Environmental salinity differentiates responses to acute hypothermal stress in milkfish.

Global warming has led to an increase in the frequency of cold extremes, causing significant economic losses in aquaculture, particularly in subtropical regions. Milkfish (Chanos chanos) holds significant importance in aquaculture within subtropical Asian regions. Despite milkfish's ability to tolerate varying salinity levels, frequent cold snaps associated with extreme weather events have caused substantial mortality. Understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying cold stress-induced cell death is crucial for developing effective strategies to mitigate such losses. Given the pivotal role of the liver in fish physiology, we established a primary milkfish hepatocyte culture demonstrating robust proliferation and expressing a unique marker leptin A. The molecular characterization of cold-treated hepatocytes at 18 °C showed that the mRNA levels of superoxide dismutase (sod1) and catalase (cat), responsible for neutralizing reactive oxygen species (ROS), were downregulated in freshwater (FW) conditions, while cat expression was upregulated in seawater (SW) conditions. This differential modulation of ROS signaling implies distinct responses in FW and SW, leading to higher ROS levels and increased cell death in FW condition compared to those in SW. Transcriptomic analysis of liver tissues from milkfish reared in FW or SW, with or without cold stress, revealed distinct gene expression patterns. Although cold stress affected a common set of genes in both FW and SW conditions, SW-specific cold responsive genes are associated with metabolic pathways while FW-specific genes were linked to cell proliferation pathways. Notably, gene set enrichment analysis highlighted the downregulation of cytochrome-related genes, a major source of ROS production, in response to cold stress in SW. In summary, our study unveils an insightful mechanism whereby the salinity of SW counteracts cold stress-induced ROS signaling, emphasizing the feasibility and practicality of preconditioning fish in SW as a preventive measure against cold stress-induced mortality.

Exon Junction Complex Mediates the Cap-Independent Translation of Circular RNA.

Evidence that circular RNAs (circRNA) serve as protein template is accumulating. However, how the cap-independent translation is controlled remains largely uncharacterized. Here, we show that the presence of intron and thus splicing promote cap-independent translation. By acquiring the exon junction complex (EJC) after splicing, the interaction between circRNA and ribosomes was promoted, thereby facilitating translation. Prevention of splicing by treatment with spliceosome inhibitor or mutating splicing signal hindered cap-independent translation of circRNA. Moreover, EJC-tethering using Cas13 technology reconstituted EJC-dependent circRNA translation. Finally, the level of a coding circRNA from succinate dehydrogenase assembly factor 2 (circSDHAF2) was found to be elevated in the tumorous tissues from patients with colorectal cancer, and shown to be critical in tumorigenesis of colorectal cancer in both cell and murine models. These findings reveal that EJC-dependent control of circSDHAF2 translation is involved in the regulation of oncogenic pathways. IMPLICATIONS: EJC-mediated cap-independent translation of circRNA is implicated in the tumorigenesis of colorectal cancer.

A high sensitivity three-dimensional-shape sensing patch prepared by lithography and inkjet printing.

A process combining conventional photolithography and a novel inkjet printing method for the manufacture of high sensitivity three-dimensional-shape (3DS) sensing patches was proposed and demonstrated. The supporting curvature ranges from 1.41 to 6.24 × 10(-2) mm(-1) and the sensing patch has a thickness of less than 130 µm and 20 × 20 mm(2) dimensions. A complete finite element method (FEM) model with simulation results was calculated and performed based on the buckling of columns and the deflection equation. The results show high compatibility of the drop-on-demand (DOD) inkjet printing with photolithography and the interferometer design also supports bi-directional detection of deformation. The 3DS sensing patch can be operated remotely without any power consumption. It provides a novel and alternative option compared with other optical curvature sensors.

The Functional Roles and Regulation of Circular RNAs during Cellular Stresses.

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a novel class of regulatory RNA involved in many biological, physiological and pathological processes by functioning as a molecular sponge, transcriptional/epigenetic/splicing regulator, modulator of protein-protein interactions, and a template for encoding proteins. Cells are constantly dealing with stimuli from the microenvironment, and proper responses rely on both the precise control of gene expression networks and protein-protein interactions at the molecular level. The critical roles of circRNAs in the regulation of these processes have been heavily studied in the past decades. However, how the microenvironmental stimulation controls the circRNA biogenesis, cellular shuttling, translation efficiency and degradation globally and/or individually remains largely uncharacterized. In this review, how the impact of major microenvironmental stresses on the known transcription factors, splicing modulators and epitranscriptomic regulators, and thereby how they may contribute to the regulation of circRNAs, is discussed. These lines of evidence will provide new insight into how the biogenesis and functions of circRNA can be precisely controlled and targeted for treating human diseases.