RESUMO
INTRODUCTION: This study aims to assess the association of piperacillin/tazobactam and meropenem minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and beta-lactam resistance genes with mortality in the MERINO trial. METHODS: Blood culture isolates from enrolled patients were tested by broth microdilution and whole genome sequencing at a central laboratory. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to account for confounders. Absolute risk increase for 30-day mortality between treatment groups was calculated for the primary analysis (PA) and the microbiologic assessable (MA) populations. RESULTS: In total, 320 isolates from 379 enrolled patients were available with susceptibility to piperacillin/tazobactam 94% and meropenem 100%. The piperacillin/tazobactam nonsusceptible breakpoint (MIC >16 mg/L) best predicted 30-day mortality after accounting for confounders (odds ratio 14.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.8-87.2). The absolute risk increase for 30-day mortality for patients treated with piperacillin/tazobactam compared with meropenem was 9% (95% CI 3%-15%) and 8% (95% CI 2%-15%) for the original PA population and the post hoc MA populations, which reduced to 5% (95% CI -1% to 10%) after excluding strains with piperacillin/tazobactam MIC values >16 mg/L. Isolates coharboring extended spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL) and OXA-1 genes were associated with elevated piperacillin/tazobactam MICs and the highest risk increase in 30-day mortality of 14% (95% CI 2%-28%). CONCLUSIONS: After excluding nonsusceptible strains, the 30-day mortality difference from the MERINO trial was less pronounced for piperacillin/tazobactam. Poor reliability in susceptibility testing performance for piperacillin/tazobactam and the high prevalence of OXA coharboring ESBLs suggests that meropenem remains the preferred choice for definitive treatment of ceftriaxone nonsusceptible Escherichia coli and Klebsiella.
Assuntos
Meropeném , Combinação Piperacilina e Tazobactam , beta-Lactamases , Antibacterianos/efeitos adversos , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Humanos , Meropeném/efeitos adversos , Meropeném/farmacologia , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Mortalidade , Combinação Piperacilina e Tazobactam/efeitos adversos , Combinação Piperacilina e Tazobactam/farmacologia , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , beta-Lactamases/genéticaRESUMO
In the context of globally increasing antimicrobial resistance, tigecycline appears to be a useful therapeutic option. The need for prolonged courses for complex infections has prompted consideration of its use via outpatient parenteral antibiotic therapy (OPAT) programmes, although clinical outcomes when used in this setting remain unknown. We retrospectively reviewed the patient characteristics and outcomes of 11 patients who received tigecycline, most commonly delivered as 100 mg once daily, via OPAT at three tertiary Australian hospitals. Rates of co-morbidity and prior antibiotic use were high. Patients had a wide range of infections including bone and/or joint (n = 5), intra-abdominal (n = 3), lower respiratory tract (n = 2) and parapharyngeal abscess (n = 1). Mycobacterial species (n = 5) were the most frequent pathogen, and multi-resistant organisms were common (n = 4). The median OPAT duration was 14 days (IQR 6-30). Nausea was encountered in 45 % of cases. At completion of OPAT, 1 patient (9 %) was cured, 2 (18 %) had improved and 8 (73 %) failed therapy. Failure occurred due to either progression or non-response of infection (n = 4), re-admission (n = 3), premature cessation of tigecycline due to nausea (n = 3) or death (n = 1). Whilst OPAT delivery of tigecycline is a therapeutic option, when used as second-line therapy for complex, often multi-resistant infections in patients with multiple comorbidities, high rates of clinical failure, readmissions and adverse effects, especially nausea, should be anticipated.
Assuntos
Assistência Ambulatorial/métodos , Antibacterianos/administração & dosagem , Infecções Bacterianas/tratamento farmacológico , Uso de Medicamentos , Minociclina/análogos & derivados , Administração Intravenosa , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Minociclina/administração & dosagem , Estudos Retrospectivos , Centros de Atenção Terciária , Tigeciclina , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
The objective of this paper is to describe paediatric infectious diseases consultations across Australia and New Zealand. We surveyed infectious diseases physicians at 51 hospitals over a period of 2 weeks in 2012. Compared with adult consults, paediatric consults were more frequently received from general paediatricians/physicians and intensive care, yet less frequently from surgeons and emergency. Respiratory, skin/soft tissue and bone/joint infections were the most frequent consultations in children. These data demonstrate the breadth of formal infectious diseases consults in children. Differences between paediatric and infectious diseases consultations need to be considered when planning both paediatric and adult physician training and future curriculum development.
