Is colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection safe and effective for 15-19-mm tumors?

PURPOSE: The outcomes of colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) in 15-19-mm tumors are unclear. This study compared the effectiveness and safety of colorectal ESD for 15-19-mm tumors and tumors exceeding that size. METHODS: From August 2018 to December 2020, 213 cases of colorectal tumors removed by colorectal ESD at a tertiary hospital were enrolled in this study. The cases were divided into two groups according to the pathologically measured size of the resected lesion: an intermediate group (15-19 mm, n = 62) and a large group (≥ 20 mm, n = 151). The en bloc resection rate, complete resection rate, and complications were investigated retrospectively. RESULTS: The en bloc resection rate was significantly higher in the intermediate than large group (100% vs. 94%, p = 0.049), and the mean total procedure time was shorter in the intermediate than large group (29.2 [Formula: see text] 12.6 vs. 48.4 [Formula: see text] 28.8 min, p < 0.001). However, the mean procedure speed was significantly lower in the intermediate than large group (0.25 [Formula: see text] 0.10 vs. 0.28 [Formula: see text] 0.11 cm2/min, p = 0.031). The complete resection rate, post-procedural bleeding, and perforation rate were not significantly different between the two groups. In multivariate analyses, the total procedure time and mean procedure speed were significantly associated with lesion size. CONCLUSION: Colorectal ESD of 15-19-mm lesions is effective, and has a shorter procedure time and higher en bloc resection rate than the same procedure for larger lesions.

Does precutting prior to endoscopic piecemeal resection of large colorectal neoplasias reduce local recurrence? A KASID multicenter study.

BACKGROUND: It would be expected that local recurrence could be reduced by performing precutting (with sufficient margins) prior to endoscopic piecemeal mucosal resection (EPMR). We explored the clinical outcomes and local recurrence after precutting EPMR of large colorectal neoplasias. METHODS: Between January 2005 and December 2015, in total, 223 patients with colorectal neoplasias ≥ 2 cm in diameter removed via EPMR in four tertiary hospitals were enrolled. The patients were divided into a precut EPMR group (n = 62) and a non-precut EPMR group (n = 161). We retrospectively evaluated clinical outcomes and factors associated with local recurrence. RESULTS: The mean total procedure time was significantly shorter in the non-precut EPMR group than in the precut EPMR group. However, the number of pieces, and the complete resection and recurrence rates, did not differ significantly [for the latter, precut 8.1% vs. non-precut 9.9%, P = 0.668]. The complete resection rate, number of pieces, and use of argon plasma coagulation (APC) were significantly associated with the local recurrence rate on univariate analysis. In the Cox's proportional hazards model, prophylactic APC [hazard ratio 0.307, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.114-0.823; P = 0.019] and complete resection rate (odds ratio 0.083, 95% CI 0.011-0.655; P = 0.018) were significantly associated with the local recurrence rate. CONCLUSION: Precutting prior to EPMR did not significantly reduce the local recurrence rate or the number of resected pieces. Histologically complete resection, reducing the number of pieces, and prophylactic APC seem to be important in terms of reducing local recurrence.

Association between morningness-eveningness, sleep duration, weekend catch-up sleep and depression among Korean high-school students.

The present study aimed to examine the association between morningness-eveningness preferences, sleep duration, weekend catch-up sleep duration and depression among Korean high-school students. A total of 8,655 high-school students participated from 15 districts in South Korea and completed an online self-report questionnaire. The following sleep characteristics were assessed: weekday and weekend sleep duration, weekend catch-up sleep duration, morningness-eveningness preference, perceived sufficiency of sleep, self-reported snoring and sleep apnea, daytime sleepiness, and sleep environment. Age, gender, body mass index, number of private classes, proneness to internet addiction, and depressive mood were also evaluated. A logistic regression analysis was conducted to compute odds ratios for the association between depression and sleep characteristics, after controlling for relevant covariates. Eveningness preference was a significant predictor of depressive mood (adjusted OR, 1.71; 95% CI, 1.47-1.99). Weekend CUS durations that were ≥2 hr and enrollment in numerous private classes were associated with a lower risk for depression (0.68, 0.55-0.85; 0.76, 0.60-0.95; respectively). Female gender, underweight and obese body weight, short weekday sleep durations, excessive daytime sleepiness, perceived excessiveness and insufficiency of sleep, self-reported snoring and sleep apnea, proneness to internet addiction and a non-optimal sleep environment were associated with an increased risk for depression. Eveningness preference and insufficient weekday sleep duration were associated with an increased risk for depression. Weekend CUS duration ≥2 hr reduced the risk for depression. Diverse aspects, including sleeping habits and sleep-related environmental factors, should be considered to reduce depressive symptoms in late adolescents.

