pairs vs. 6076.13 ± 55.13 base pairs, P < 0.001), especially when T2DM patients had poor glycemic control (hemoglobin A1c ≥7%). Meanwhile, the trend of longer LTL was associated with the increased components of MetS in T2DM patient. Finally, LTL had a significant association with MetS (odds ratio [OR]: 2.096, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.337-3.285, P = 0.001), low levels of high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) (OR: 2.412, 95% CI 1.350-4.308, P = 0.003) in T2DM patients. CONCLUSION: T2DM patients with MetS had a significantly longer LTL than those without MetS. The longer LTL was especially evident in T2DM patients with poor glycemic control. Longer LTL was positively associated with MetS, particularly low levels of HDL-C in T2DM patients.

Reconstitution of UCP1 using CRISPR/Cas9 in the white adipose tissue of pigs decreases fat deposition and improves thermogenic capacity.

Uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) is localized on the inner mitochondrial membrane and generates heat by uncoupling ATP synthesis from proton transit across the inner membrane. UCP1 is a key element of nonshivering thermogenesis and is most likely important in the regulation of body adiposity. Pigs (Artiodactyl family Suidae) lack a functional UCP1 gene, resulting in poor thermoregulation and susceptibility to cold, which is an economic and pig welfare issue owing to neonatal mortality. Pigs also have a tendency toward fat accumulation, which may be linked to their lack of UCP1, and thus influences the efficiency of pig production. Here, we report application of a CRISPR/Cas9-mediated, homologous recombination (HR)-independent approach to efficiently insert mouse adiponectin-UCP1 into the porcine endogenous UCP1 locus. The resultant UCP1 knock-in (KI) pigs showed an improved ability to maintain body temperature during acute cold exposure, but they did not have alterations in physical activity levels or total daily energy expenditure (DEE). Furthermore, ectopic UCP1 expression in white adipose tissue (WAT) dramatically decreased fat deposition by 4.89% (P < 0.01), consequently increasing carcass lean percentage (CLP; P < 0.05). Mechanism studies indicated that the loss of fat upon UCP1 activation in WAT was linked to elevated lipolysis. UCP1 KI pigs are a potentially valuable resource for agricultural production through their combination of cold adaptation, which improves pig welfare and reduces economic losses, with reduced fat deposition and increased lean meat production.

[Clinical and genetic analysis of a Chinese pedigree affected with Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the clinical phenotype and pathogenic variants in a Chinese pedigree affected with Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome. METHODS: Peripheral blood samples were collected from five members, including two affected ones, from the pedigree for the extraction of genomic DNA. Whole exome sequencing was carried out, and candidate variants were verified by Sanger sequencing as well as reverse transcription sequencing at the RNA level. RESULTS: The proband and another affected child from the pedigree showed mental retardation, dyskinesia, microcephaly, micrognathia, anteverted nares, and 2/3 toe syndactyly. The proband also had hypospadia, single upper incisor, and lower serum cholesterol level. Both children were found to harbor a paternally derived c.278C>T (p.T93M) variant and a maternally derived c.907G>A (p.G303R) variant of the DHCR7 gene. Both were known pathogenic mutations. CONCLUSION: The compound heterozygous mutations of c.278C>T (p.T93M) and c.907G>A (p.G303R) of the DHCR7 gene probably underlay the disease in this pedigree. Above finding has enabled early diagnosis and treatment of Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome.

Thyroid hormone regulates hematopoiesis via the TR-KLF9 axis.

Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is one of the most prevalent endocrine diseases, for which the underlying mechanisms remain unknown; it is often accompanied by anemia and immunodeficiency in patients. Here, we created a severe CH model together with anemia and T lymphopenia to mimic the clinical features of hypothyroid patients by ethylnitrosourea (ENU) mutagenesis in Bama miniature pigs. A novel recessive c.1226A>G transition of the dual oxidase 2 (DUOX2) gene was identified as the causative mutation. This mutation hindered the production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and thus contributed to thyroid hormone (TH) synthesis failure. Transcriptome sequencing analysis of the thymuses showed that Krüppel-like factor 9 (KLF9) was predominantly downregulated in hypothyroid mutants. KLF9 was verified to be directly regulated by TH in a TH receptor (TR)-dependent manner both in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, knockdown of klf9 in zebrafish embryos impaired hematopoietic development including erythroid maturation and T lymphopoiesis. Our findings suggest that the TR-KLF9 axis is responsible for the hematopoietic dysfunction and might be exploited for the development of novel therapeutic interventions for thyroid diseases.