Assuntos
Doenças Transmissíveis/diagnóstico , Doenças Transmissíveis/tratamento farmacológico , Encaminhamento e Consulta , Adulto , Austrália , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Nova Zelândia , Estudos ProspectivosRESUMO
A point-prevalence study at a tertiary Australian hospital found 199 of 462 inpatients (43%) to be receiving antibiotic therapy. Forty-seven per cent of antibiotic use was discordant with guidelines or microbiological results and hence considered inappropriate. Risk factors for inappropriate antibiotic prescribing included bone/joint infections, the absence of infection, creatinine level >120 µmol/L, carbapenem or macrolide use and being under the care of the aged care/rehabilitation team. In the setting of finite antimicrobial stewardship resources, identification of local determinants for inappropriate antibiotic use may enable more targeted interventions.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Prescrição Inadequada , Padrões de Prática Médica/estatística & dados numéricos , Creatinina/sangue , Humanos , Análise Multivariada , Fatores de Risco , Austrália OcidentalRESUMO
Several conditions that allow the preservation, storage and rapid, efficient recovery of viable Acanthamoeba castellanii organisms were investigated. The viability of trophozoites (as determined by time to confluence) significantly declined over a period of 12 months when stored at -70 degrees C using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO; 5 or 10%) as cryopreservant. As A. castellanii are naturally capable of encystment, studies were undertaken to determine whether induced encystment might improve the viability of organisms under a number of storage conditions. A. castellanii cysts stored in the presence of Mg2+ at 4 degrees C remained viable over the study period, although time to confluence was increased from approximately 8 days to approximately 24 days over the 12-month period. Storage of cysts at -70 degrees C with DMSO (5 or 10%) or 40% glycerol, but not 80% glycerol as cryopreservants increased their viability over the 12-month study period compared with those stored at room temperature. Continued presence of Mg2+ in medium during storage had no adverse effects and generally improved recovery of viable organisms. The present study demonstrates that A. castellanii can be stored as a non-multiplicative form inexpensively, without a need for cryopreservation, for at least 12 months, but viability is increased by storage at -70 degrees C.
Assuntos
Acanthamoeba castellanii/citologia , Acanthamoeba castellanii/fisiologia , Preservação Biológica/métodos , Acanthamoeba castellanii/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Temperatura Baixa , Crioprotetores/administração & dosagem , Crioprotetores/farmacologia , Relação Dose-Resposta a DrogaAssuntos
Terapia por Infusões no Domicílio/efeitos adversos , Neutropenia/induzido quimicamente , Neutropenia/epidemiologia , Vancomicina/efeitos adversos , Idoso , Austrália/epidemiologia , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Humanos , Infusões Intravenosas , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neutropenia/diagnóstico , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
The aim of this article is to reinforce good practice in insertion and removal techniques for peripheral intravenous cannulation. The article is intended as a practical guide. It is important that staff receive adequate education and training to undertake this skill competently, and also that they maintain competence in practice.
Assuntos
Cateterismo/métodos , Braço/irrigação sanguínea , Cateterismo/efeitos adversos , Competência Clínica , Humanos , Infusões IntravenosasRESUMO
In recent years, many babies who die of Sudden Unexpected Death in Infancy (SUDI) in Northern Ireland are found dead in bed--i.e. co-sleeping--with an adult. In order to assess its frequency autopsy reports between April 1996 and August 2001 were reviewed and linked to temporal factors. The day and month of death, and the place where the baby was found were compared to a reference population of infant deaths between one week of age and the second birthday. Although the rate of SUDI was lower than the UK average, 43 cases of SUDI were identified, and two additional deaths with virtually identical autopsy findings that were attributed to asphyxia caused by suffocation due to overlaying. Thirty-two of the 45 (71%) were less than four months of age. In 30 of the 45 cases (67%) the history stated that the baby was bed sharing with others; 19 died sleeping in an adult bed, and 11 on a sofa or armchair. In 16 of the 30 (53%) there were at least two other people sharing the sleeping surface, and in one case, three. SUDI was twice as frequent at weekends (found dead Saturday-Monday mornings) compared to weekdays (p<0.02), and significantly more common compared to reference deaths (p<0.002). Co-sleeping deaths were also more frequent at weekends. Almost half of all SUDI (49%) occurred in the summer months--more than twice the frequency of reference deaths. While sharing a place of sleep per se may not increase the risk of death, our findings may be linked to factors such as habitual smoking, consumption of alcohol or illicit drugs as reported in case-control studies. In advising parents on safer childcare practices, health professionals must be knowledgeable of current research and when, for example, giving advice on co-sleeping this needs to be person-specific cognisant of the risks within a household. New and better means of targeting such information needs to be researched if those with higher risk life-styles are to be positively influenced.