Impact of Endoscopists' Personality Traits on Adenoma and Polyp Detection Rates in Colonoscopy: A KASID Multicenter Study.

BACKGROUND: The personality traits of endoscopists have been suggested to affect the adenoma detection rate (ADR). We thus evaluated the relationship between endoscopists' personality traits and the ADR during colonoscopy using the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2). METHODS: In total, 1230 patients (asymptomatic and aged 50-80 years) who underwent screening or surveillance (≥ 5 years) colonoscopy were recruited from 13 university hospitals by 20 endoscopists between September 2015 and December 2017. We retrospectively measured the ADR, polyp detection rate (PDR), and number of adenomas per colonoscopy (APC). All 20 endoscopists completed all 567 true/false MMPI-2 items. RESULTS: The overall mean colonoscopy withdrawal time, PDR, ADR, and APC were 7.3 ± 2.8 min, 55%, 45.3%, and 0.97 ± 1.58, respectively. No significant difference was observed in the MMPI-2 clinical scales (e.g., hypochondriasis and psychasthenia), content scales (e.g., obsessiveness and type A character), or supplementary scales (e.g., dominance and social responsibility) between the high ADR group (ADR ≥45%, n = 10) and the low ADR group (ADR < 45%, n = 10). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, the ADR was associated significantly with patient age and sex. The ADR was related significantly to endoscopists' colonoscopy experience and the per-minute increase in the colonoscopy withdrawal time (OR 1.21, 95% CI 1.06-1.38, p = 0.005). In a logistic regression analysis adjusted for patient factors, the ADR was associated significantly with ego strength (OR 1.04, 95% CI 1.00-1.09, p = 0.044), as measured by the MMPI-2. CONCLUSIONS: With the exception of ego strength, the endoscopists' personality traits were not associated with adenoma or polyp detection.

Performance of a Community-based Noncommunicable Disease Control Program in Korea: Patients 65 Years of Age or Older.

BACKGROUND: In Korea, the Korean Community-based Noncommunicable Disease Prevention and Control Program (KCNPC) was implemented in 2012 for the management of patients with chronic diseases. Nineteen primary care clinics, public health centers, and education and consulting centers (ECCs) participated in the implementation of this program. This study assessed the effectiveness of this chronic disease control model by comparing mortality rate and the incidence of complications between patients participating in the KCNPC program and a control group. METHODS: Using data from the National Health Insurance Service and data from hypertension and diabetes patients registered with 19 ECCs between January 1, 2010 and December 31, 2012, hypertension and diabetes patients who had been treated at a clinic were selected. The final analysis included 252,900 patients, with the intervention group and control group having 126,450 patients each. Survival for the two groups was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method. Complications were analyzed using the Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS: The 5-year survival rate in the intervention group (0.88) was higher than that in the control group (0.86). Cox proportional hazards analysis showed that the intervention group had lower risk for mortality (0.84; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.82-0.86) compared to the control group. Hospitalization due to complications and the proportional risk of hospitalization were also lower in the intervention group. CONCLUSION: The KCNPC model for prevention and control of chronic disease in Korea was found to be effective for hypertension and diabetes patients. Therefore, the KCNPC will be necessary to strengthen the capabilities of local communities, primary medical institutions, and individuals for prevention and control of chronic disease. Expanding the efficient prevention and control policies of the KCNPC to a nationwide scale may be effective as has been demonstrated through limited implementation in some regions.

