[Planning With Nanda, Noc, Nic Taxonomies In Neurologic Rehabilitation. A clinical study]. / La progettazione con tassonomie NANDA, NOC,NIC in riabilitazione neurologica.Uno studio clinico.

INTRODUCTION: Nursing classifications identify a specific professional responsibility, increase nursing visibility, according with nursing evolution of these last years. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate care planning with NANDA taxonomy in neurologic rehabilitation context. METHOD: Care plan managing with NANDA taxonomy, regarding diagnosis of constipation and impaired skin integrity, using a computerized tool for systematically observation, organized in check list. RESULTS: Registered data with taxonomy planning are higher in quantitative and qualitative terms. For most of patients (87%) one diagnosis has been opened, both diagnosis for 60% of them. CONCLUSION: Nursing care plan with NANDA taxonomy can be considered a valid methodology of care for neurologic patient, this since it requests a deep and complete registration of first assessment a systematically registration of each monitoring, it increases visibility of nursing job, and it underlines specific autonomy and responsibility in prevention and management of problems.

Prion protein genotypes of Italian sheep breeds with lysine-171 and phenylalanine-141 detection.

Amino acid polymorphisms of the prion protein gene influence sheep susceptibility to classical and atypical scrapie. Substitutions at codons 136, 154 and 171 play an important role in classical scrapie. Codon 141 leucine to phenylalanine mutation (AFRQ) has been recognized as an increased risk factor for atypical scrapie. In addition a rare allele with lysine at codon 171 (ARK) has been detected in Mediterranean sheep breeds. The presence of ARK poses two problems: the determination of its frequency and its possible interference with genotyping output of routine methods lacking specific detection capacity for ARK. The aim of our work was the development of a routine genotyping method with the capacity to identify ARK and AFRQ in addition to the normally detected alleles and to determine the frequencies of all these alleles in 5 main Italian breeds: Sarda (n=2494), Bergamasca (n=2686), Appenninica (n=297), Comisana (n=361) and Massese (n=402). A multiplex primer extension assay targeting the six single nucleotide polymorphisms of interest was developed. Allele frequencies revealed a very low level of ARR in Bergamasca (6.91%) as opposed to the other breeds, very diverse levels of AFRQ ranging from absence in Comisana to 10.70% in Massese and a restricted presence of ARK. This allele has only been detected in Bargamasca with a significant 3.67% and marginally in Appenninica (0.34%). These results underline the need for adequate routine methods for genotyping of breeds with alleles that can interfere with typing of important codons such as the case of ARK for codon 171.

Evaluation of three rapid diagnostic tests used in bovine spongiform encephalopathy monitoring in Italy.

In 2001, a compulsory active surveillance system was started in the European Union to assess the prevalence of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in the cattle population. The aim of the current study was to report on the field performances of 3 rapid tests: a Western blot (WB), a chemiluminescence enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and an immunochromatographic assay, routinely used at 3 laboratories of the Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale of Lombardia and Emilia Romagna, over 8 years of BSE monitoring activity. A total of 2,802,866 samples from slaughtered animals and 202,453 samples from fallen stock were tested by 1 of 3 tests. Positive results of the rapid tests were confirmed by histopathological examination, immunohistochemistry, and confirmatory WB. The field performances (i.e., initial reactive and false-positive rates) and practical aspects regarding resources and applicability of the tests to high-throughput routine testing laboratories were evaluated. The 3 tests proved to be reliable tools when applied to slaughtered samples, showing no or very low false-positive rates (<1 per 100,000 negative samples tested) and low retesting frequencies (0.02-0.26%). When samples from fallen stock were analyzed, performances of the immunochromatographic assay, and especially the chemiluminescence ELISA, were negatively affected, resulting in higher false-positive and retesting rates. On the other hand, both tests are less expensive, much easier to use, provide more rapid results, and adapt well to application in routine laboratories as compared with WB. In the authors' experience, the immunochromatographic assay was a good compromise between performance and convenience.

Multilocus variable-number of tandem-repeats analysis of Salmonella enterica serotype Gallinarum and comparison with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis genotyping.

Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum is the causative agent of fowl typhoid, a severe disease of poultry, responsible for heavy economic losses. Epidemiologic investigation of fowl typhoid significantly benefits from molecular typing tools, RAPD and PFGE have been proposed for this purpose. PFGE, a well established technique, is still the gold standard among typing methods for most bacteria, including salmonella. Nevertheless, it has some limitations regarding execution and reproducibility, in particular it is labour intensive and requires good technical expertise. Furthermore, it needs accurate standardization and results can be ambiguous to interpret. Such limitations can hamper reproducibility and transfer of results. As a possible alternative to PFGE, multilocus variable-number of tandem-repeats analysis (MLVA) has recently emerged as an effective genotyping method for many bacterial pathogens showing high discriminatory power associated to robustness. We developed a six-loci MLVA protocol for Salmonella Gallinarum and compared it to PFGE performed with SpeI, XbaI and NotI on fifty isolates. The proposed MLVA has a high discriminatory power, equivalent to that of the three-enzyme PFGE (Simpson's index 0.94 for MLVA, 0.93 for three-enzyme PFGE) but it is simpler to perform and straightforward in genotype identification, allowing unambiguous exchange of results. Stability of selected VNTR loci, assessed in vitro and in vivo, is good but not absolute, reflecting the sensitivity of MLVA to detect evolutionary changes of bacteria. Clustering of the isolates as determined by MLVA typing is substantially confirmed by PFGE.