Assuntos
Morte Súbita do Lactente/epidemiologia , Leitos , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Irlanda/epidemiologia , Masculino , Estações do Ano , Sono , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
This article focuses on peripheral intravenous cannulation devices as one source of infection. Using the chain of infection, each aspect is explored to help reduce or prevent infection.
Assuntos
Cateterismo Periférico , Cateteres de Demora/efeitos adversos , Infecção Hospitalar , Controle de Infecções/métodos , Bandagens , Cateterismo Periférico/efeitos adversos , Cateterismo Periférico/enfermagem , Infecção Hospitalar/etiologia , Infecção Hospitalar/prevenção & controle , Infecção Hospitalar/transmissão , Reservatórios de Doenças , Contaminação de Equipamentos/prevenção & controle , Humanos , Eliminação de Resíduos de Serviços de Saúde , Ferimentos Penetrantes Produzidos por Agulha/etiologia , Ferimentos Penetrantes Produzidos por Agulha/prevenção & controle , Papel do Profissional de Enfermagem , Avaliação em Enfermagem , Fatores de Risco , Gestão da Segurança/métodos , Higiene da Pele/enfermagemRESUMO
Many nurses working in general wards and departments are caring for patients with central venous catheters and are increasingly responsible for their removal. This article outlines the basis of good practice and the possible complications, focusing on air embolism.
Assuntos
Cateterismo Venoso Central/enfermagem , Bandagens , Benchmarking , Cateterismo Venoso Central/efeitos adversos , Cateterismo Venoso Central/métodos , Cateteres de Demora/efeitos adversos , Competência Clínica , Infecção Hospitalar/etiologia , Infecção Hospitalar/prevenção & controle , Remoção de Dispositivo , Embolia Aérea/diagnóstico , Embolia Aérea/etiologia , Embolia Aérea/prevenção & controle , Falha de Equipamento , Decúbito Inclinado com Rebaixamento da Cabeça , Humanos , Controle de Infecções , Seleção de Pacientes , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Tromboflebite/etiologia , Tromboflebite/prevenção & controle , Manobra de ValsalvaRESUMO
Venepuncture is the introduction of a needle into a vein to obtain a blood sample for haematological, biochemical or bacteriological analysis. It is the most common invasive procedure undertaken in hospital. This article provides guidance on the theory and practice of venepuncture.
Assuntos
Flebotomia/métodos , Humanos , Controle de Infecções/métodos , Técnicas Microbiológicas , Dor/etiologia , Dor/prevenção & controle , Flebotomia/efeitos adversos , Flebotomia/instrumentação , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Reino UnidoRESUMO
Quantitative electron probe X-ray imaging techniques have been utilized to determine simultaneously the element content within a single cultured embryonic chick heart cell and its intracellular compartments as well as the average elemental content of several heart cells within a population. These features of microchemical imaging have permitted establishment of data regarding: (1) the heterogeneity of calcium accumulation in mitochondrial, cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments under conditions which elevate total cell calcium without producing irreversible cell injury; and (2) the variability of calcium accumulation from cell to cell within the population sampled. The results indicate that during Na-K pump inhibition (K-free HT-BSS, 10(-4) M ouabain, 60 min) elevation of mitochondrial calcium, measured in situ by electron probe X-ray microanalysis, to levels more than 100 times greater than in the basal state, may not cause irreversible mitochondrial uncoupling and cell death.