Efficacy of 3 fine-needle biopsy techniques for suspected pancreatic malignancies in the absence of an on-site cytopathologist.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration/biopsy (EUS-FNA/B) has a high diagnostic accuracy for pancreatic tumors. Most reports have focused on the diagnostic yield of cytology or histology; the ability of various FNA/B techniques to obtain an adequate mass of cells or tissue has rarely been investigated. METHODS: Patients with suspected pancreatic malignancy underwent EUS-FNB using a 22-gauge ProCore needle by either the stylet slow-pull-back technique (group A), conventional negative suction after stylet removal (group B), or non-suction after stylet removal (group C) in the absence of an on-site cytopathologist. The adequacy of the 3 techniques based on the diagnostic yield, cellularity, blood contamination, and core-tissue acquisition was evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 50 patients (27 males) were analyzed. The mean tumor size was 21 to 40 mm in 54%. The rate of a good or excellent proportion of cellularity was highest in group A compared with groups B and C (72% vs 60% vs 50%, P = .049). A >25% rate of blood contamination was more prevalent in group B (30% vs 42% vs 10%, P = .009). The rate of adequate core-tissue acquisition was not different (52% vs 34% vs 50%, P = .140). Based on the multivariate generalized estimation equation, the stylet slow-pull-back technique and a tumor size >40 mm were favorable factors for diagnostic adequacy. CONCLUSIONS: The stylet slow-pull-back technique might enable acquisition of tissue and assessment of cellularity for the diagnosis of pancreatic tumors suspected to be malignant. (Clinical trial registration number: KCT0002190.).

Relationship between the endoscopic withdrawal time and adenoma/polyp detection rate in individual colonic segments: a KASID multicenter study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Appropriate colonoscopy withdrawal times for individual colonic segments are not well known. The relationship between withdrawal time and adenoma detection rate (ADR)/polyp detection rate (PDR) in individual colonic segments was examined in this study. METHODS: This was a prospective observational study involving 724 patients who underwent colonoscopy screening or surveillance colonoscopy from October 2015 to February 2017 at 10 university hospitals. RESULTS: In the right side of the colon, the ADR (33.2% vs 13.7%, P < .001), PDR, serrated polyp detection rate, and number of adenomas per colonoscopy (APC) were significantly higher when the colonoscopy withdrawal time was ≥2 minutes compared with <2 minutes. When the withdrawal time was ≥4 minutes in the proximal colon and ≥3 minutes in the left segment of the colon, the ADR, PDR, and APC were significantly higher compared with withdrawal times of <4 minutes and <3 minutes, respectively. Multivariate analyses showed that the ADR was significantly associated with withdrawal times of ≥2 minutes in the right side of the colon (odds ratio [OR], 2.98; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.72-5.15; P < .001), ≥4 minutes in the proximal colon (OR, 4.48; 95% CI, 3.15-6.36; P < .001), and ≥3 minutes in the left segment of the colon (OR, 2.92; 95% CI, 1.74-4.91; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: The PDR and ADR appeared to be significantly increased when the withdrawal time was ≥2 minutes in the right-sided colon segment, ≥4 minutes in the proximal colon, and ≥3 minutes in the left-sided colon segment compared with shorter withdrawal times.

Prospective comparison of endoscopic bilateral stent-in-stent versus stent-by-stent deployment for inoperable advanced malignant hilar biliary stricture.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Although the efficacy of palliative bilateral biliary drainage using self-expandable metal stents has been demonstrated, it is unclear which bilateral method is optimal for advanced malignant hilar biliary strictures (MHSs). This pilot study compared bilateral stent-in-stent (SIS) with stent-by-stent (SBS) deployment for advanced MHSs. METHODS: Patients with inoperable high-grade MHSs were enrolled in this prospective randomized multicenter study. The primary outcome was the rate of adverse events, whereas secondary outcomes were technical and clinical success, reintervention, therapeutic outcomes, stent patency, and survival duration. RESULTS: This study randomized 69 of 74 pathologically diagnosed patients to the SIS (n = 34) or SBS (n = 35) groups. The total adverse event rate after stent deployment did not differ between the 2 groups (23.5% in the SIS group vs 28.6% in the SBS group, P = .633). The primary technical success rate was 100% (34/34) and 91.4% (32/35) in the SIS and SBS groups, respectively (P = .081). The clinical success rate was 94.1% (32/34) and 90.6% (29/32), respectively (P = .668). The stent patency rate at 3 months was 85.3% in the SIS group and 65.7% in the SBS group (P = .059). At 6 months, the stent patency rate was 47.1% and 31.4%, respectively (P = .184). The median cumulative stent patency and survival probability did not differ between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS: Efficacy of bilateral SIS and SBS deployment may be similar in terms of total adverse events, technical and clinical success, stent patency, and survival. The stent patency rates at 3 and 6 months was higher in the SIS group without statistical difference. (Clinical trial registration number: NCT01141088.).