A biomimetic fluorescent nanosensor based on imprinted polymers modified with carbon dots for sensitive detection of alpha-fetoprotein in clinical samples.

A biomimetic fluorescent nanosensor based on molecularly imprinted polymers modified with carbon dots (CDs@MIPs) has been prepared for rapid, selective and sensitive detection of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in clinical samples. The nanosensor was produced using vinyl-functionalized CDs (V-CDs) as transducer elements and support materials, AFP as the template protein, N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) and 4-vinylphenylbronic acid (VPBA) as the thermo-responsive and pH-responsive monomer, respectively, and ammonium peroxodisulphate (APS) and N,N'-methylene bisacrylamide (MBA) as the initiator and cross-linker, respectively. The newly synthesized nanosensor was characterized by FT-IR, TEM, XRD and elemental analysis, which unambiguously confirmed the successful formation of the nanosensor. The fluorescence quenching degree of CDs@MIPs exhibited a good linear response to AFP in a concentration range of 10 to 100 ng mL-1, the limit of detection (LOD) of 0.474 ng mL-1, and high recoveries at three spiking levels of AFP ranging from 97.05% to 102.00%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) below 4.2% being obtained. Moreover, the proposed CDs@MIPs were successfully exploited to detect AFP in human serum samples. This study successfully established a novel method for rapid, convenient, and highly sensitive and selective detection of AFP, which provides new ideas for the detection of tumor markers.

CRISPR editing in biological and biomedical investigation.

Recently, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) based genomic editing technologies have armed researchers with powerful new tools to biological and biomedical investigations. To further improve and expand its functionality, natural, and engineered CRISPR associated nine proteins (Cas9s) have been investigated, various CRISPR delivery strategies have been tested and optimized, and multiple schemes have been developed to ensure precise mammalian genome editing. Benefiting from those in-depth understanding and further development of CRISPR, versatile CRISPR-based platforms for genome editing have been rapidly developed to advance investigations in biology and biomedicine. In biological research area, CRISPR has been widely adopted in both fundamental and applied research fields, such as accurate base editing, transcriptional regulation, and genome-wide screening. In biomedical research area, CRISPR has also shown its extensive applicability in the establishment of animal models for genetic disorders especially those large animals and non-human primates models, and gene therapy to combat virus infectious diseases, to correct monogenic disorders in vivo or in pluripotent cells. In this prospect article, after highlighting recent developments of CRISPR systems, we outline different applications and current limitations of CRISPR use in biological and biomedical investigation. Finally, we provide a perspective for future development and potential risks of this multifunctional technology.

[Efficient discovery and capturing of nNOS-PSD-95 uncouplers from Trifolium pratense].

Magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers(MMIPs) were prepared with ZL006 as template, acrylamide(AA) as the functional monomer, and acetonitrile as pore-forming agent; then Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR) and scanning electron microscopy(SEM) were used to characterize their forms and structures. Simultaneously, the MMIPs prepared previously were used as sorbents for dispersive magnetic solid phase extraction(DSPE) to capture and identify potential nNOS-PSD-95 uncouplers from extracts of Trifolium pratense and the the activities of the screened compounds were evaluated by the neuroprotective effect and co-immunoprecipitation test. The experiment revealed that the successfully synthesized MMIPs showed good dispersiveness, suitable particle size and good adsorption properties. Formononetin, prunetin and biochanin A were separated and enriched from Trifolium pratense by using the MMIPs as artificial antibodies and finally biochanin A was found to have higher cytoprotective action and uncoupling action according to the neuroprotective effect and co-immunoprecipitation test.

Creation of miniature pig model of human Waardenburg syndrome type 2A by ENU mutagenesis.

Human Waardenburg syndrome 2A (WS2A) is a dominant hearing loss (HL) syndrome caused by mutations in the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) gene. In mouse models with MITF mutations, WS2A is transmitted in a recessive pattern, which limits the study of hearing loss (HL) pathology. In the current study, we performed ENU (ethylnitrosourea) mutagenesis that resulted in substituting a conserved lysine with a serine (p. L247S) in the DNA-binding domain of the MITF gene to generate a novel miniature pig model of WS2A. The heterozygous mutant pig (MITF +/L247S) exhibits a dominant form of profound HL and hypopigmentation in skin, hair, and iris, accompanied by degeneration of stria vascularis (SV), fused hair cells, and the absence of endocochlear potential, which indicate the pathology of human WS2A. Besides hypopigmentation and bilateral HL, the homozygous mutant pig (MITF L247S/L247S) and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated MITF bi-allelic knockout pigs both exhibited anophthalmia. Three WS2 patients carrying MITF mutations adjacent to the corresponding region were also identified. The pig models resemble the clinical symptom and molecular pathology of human WS2A patients perfectly, which will provide new clues for better understanding the etiology and development of novel treatment strategies for human HL.