Assuntos
Cálcio/análise , Miocárdio/citologia , ATPase Trocadora de Sódio-Potássio/farmacologia , Microanálise por Sonda Eletrônica/métodos , Congelamento , Humanos , Mitocôndrias/análise , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Miocárdio/análise , Organelas/análise , Preservação BiológicaRESUMO
Leishmania major promastigotes contain electron-dense vacuoles. The elemental composition of these vacuoles and of the cytoplasm was measured by electron probe X-ray microanalysis, using rapid cryopreservation techniques to prevent alterations in composition due to diffusion. The electron-dense vacuoles are rich in P, presumably present as polyphosphate (poly P). Mg is present at about 9 times its cytoplasmic level. There is sufficient Mg to largely neutralize most of the negative charge of the Poly P. The electron-dense vacuoles also contain appreciable amounts of Ca and Zn, which are not detectable in the cytoplasm, as well as Na, K, and Cl, the latter two at concentrations below that of the cytoplasm. These results suggest that the vacuolar membranes have at least one cation transport system. Incubation of the promastigotes for 1 h in the absence of phosphate in the presence or absence of glucose did not cause significant changes in the vacuolar contents of P, Mg, or Zn, but changes in K and Cl content were observed in both the electron-dense vacuoles and in the cytoplasm.
Assuntos
Citoplasma/análise , Leishmania tropica/análise , Polifosfatos/análise , Vacúolos/análise , Animais , Cálcio/análise , Cloretos/análise , Microanálise por Sonda Eletrônica , Glucose/farmacologia , Leishmania tropica/ultraestrutura , Magnésio/análise , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Fosfatos/farmacologia , Fósforo/análise , Potássio/análise , Sódio/análise , Zinco/análiseRESUMO
Following radiotherapy for an extensive intraepithelial carcinoma of the conjunctiva and eyelid, a patient developed opacification of soft contact lenses used on the same side. Calcilm was demonstrated within the contact lenses by cytochemical methods and by energy-dispersive x-ray microanalysis. The phenomenon was associated with unilateral tear insufficiency and an elevated tear calcium level as determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
Assuntos
Cálcio , Lentes de Contato Hidrofílicas , Doenças do Aparelho Lacrimal/terapia , Lágrimas/metabolismo , Cálcio/metabolismo , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Óptica e FotônicaRESUMO
Impaired vigilance performance has been reported in older subjects with sleep apnea syndrome (SAS). The current study is an attempt to extend these findings and to investigate additional factors that might have implications for vigilance in the older adult. Fifty-nine older adults [age: 62 +/- 5 (mean +/- SD), range 54-75 years; respiratory disturbance index (RDI): 8.8 +/- 14.4 (mean +/- SD), range 0-67.5] were categorized as SAS or NotSAS, based on various classification criteria [i.e. apnea index (AI) > or = 5, and 10, RDI > or = 5, 10 and 15], and were compared on their vigilance performance as assessed by the computer program "Steer Clear". Vigilance performance did not discriminate the groups, independent of how they were formed. Groups were then formed based on vigilance performance (HiVig vs. LowVig) and compared on assorted sleep variables, periodic leg movements, and self-reported hypersomnolence and depression. Only age discriminated vigilance performance (an inverse relationship), accounting for 31% of the observed variance. Our findings suggest that subject selection may unintentionally bias findings regarding the neuropsychological functioning of individuals with SAS, that vigilance may be impaired only in relatively more "severe" SAS, and that severity of SAS in older adults may not be well characterized by current classification standards. Age clearly impacted vigilance performance, despite the constricted age range sampled, and should be taken into account in future research.