High risk of obstructive sleep apnea, insomnia, and daytime sleepiness among commercial motor vehicle drivers.

PURPOSE: We investigated the prevalence of sleep problems, such as obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), insomnia, and daytime sleepiness in commercial motor vehicle (CMV) drivers compared with that in the general population. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study comparing sleep habits and sleep problems in 110 truck drivers with 1001 matched controls from the general population. The assessment was based on self-administered questionnaires that included the Berlin questionnaire, the insomnia severity index, and the Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS). Multivariate regression analysis was performed to determine whether CMV drivers were independently associated with these sleep problems compared with controls. RESULTS: The prevalence of a high risk of OSA and insomnia was 35.5% and 15.2%, respectively, in CMV drivers, which was significantly higher than in controls with a prevalence of 12.2% and 4.1%, respectively (P < 0.001 for both). Although CMV drivers showed higher ESS scores than controls, the prevalence of daytime sleepiness did not differ between the two groups (19.1% vs. 16.8%, P = 0.54). After adjusting for covariates, CMV drivers had 3.68 times higher odds (95% CI 2.29-5.84) of OSA and 2.97 times higher odds (95% CI, 1.46-6.06) of insomnia compared with controls. However, the degree of daytime sleepiness was not independently associated with CMV drivers. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of OSA and insomnia in CMV drivers was higher than that in the general population. Daytime sleepiness was associated with increased BMI, depression, OSA, and short sleep duration, regardless of CMV driving as an occupational factor.

The relationship between local recurrence and positive lateral margin after en bloc resection of colorectal neoplasm.

BACKGROUND: The factors associated with recurrence of colonic neoplasm after endoscopic resection with a positive lateral margin are not well known. Thus, we evaluate the relationship between recurrence and positive lateral margin after endoscopic en bloc resection of colorectal neoplasm. METHODS: A retrospective review of 9302 patients who underwent colonic endoscopic resection from January 2008 to January 2015. Of these, a total of 76 patients with positive lateral margins with clear evidence of the its location on endoscopic picture after endoscopic en bloc resection of colorectal neoplasm (>10 mm) were included. RESULTS: Ten of 76 (13.2%) patients experienced recurrence during the follow-up period (mean f/u month, 21.7 ± 15.6). In cases with positive lateral margins, the 3- and 5-year local recurrence rate of colorectal neoplasm was 28.1% and 40.1%, respectively. The histological features of the recurrence group were as follows: one case of adenocarcinoma [from low-grade adenoma (LGA)]; two cases of high-grade adenoma (HGA) (one from HGA and one from LGA); and seven cases of LGA (four from adenocarcinoma, two from LGA, and one from HGA). The mean age of patients, locations of the lesions, and histologic type were not significantly associated with local recurrence. In multivariate Poisson regression analyses, total length of lateral margin involvement ≥8 mm (relative risk 12.51; 95% CI 1.11-140.34, p = .040) was a significant predictor of local recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: Positive lateral margins ≥8 mm may be a reliable predictor of local recurrence after endoscopic en bloc resection of colorectal neoplasm.

Correction to: Factors Predictive of Complete Excision of Large Colorectal Neoplasia Using Hybrid Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection: A KASID Multicenter Study.

The original version of the article unfortunately contained errors in author affiliation. Affiliation of third and ninth author was incorrectly assigned.

Factors Predictive of Complete Excision of Large Colorectal Neoplasia Using Hybrid Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection: A KASID Multicenter Study.

