Induction of more aggressive tumoral phenotypes in LNCaP and PC3 cells by serum exosomes from prostate cancer patients.

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most frequent and sixth most fatal cancer in men worldwide. Despite its high prevalence, our understanding of its etiology and the molecular mechanisms involved in the progression of the disease is substantially limited. In recent years, the potential participation of exosomes in this process has been suggested. Therefore, we aim to study the effect of exosomes isolated from the serum of patients with PCa on various cellular processes associated with increased tumor aggressiveness in two PCa cell lines: LNCaP-FGC and PC3. The exosomes were isolated by filtration wand ultracentrifugation. Their presence was confirmed by immunodetection of specific markers and their size distribution was analyzed by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS). The results obtained demonstrated that serum exosomes from PCa patients increased migration of PC3 cells and neuroendocrine differentiation of LNCaP-FGC cells regardless of the grade of the tumor. PCa serum exosomes also enhanced the secretion of enzymes related to invasiveness and resistance to chemotherapeutics, such as extracellular matrix metalloproteases 2 and 9, and gamma-glutamyltransferase in both cell lines. Altogether, these findings support the pivotal participation of exosomes released by tumoral cells in the progression of PCa. Future studies on the molecular mechanisms involved in the observed changes could provide crucial information on this disease and help in the discovery of new therapeutic targets.

Increased let-7d-5p in non-alcoholic fatty liver promotes insulin resistance and is a potential blood biomarker for diagnosis.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The molecular mechanisms driving non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are poorly understood; however, microRNAs might play a key role in these processes. We hypothesize that let-7d-5p could contribute to the pathophysiology of NAFLD and serve as a potential diagnostic biomarker. METHODS: We evaluated let-7d-5p levels and its targets in liver biopsies from a cross-sectional study including patients with NAFLD and healthy donors, and from a mouse model of NAFLD. Moreover, the induction of let-7d-5p expression by fatty acids was evaluated in vitro. Further, we overexpressed let-7d-5p in vitro to corroborate the results observed in vivo. Circulating let-7d-5p and its potential as a NAFLD biomarker was determined in isolated extracellular vesicles from human plasma by RT-qPCR. RESULTS: Our results demonstrate that hepatic let-7d-5p was significantly up-regulated in patients with steatosis, and this increase correlated with obesity and a decreased expression of AKT serine/threonine kinase (AKT), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), IGF-I receptor (IGF1R) and insulin receptor (INSR). These alterations were corroborated in a NAFLD mouse model. In vitro, fatty acids increased let-7d-5p expression, and its overexpression decreased AKT, IGF-IR and IR protein expression. Furthermore, let-7d-5p hindered AKT phosphorylation in vitro after insulin stimulation. Finally, circulating let-7d-5p significantly decreased in steatosis patients and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses confirmed its utility as a diagnostic biomarker. CONCLUSIONS: Our results highlight the emerging role of let-7d-5p as a potential therapeutic target for NAFLD since its overexpression impairs hepatic insulin signalling, and also, as a novel non-invasive biomarker for NAFLD diagnosis.

Oxidative Stress Modulation by ncRNAs and Their Emerging Role as Therapeutic Targets in Atherosclerosis and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.

Atherosclerosis and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are pathologies related to ectopic fat accumulation, both of which are continuously increasing in prevalence. These threats are prompting researchers to develop effective therapies for their clinical management. One of the common pathophysiological alterations that underlies both diseases is oxidative stress (OxS), which appears as a result of lipid deposition in affected tissues. However, the molecular mechanisms that lead to OxS generation are different in each disease. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are RNA transcripts that do not encode proteins and function by regulating gene expression. In recent years, the involvement of ncRNAs in OxS modulation has become more recognized. This review summarizes the most recent advances regarding ncRNA-mediated regulation of OxS in atherosclerosis and NAFLD. In both diseases, ncRNAs can exert pro-oxidant or antioxidant functions by regulating gene targets and even other ncRNAs, positioning them as potential therapeutic targets. Interestingly, both diseases have common altered ncRNAs, suggesting that the same molecule can be targeted simultaneously when both diseases coexist. Finally, since some ncRNAs have already been used as therapeutic agents, their roles as potential drugs for the clinical management of atherosclerosis and NAFLD are analyzed.