Assuntos
Nível de Alerta , Síndromes da Apneia do Sono/diagnóstico , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Envelhecimento/fisiologia , Atenção , Eletroencefalografia , Eletromiografia , Eletroculografia , Feminino , Humanos , Perna (Membro) , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Ventilação Pulmonar , Análise e Desempenho de Tarefas , Escalas de WechslerRESUMO
This paper presents a broad survey of the rationale for electron probe X-ray microanalysis (EPXMA) and the various methods for obtaining qualitative and quantitative information on the distribution and amount of elements, particularly calcium, in cryopreserved cells and tissues. Essential in an introductory consideration of microanalysis in biological cryosections is the physical basis for the instrumentation, fundamentals of X-ray spectrometry, and various analytical modes such as static probing and X-ray imaging. Some common artifacts are beam damage and contamination. Inherent pitfalls of energy dispersive X-ray systems include Si escape peaks, doublets, background, and detector calibration shifts. Quantitative calcium analysis of thin cryosections is carried out in real time using a multiple least squares fitting program on filtered X-ray spectra and normalizing the calcium peak to a portion of the continuum. Recent work includes the development of an X-ray imaging system where quantitative data can be retrieved off-line. The minimum detectable concentration of calcium in biological cryosections is approximately 300 mumole kg dry weight with a spatial resolution of approximately 100 A. The application of electron energy loss (EELS) techniques to the detection of calcium offers the potential for greater sensitivity and spatial resolution in measurement and imaging. Determination of mass thickness with EELS can facilitate accurate calculation of wet weight concentrations from frozen hydrated and freeze-dried specimens. Calcium has multiple effects on cell metabolism, membrane transport and permeability and, thus, on overall cell physiology or pathophysiology. Cells can be rapidly frozen for EPXMA during basal or altered functional conditions to delineate the location and amount of calcium within cells and the changes in location and concentration of cations or anions accompanying calcium redistribution. Recent experiments in our laboratory document that EPXMA in combination with other biochemical and electrophysiological techniques can be used to study, for example, sodium and calcium compartmentation in cultured cardiac cells. Such analyses can also be used to clarify the role of calcium in anoxic renal cell injury and to evaluate proposed ionic defects in cells of individuals with cystic fibrosis.
Assuntos
Cálcio/análise , Microanálise por Sonda Eletrônica , Difração de Raios X , Animais , Fenômenos Químicos , Físico-Química , HumanosRESUMO
The recent technological revolution in the field of imaging techniques has provided pathologists and toxicologists with an expanding repertoire of analytical techniques for studying the interaction between the lung and the various exogenous materials to which it is exposed. Analytical problems requiring elemental sensitivity or specificity beyond the range of that offered by conventional scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis are particularly appropriate for the application of these newer techniques. Electron energy loss spectrometry, Auger electron spectroscopy, secondary ion mass spectrometry, and laser microprobe mass analysis each offer unique advantages in this regard, but also possess their own limitations and disadvantages. Diffraction techniques provide crystalline structural information available through no other means. Bulk chemical techniques provide useful cross-checks on the data obtained by microanalytical approaches. It is the purpose of this review to summarize the methodology of these techniques, acknowledge situations in which they have been used in addressing problems in pulmonary toxicology, and comment on the relative advantages and disadvantages of each approach. It is necessary for an investigator to weigh each of these factors when deciding which technique is best suited for any given analytical problem; often it is useful to employ a combination of two or more of the techniques discussed. It is anticipated that there will be increasing utilization of these technologies for problems in pulmonary toxicology in the decades to come.
Assuntos
Poluentes Ambientais/efeitos adversos , Pulmão/patologia , Humanos , Lasers , Pneumopatias/diagnóstico por imagem , Espectrometria de Massas , Microscopia Eletrônica/métodos , Análise de Ativação de Nêutrons , Prótons , Alvéolos Pulmonares/patologia , Radiografia , Espectrometria por Raios X , Espectrofotometria Atômica , Difração de Raios XRESUMO
The removal by bronchoalveolar lavage (two occasions) of 10(11) black macrophages containing crystals of aluminum silicate, large amounts of amorphous carbon, and oxidized lipids was followed by considerable improvement in gas exchange in a patient. Sixty-eight percent of these pulmonary macrophages were viable and normal, as judged by chemotatctic and phagocytic activity. Except for cigarettes, no source for the previously mentioned ingested foreign substances was found. These observations suggest that removal by lavage of nonviable macrophages laden with foreign bodies from distal portions of the lungs of pulmonary patients may be therapeutically useful.
Assuntos
Carbono , Macrófagos/patologia , Alvéolos Pulmonares/patologia , Fibrose Pulmonar/patologia , Quimiotaxia , Corpos Estranhos/complicações , Humanos , Lipídeos/análise , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fagocitose , Fibrose Pulmonar/etiologia , Fibrose Pulmonar/terapia , Fumar/complicações , Irrigação TerapêuticaRESUMO
An infant dying with pulmonary hypertension had a pulmonary vessel foreign body vasculitis as identified by light microscopy and characterized ultrastructurally by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive x-ray analysis. The inclusions were of two distinct types: those containing silicon and titanium, and others consisting of talc. The possible sources of these inclusions and the importance of considering foreign body vasculitis in the pathogenesis of clinically idiopathic pulmonary hypertension are discussed.