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) with snaring (hybrid ESD) bridges the gap between ESD and endoscopic mucosal resection. We evaluated factors predictive of en bloc and complete resection of large colorectal neoplasms using hybrid ESD. METHODS: This was a prospective clinical study of 78 patients who underwent hybrid ESD for excision of colorectal neoplasms (≥ 2 cm) between May 2015 and September 2016 at six university hospitals. We evaluated lesion and patient characteristics, endoscopist experience level (< 50 or ≥ 50 cases with colorectal ESD), and technical factors such as concurrent fibrosis, completion of a circumferential incision, degree of submucosal dissection (< 50 or ≥ 50%), and visualization during snaring (< 50 or ≥ 50%). RESULTS: Multivariate analyses showed that the en bloc resection rate was significantly related to the degree of visualization during snaring (odds ratio (OR) 7.811, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.722-35.426; p = 0.008) and the presence of fibrosis (OR 0.258, 95% CI 0.68-0.993; p = 0.049). The complete resection rate was significantly related to the colorectal ESD endoscopist skill level (OR 5.626, 95% CI 1.485-21.313; p = 0.011) and gross lesion type (OR 0.145, 95% CI 0.022-0.936; p = 0.042). When all three technical factors, i.e., completion of circumferential incision, ≥ 50% submucosal dissection, and ≥ 50% visualization during snaring, were satisfied performing hybrid ESD, the en bloc resection rate (87.5%) was similar to that of ESD. CONCLUSIONS: Visualization during snaring, presence of fibrosis, gross lesion type, and endoscopist colorectal ESD experience level affect en bloc or complete resection of large colorectal neoplasia using hybrid ESD.

Bilateral versus unilateral placement of metal stents for inoperable high-grade malignant hilar biliary strictures: a multicenter, prospective, randomized study (with video).

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The efficacy of palliative biliary drainage by using bilateral or unilateral self-expandable metal stents (SEMSs) for a malignant hilar biliary stricture (MHS) remains controversial. This prospective, randomized, multicenter study investigated whether bilateral drainage by using SEMSs is superior to unilateral drainage in patients with inoperable MHSs. METHODS: Patients with inoperable high-grade MHSs who underwent palliative endoscopic insertion of bilateral or unilateral SEMSs were enrolled. The main outcome measurements were the rate of primary reintervention for malfunction after successful placement of SEMSs, stent patency, technical and clinical success rates, adverse events, and survival duration. RESULTS: A total of 133 pathology-diagnosed patients were randomized to the bilateral group (n = 67) or the unilateral group (n = 66). The primary technical success rates were 95.5% (64/67) and 100% (66/66) in the bilateral and unilateral groups, respectively (P = .244). The clinical success rates were 95.3% (61/64) and 84.9% (56/66), respectively (P = .047). The primary reintervention rates based on the per-protocol analysis were 42.6% (26/61) in the bilateral group and 60.3% (38/63) in the unilateral group (P = .049). The median cumulative stent patency duration was 252 days in the bilateral group and 139 days in the unilateral group. The risk of stent patency failure was significantly higher in the unilateral group (log-rank test; P < .01). In a multivariate Cox proportional hazard model to assess stent patency, bilateral SEMS placement was a favorable factor (adjusted hazard ratio 0.30, 95% confidence interval, 0.172-0.521; P < .001). Survival probability and late adverse events were not different between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS: Unilateral and bilateral drainage strategies by using SEMSs had similar technical success rates, but bilateral drainage resulted in fewer reinterventions and more durable stent patency in patients with inoperable high-grade MHSs. (Clinical trial registration number: NCT02166970.).

Similar Efficacies of Endoscopic Ultrasound-guided Transmural and Percutaneous Drainage for Malignant Distal Biliary Obstruction.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Although percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) is the standard method for draining a malignant biliary obstruction after failed endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographies (ERCPs), use of endoscopic ultrasound-guided transmural biliary drainage (EUS-BD) is increasing. We performed a multicenter, open-label, randomized trial to compare EUS-BD vs PTBD for malignant distal biliary obstruction after a failed ERCP. METHODS: Patients with unresectable malignant distal biliary obstructions and failed primary ERCP, caused by inaccessible papilla, were assigned to groups that underwent EUS-BD with an all-in-one device for direct deployment of a partially covered metal stent (without further fistula tract dilation, n = 34) or PTBD (n = 32). The procedures were performed at 4 tertiary academic referral centers in South Korea from October 2014 through March 2015; patients were followed up through June 2015. The primary end point was technical success, which was calculated using a noninferiority model. Secondary end points were functional success, procedure-related adverse events, rate of unscheduled re-intervention, and quality of life (QOL). RESULTS: The rates of primary technical success were 94.1% (32 of 34) in the EUS-BD group and 96.9% (31 of 32) in the PTBD group (1-sided 97.5% confidence interval lower limit, -12.7%; P = .008 for a noninferiority margin of 15%). The rates of functional success were 87.5% (28 of 32) in the EUS-BD group and 87.1% (27 of 31) in the PTBD group (P = 1.00). The proportions of procedure-related adverse events were 8.8% in the EUS-BD group vs 31.2% in the PTBD group (P = .022); the mean frequency of unscheduled re-intervention was 0.34 in the EUS-BD group vs 0.93 in the PTBD group (P = .02). The QOL was similar between groups. CONCLUSIONS: EUS-BD and PTBD had similar levels of efficacy in patients with unresectable malignant distal biliary obstruction and inaccessible papilla based on rates of technical and functional success and QOL. However, EUS-BD produced fewer procedure-related adverse events and unscheduled re-interventions. Clinical trial registration no: cris.nih.go.kr/KCT0001370.