Efficient discovery and capture of new neuronal nitric oxide synthase-postsynaptic density protein-95 uncouplers from herbal medicines using magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers as artificial antibodies.

In the scope of stroke treatment, new neuronal nitric oxide synthase-postsynaptic density protein-95 uncouplers from herbal medicines were discovered and captured. To do so, highly selective magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers with a core-shell structure were prepared as artificial antibodies. According to the results of computational simulations, we designed and synthesized various polymers with varying amounts and types of template, functional monomer, cross-linker, and solvent. Characterization and performance tests revealed that the most appropriate artificial antibodies showed uniform spherical morphologies, large adsorption capacities, fast-binding kinetics, high selectivity, and quick separation. These artificial antibodies were then used as sorbents for dispersive magnetic solid-phase extraction coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry to capture and identify structural analogs to ZL006 from extracts of Scutellariae radix, Psoraleae fructus, and Trifolium pratense. Furthermore, according to the neuroprotective effect and coimmunoprecipitation test, Baicalein, Neobavaisoflavone, Corylifol A, and Biochanin A can be the potential uncouplers of neuronal nitric oxide synthase-postsynaptic density protein-95. Therefore, this present study contributes valuable information for the discovery of neuronal nitric oxide synthase-postsynaptic density protein-95 uncouplers from herbal medicines.

Genome editing technologies drive the development of pig genetic improvement.

Nuclease-mediated genome editing technologies contribute to the rapid advances in life sciences via the ability to edit the genomes within living cells, and present a new era for porcine genetic improvement. In this review, we introduce the development of various genomic editing technologies, particularly CRISPR/Cas9 strategies and characteristics of various naturally occurring and artificially engineered CRISPR enzymes. Also, we summarize progress in pig genetic improvement mediated by genome editing, especially those associated with meat quality traits and anti-virus resistance. We highlight the challenges in the implementation of pig genetic improvement and the prospects of pig genetic breeding based on genome editing technologies.

Genome editing revolutionize the creation of genetically modified pigs for modeling human diseases.

Pigs have anatomical, physiological and genomic characteristics that make them highly suitable for modeling human diseases. Genetically modified (GM) pig models of human diseases are critical for studying pathogenesis, treatment, and prevention. The emergence of nuclease-mediated genome editing technology has been successfully employed for engineering of the pig genome, which has revolutionize the creation of GM pig models with highly complex pathophysiologies and comorbidities. In this review, we summarize the progress of recently developed genome editing technologies, including zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9), which enable highly efficient and precise introduction of genome modifications into pigs, and tailored disease models that have been generated in various disciplines via genome editing technology. We also summarize the GM pig models that have been generated by conventional transgenic strategies. Additionally, perspectives regarding the application of GM pigs in biomedical research are discussed.

PPARγ is regulated by miR-27b-3p negatively and plays an important role in porcine oocyte maturation.

To elucidate the key miRNAs and the signalling pathways that are involved in porcine oocyte maturation, we performed a deep sequencing analysis of the miRNAs of pig germinal vesicle (GV) oocytes and metaphase II (MII) oocytes. Seven differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs were identified and the expression levels of miR-21 and miR-27b-3p were further confirmed by QPCR analysis. The target genes of 7 DE miRNAs were predicted and subjected to pathway analysis. Interestingly, fatty acid metabolism and fatty acid biosynthesis were the top two significantly enriched molecular functions during oocyte maturation. Heat map, which was built with 7 DE miRNAs and the enriched the molecular functions, revealed that miR-21, miR-27b-3p, miR-10a-5p and miR-10b-5p were involved in fatty acid metabolism. In particular, the regulatory role of miR-27b-3p on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) was confirmed by their inversed expression patterns in GV and MII oocytes and luciferase report assays. In addition, we observed that PPARγ agonist (rosiglitazone) treatment significantly enhanced porcine oocyte maturation rate and early embryo developmental competent. Taken together, our results demonstrated that miR-27b and its target, PPARγ, play the vital roles in pig oocyte maturation through regulating the fatty acid metabolism. These data increased our understanding of the regulatory gene networks in porcine oocyte maturation and development.