Predictive Factors for Differentiating Between Crohn's Disease and Intestinal Tuberculosis in Koreans.

OBJECTIVES: A differential diagnosis between intestinal tuberculosis (ITB) and Crohn's disease (CD) is challenging. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical, endoscopic, and histological features and to create a predictive score model for differentiating CD and ITB. METHODS: In total, 261 patients, 99 with ITB and 162 with CD, were recruited from seven tertiary centers from 2005 to 2013 and reviewed retrospectively. For the creation of a validated model, parameters were selected by univariate logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic curve analyses. Then, the prediction model was established on the basis of ß-coefficients of the multivariate logistic regression. For the validation of the model, the same regression equation was tested on the other group. RESULTS: Age, diarrhea, ring-shaped ulcer, longitudinal ulcer, sigmoid involvement, suspicious radiological pulmonary tuberculosis, and gender were selected as the factors for a seven-marker model. In the seven-marker model of the validation data set, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value with a cutoff level of 0.35 were 98.0, 92.4, 88.9, and 98.6, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The seven-marker model seems to be highly reliable for differentiating between ITB and CD and could be conveniently used by clinicians to obtain results.

Accuracy of residual apnea-hypopnea index obtained using the continuous positive airway pressure device: application of new version 2.0 scoring rules for respiratory events during sleep.

PURPOSE: Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) devices can estimate apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) using respiratory event detection algorithms. In 2012, rules for manually scoring respiratory events during sleep were updated to version 2.0. The purpose of the present study was to compare residual AHI determined using the Sleepstyle HC608 CPAP device (HC) with those determined by the new manual scoring (NM) rules during CPAP titration in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). METHODS: Fifty-seven patients underwent CPAP titration with HC. Correlations were assessed between AHI determined by NM and HC. The AHI, the apnea index (AI), and the hypopnea index (HI) were evaluated separately. RESULTS: The mean AHI as assessed using diagnostic polysomnography (PSG) was 53.9 ± 22.4. During CPAP titration, respiratory events were effectively suppressed (HC-AHI, 4.2 ± 6.0; NM-AHI, 6.0 ± 5.8). Lower HI and AHI were obtained using HC compared to NM (HC-HI, 2.9 ± 3.6 and NM-HI, 5.2 ± 4.2, p < 0.001; HC-AHI, 4.2 ± 6.0 and NM-AHI, 6.0 ± 5.8, p < 0.001). Additionally, HC reported higher AI compared to NM (HC-AI, 1.3 ± 2.8; NM-AI, 0.9 ± 2.2, p = 0.002). NM-AI (ß = 1.017, p < 0.001), NM-HI (ß = -0.599, p < 0.001), and NM-arousal index (ß = -0.058, p = 0.042) were associated with greater differences between HC-AHI and NM-AHI in multivariate regression analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate differences in scoring respiratory events between our CPAP device and new version 2.0 manual scoring and suggest that residual AHI values should be carefully interpreted.

Increased levels of plasma glial-derived neurotrophic factor in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

BACKGROUND: Recent evidence suggests that neurotrophic growth factor systems, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor, might be involved in the pathophysiology of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is from the transforming growth factor-ß family and is abundantly expressed in the central nervous system, where it plays a role in the development and function of hippocampal cells. To date, no association studies have been done between ADHD and GDNF. Thus, here we investigate the hypothesis that there are differences in plasma GDNF levels between children with ADHD and healthy controls. METHODS: Plasma GDNF levels were measured in 86 drug-naïve children with ADHD and 128 healthy children. The severity of ADHD symptoms was determined by scores on the Korean ADHD Rating Scale (K-ARS) in patients and healthy controls. RESULTS: The median plasma GDNF levels in ADHD patients was 74.0 (IQR: 23.4-280.1) pg/ml versus 24.6 (IQR: 14.5-87.3) pg/ml in healthy controls; thus the median plasma GDNF levels in ADHD patients were significantly higher than in healthy controls (Mann-Whitney U-test, P < 0.01). Plasma GDNF levels were correlated positively with K-ARS subscale scores (inattention, hyperactivity-impulsivity and total), determined by Spearman's correlation test in ADHD patients and healthy controls (r = 0.371, P < 0.01; r = 0.331, P < 0.01; and r = 0.379, P < 0.01, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest increased plasma GDNF levels in untreated ADHD patients. In addition, plasma GDNF levels had a significant positive correlation with inattention, hyperactivity-impulsivity and K-ARS total scores in ADHD patients and healthy controls. Further studies are required to determine the source and role of circulating GDNF in ADHD.

Pathological Predictors for Defining a Therapeutic Strategy for Early Colon Cancer after Endoscopic Resection: Multicenter Retrospective Analysis from Surgically Resected Specimens.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: For the possibility of regional lymph node metastasis (LNM), early colon cancer (ECC) is a boundary lesion between endoscopic resection and surgery. The aim of study is to clarify risk factors for LNM and to determine therapeutic strategy after endoscopic resection in patients with ECC. METHODOLOGY: The histopathology of patients with ECC underwent surgery with LN dissection in 8 university hospitals were reviewed by experienced pathologist blinded to LN status. RESULTS: In total, 370 patients (107 with mucosal cancer, 263 with submucosal invasive colorectal carcinoma [SICC]) were enrolled. Excluding mucosal cancer, the LNM rate was 11.8% (31/263, including 15.4% [8/52] with pedunculated SICC [P-SICC] and 10.9% [23/211] with non-pedunculated SICC [NP-SICC]). Multivariate analysis showed that tumor sprouting (P < 0.001; odds ratio [OR], 8.83; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.04-25.69), submucosal invasion depth (SM depth) > 2000 µm (P = 0.024; OR, 3.68; 95% CI, 1.19-11.37), and lymphatic invasion (P = 0.022; OR, 3.48; 95% CI, 1.19-10.13) were related to LNM. All LNMs with SM depth < 2000 µm showed tumor sprouting without lymphatic invasion. CONCLUSIONS: Significant risk factors for predicting LNM in patients with SICC were tumor sprouting, SM depth > 2000 µm, and lymphatic invasion.

Relationship between mid-sleep time and depression, health-related quality of life, and sleep deprivation in the 2018 Korea Community Health Survey.

This cross-sectional study examined the relationship of mid-sleep time (MST) with depression, quality of life, and sleep deprivation. This study included 173 284 adults aged ≥ 19 years who participated in the 2018 Korea Community Health Survey. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 for depression, EuroQol-5 dimension for health-related quality of life, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index for MST, daytime sleepiness, and sleep quality were used. Regression and logistic regression analysis was used for complex sample analysis. The results showed that individuals with later MST had a higher risk of depression, poor quality of life, poor sleep quality, and excessive daytime sleepiness than intermediate-type individuals, whereas earlier MST was associated with good sleep quality in the total population. This association was significant in both men and women. The later type was associated with all items of health-related quality of life in both men and women. These findings suggest that the later type is a significant predictor of mental health, quality of life, sleep quality, and daytime sleepiness. Identifying an individual's mid-sleep time may help tailor interventions and treatment strategies that optimize sleep, mental health outcomes, and quality of life.

Development of a Risk Score to Predict Short-term Smoking Relapse Following an Inpatient Smoking Cessation Intervention.

This study aimed to investigate the factors affecting smoking relapse and to develop predictive models among Korean national 5-day smoking cessation program participants. The subjects were 518 smokers and follow-up was continued for 6 months after discharge. A predictive logistic model and risk score were developed from the multivariate logistic models and compared using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (area under the curve [AUC]). The smoking relapse rate within 6 months after program participation was 38.4%. The AUCs of the logistic regression model and risk score model were similar (odds ratio [OR] = 0.69; 0.69, respectively) in the development data set, and those of the risk score model were similar between the development and validation data sets (OR = 0.68). The risk score used by the six risk factors could predict smoking relapse among participants who attended a 5-day inpatient smoking cessation program.